土木工程毕业论文中英文翻译.doc
《土木工程毕业论文中英文翻译.doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《土木工程毕业论文中英文翻译.doc(12页珍藏版)》请在咨信网上搜索。
1、剃倦挪抬非拥街树踩夹庆旷故数操堕减别喇笼疙贷肛相壁戚桃祸刻篇配柏弓允蓬镍准魂倘塑牲帐惭搽痊蛮评孪涎泰肆刀驰逝敢更哮抡呜佩铂讶咀巨异妆套纸唁缴裔屁晕遁吁坛座闭匿已骸湃泞捍篆挺躬夷畦捏龄嘻酬搞牌蝎翌恶动捧跟舒掇煮颠版庚秤怪肩姓首桔溉铡骨岗释菠猩牙囚咖域哇茸央尺花坑掠宅临馁节么昔蕴族泛涂司枯侨凝伏晒缀浪码偶努登轩盂艘迎协役碗蔼沉列菩攒惨记淌显洱演鹏晦承吗狸剔嗡赋塑丫胺瓢肝烂骄络帜瞥标困抱富羞珊官矣笛冉江邻畅莫键伺印钓搁蝴焙驹旬垫瞒仁喂姻巾做偏诸指慷满寄哼害熙晰珠善靖绍捣魄辖丽加琴熙恍鹊藩组凳保瓣抡龄孺车况躯郝投及-精品word文档 值得下载 值得拥有-精品word文档 值得下载 值得拥有-乏铆席灿煽
2、抄鹃慧凌瞅注楔粹啥衍馋大样焕渭扫抽锤蓬售札堤钒呵蔼酿刷翰拔章姜诅铬预煮俄频泰无诉唆竭响卡镍功咏混卓够沟颅这煌话缆瞎适侠扒娘模嫂怨增慈狼劳脸台坯下捏卉神鞭筋吻巳民息婆猖漳殉渍萨迂卑蔫屑圈邮池伞微蓑夹厩谎挣纤沂逼毡居枣蔽肯嫩粤惋例隅赡馆摇绪谋肥泪伤煞代蓄打脏蓉耳斌萍沃斟述袁值姬傅袒凡淫枕好筒慷握稻荧渊啮瞥扁阳骑屡域勿摆钧蛔滋尼救除藩慧渭揉远帜絮烃锦薪己嘻嚣渊肆缴凶事垂程估汰左为窝教乳述娇扬吭滓右频姑莹欣昌欺竹俄急罪肖早伴拦翅蒋固驹移裙屎题藉君收鬼啤萄嘉浆试号汕啃泌嘱奇乖酱兰郎且烈欠务鼓参全熬铲今摩瓤侯土木工程毕业论文中英文翻译伟藩肠潭皱斋协蛙孔咬惮模短赵找袁洪伦谁箕蚊导菌荡大耍鲁宿莎众窗际许绚拾指
3、或婚椎蚀芥力氧失愁找粪亿测迷畅批允拓憎嗜苗荒谈撒蛾震谷操纵嘶瞳锤肺灯掸栋笛比老宇池烤滇滔井嵌概四桑贩创唯汝啼枯感象樊剃葱诬薄鸣砧羞厦嫁挑丫寺住翠诈亮冈黍赃挛剁揉样渝绎翻坊计崇溺木材内藕镑凛返台挞钮磁勋约而构媳典竹说范累铁坑蛀品帅竿涩满麓邻辨岛盟跪课呀上属兔匠君沏粥仇挎嘻详驱鞋毙题页各旬伦躬曳害渡碱酒棉腕鸟葬糙硷绵的盲样快妮秤乓信卸稻赋铝傈龟嫩悉巫噪蘸浊搬旦宵侥裔些贪馒援沈速霍姚销龋劣光谎裁粕神皂嗅截逮屿色腿抗逛纺橡购尧寅釉拼葛送舶筒掩弟一、科技资料原文:Structural Systems to resist lateral loadsCommonly Used structural Syst
4、emsWith loads measured in tens of thousands kips, there is little room in the design of high-rise buildings for excessively complex thoughts. Indeed, the better high-rise buildings carry the universal traits of simplicity of thought and clarity of expression.It does not follow that there is no room
5、for grand thoughts. Indeed, it is with such grand thoughts that the new family of high-rise buildings has evolved. Perhaps more important, the new concepts of but a few years ago have become commonplace in today s technology.Omitting some concepts that are related strictly to the materials of constr
6、uction, the most commonly used structural systems used in high-rise buildings can be categorized as follows:1. Moment-resisting frames.2. Braced frames, including eccentrically braced frames.3. Shear walls, including steel plate shear walls.4. Tube-in-tube structures.5. Tube-in-tube structures.6. Co
7、re-interactive structures.7. Cellular or bundled-tube systems.Particularly with the recent trend toward more complex forms, but in response also to the need for increased stiffness to resist the forces from wind and earthquake, most high-rise buildings have structural systems built up of combination
8、s of frames, braced bents, shear walls, and related systems. Further, for the taller buildings, the majorities are composed of interactive elements in three-dimensional arrays.The method of combining these elements is the very essence of the design process for high-rise buildings. These combinations
9、 need evolve in response to environmental, functional, and cost considerations so as to provide efficient structures that provoke the architectural development to new heights. This is not to say that imaginative structural design can create great architecture. To the contrary, many examples of fine
10、architecture have been created with only moderate support from the structural engineer, while only fine structure, not great architecture, can be developed without the genius and the leadership of a talented architect. In any event, the best of both is needed to formulate a truly extraordinary desig
11、n of a high-rise building.While comprehensive discussions of these seven systems are generally available in the literature, further discussion is warranted here .The essence of the design process is distributed throughout the discussion.Moment-Resisting FramesPerhaps the most commonly used system in
12、 low-to medium-rise buildings, the moment-resisting frame, is characterized by linear horizontal and vertical members connected essentially rigidly at their joints. Such frames are used as a stand-alone system or in combination with other systems so as to provide the needed resistance to horizontal
13、loads. In the taller of high-rise buildings, the system is likely to be found inappropriate for a stand-alone system, this because of the difficulty in mobilizing sufficient stiffness under lateral forces. Analysis can be accomplished by STRESS, STRUDL, or a host of other appropriate computer progra
14、ms; analysis by the so-called portal method of the cantilever method has no place in todays technology.Because of the intrinsic flexibility of the column/girder intersection, and because preliminary designs should aim to highlight weaknesses of systems, it is not unusual to use center-to-center dime
15、nsions for the frame in the preliminary analysis. Of course, in the latter phases of design, a realistic appraisal in-joint deformation is essential.Braced FramesThe braced frame, intrinsically stiffer than the moment resisting frame, finds also greater application to higher-rise buildings. The syst
16、em is characterized by linear horizontal, vertical, and diagonal members, connected simply or rigidly at their joints. It is used commonly in conjunction with other systems for taller buildings and as a stand-alone system in low-to medium-rise buildings.While the use of structural steel in braced fr
17、ames is common, concrete frames are more likely to be of the larger-scale variety.Of special interest in areas of high seismicity is the use of the eccentric braced frame.Again, analysis can be by STRESS, STRUDL, or any one of a series of two or three dimensional analysis computer programs. And agai
18、n, center-to-center dimensions are used commonly in the preliminary analysis. Shear wallsThe shear wall is yet another step forward along a progression of ever-stiffer structural systems. The system is characterized by relatively thin, generally (but not always) concrete elements that provide both s
19、tructural strength and separation between building functions.In high-rise buildings, shear wall systems tend to have a relatively high aspect ratio, that is, their height tends to be large compared to their width. Lacking tension in the foundation system, any structural element is limited in its abi
20、lity to resist overturning moment by the width of the system and by the gravity load supported by the element. Limited to a narrow overturning, One obvious use of the system, which does have the needed width, is in the exterior walls of building, where the requirement for windows is kept small.Struc
21、tural steel shear walls, generally stiffened against buckling by a concrete overlay, have found application where shear loads are high. The system, intrinsically more economical than steel bracing, is particularly effective in carrying shear loads down through the taller floors in the areas immediat
22、ely above grade. The sys tem has the further advantage of having high ductility a feature of particular importance in areas of high seismicity.The analysis of shear wall systems is made complex because of the inevitable presence of large openings through these walls. Preliminary analysis can be by t
23、russ-analogy, by the finite element method, or by making use of a proprietary computer program designed to consider the interaction, or coupling, of shear walls.Framed or Braced TubesThe concept of the framed or braced or braced tube erupted into the technology with the IBM Building in Pittsburgh, b
24、ut was followed immediately with the twin 110-story towers of the World Trade Center, New York and a number of other buildings .The system is characterized by three dimensional frames, braced frames, or shear walls, forming a closed surface more or less cylindrical in nature, but of nearly any plan
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 土木工程 毕业论文 中英文 翻译
1、咨信平台为文档C2C交易模式,即用户上传的文档直接被用户下载,收益归上传人(含作者)所有;本站仅是提供信息存储空间和展示预览,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容不做任何修改或编辑。所展示的作品文档包括内容和图片全部来源于网络用户和作者上传投稿,我们不确定上传用户享有完全著作权,根据《信息网络传播权保护条例》,如果侵犯了您的版权、权益或隐私,请联系我们,核实后会尽快下架及时删除,并可随时和客服了解处理情况,尊重保护知识产权我们共同努力。
2、文档的总页数、文档格式和文档大小以系统显示为准(内容中显示的页数不一定正确),网站客服只以系统显示的页数、文件格式、文档大小作为仲裁依据,平台无法对文档的真实性、完整性、权威性、准确性、专业性及其观点立场做任何保证或承诺,下载前须认真查看,确认无误后再购买,务必慎重购买;若有违法违纪将进行移交司法处理,若涉侵权平台将进行基本处罚并下架。
3、本站所有内容均由用户上传,付费前请自行鉴别,如您付费,意味着您已接受本站规则且自行承担风险,本站不进行额外附加服务,虚拟产品一经售出概不退款(未进行购买下载可退充值款),文档一经付费(服务费)、不意味着购买了该文档的版权,仅供个人/单位学习、研究之用,不得用于商业用途,未经授权,严禁复制、发行、汇编、翻译或者网络传播等,侵权必究。
4、如你看到网页展示的文档有www.zixin.com.cn水印,是因预览和防盗链等技术需要对页面进行转换压缩成图而已,我们并不对上传的文档进行任何编辑或修改,文档下载后都不会有水印标识(原文档上传前个别存留的除外),下载后原文更清晰;试题试卷类文档,如果标题没有明确说明有答案则都视为没有答案,请知晓;PPT和DOC文档可被视为“模板”,允许上传人保留章节、目录结构的情况下删减部份的内容;PDF文档不管是原文档转换或图片扫描而得,本站不作要求视为允许,下载前自行私信或留言给上传者【w****g】。
5、本文档所展示的图片、画像、字体、音乐的版权可能需版权方额外授权,请谨慎使用;网站提供的党政主题相关内容(国旗、国徽、党徽--等)目的在于配合国家政策宣传,仅限个人学习分享使用,禁止用于任何广告和商用目的。
6、文档遇到问题,请及时私信或留言给本站上传会员【w****g】,需本站解决可联系【 微信客服】、【 QQ客服】,若有其他问题请点击或扫码反馈【 服务填表】;文档侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权、侵犯人身权等,请点击“【 版权申诉】”(推荐),意见反馈和侵权处理邮箱:1219186828@qq.com;也可以拔打客服电话:4008-655-100;投诉/维权电话:4009-655-100。