TOEFL分类读文章基础小练习(文章+题目).pdf
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1、ARTS The House of Native American Tribe The earliest American folk art portraits The Music of Films Barbara Kasten The Works of Joyce Carol Oates The Printed Word The Art Nouveau Style Arts and Crafts Movement LIFE SCIENCE Biological Diversity The Common Sea Cucumber Living ThingsWay of Living The H
2、istory of Clinical Nutrition Nervous System of Vertebrates The Animals Sense of Self Orchids Organic Foods Pheromones Produced by Insects The Basis of Hypersensitive Resistance The Microscopic Technique The Genesis of Life PHYSICAL SCIENCE Many Types of Weather Investigation of the Deep-Ocean Surge
3、Glaciers Climates and Farming in America An Air Pollutant The Planets of Jupiter The Sun The Concept of the Laser The Response of Babies to Human Voice The Vision of Human Newtons laws of motion Crows The Concept of Number and the Counting Process The Earths Crust and the Upper Mantle The Originatio
4、n of Birds Desert Animals SOCIAL SCIENCE The First Peoples in America The Development of European Language Transportation in the United States The Role of Television in Politics The Eating and Dietary Habits of Hominids Skills of Children Education in the United States Domestic Migration In United S
5、tates A Reasault of a Research about Leaders The effect of the Baby Boom Archaeology Urban and Rural Population in the United States Railroad The Meteoric Rise of Los Angeles ARTS The House of Native American Tribe Keywords: United States, pueblos, buildings, chambers, niches Another early Native Am
6、erican tribe in what is now the southwestern part of the United States was the Anasazi. By A. D. 800 the Anasazi Indians were constructing multistory pueblos-massive, stone apartment compounds. Each one was virtually a stone town, which is why the Spanish would later call them pueblos, the Spanish w
7、ord for towns. These pueblos represent one of the Anasazis supreme achievements. At least a dozen large stone houses took shape below the bluffs of Chiaco Canyon in northwest New Mexico. They were built with masonry walls more than a meter thick and adjoining apartments to accommodate dozens, even h
8、undreds, of families. The largest, later named Pueblo Bonito (Pretty Town) by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1,000 or more. Besides living quarters, each pueblo included one or more kivas-circular underground chambers
9、faced with stone. They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders met to plan festivals, perform ritual dances, settle pueblo affairs, and impart tribal lore to the younger generation. Some kivas were enormous. Of the 30 or so at Pueblo Bonito, two measured 20 meters across. They contained niches fo
10、r ceremonial objects, a central fire pit, and holes in the floor for communicating with the spirits of tribal ancestors. Each pueblo represented an astonishing amount of well-organized labor. Using only stone and wood tools, and without benefit of wheels or draft animals, the builders quarried ton u
11、pon ton of sandstone from the canyon walls, cut it into small blocks, hauled the blocks to the construction site, and fitted them together with mud mortar.Roof beams of pine or fir had to be carried from logging areas in the mountain forests many kilometers away. Then, to connect the pueblos and to
12、give access to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces. In time, the roads reached out to more than 80 satellite villages within a 60-kilometer radius. 1. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discussed (
13、A) how pueblos were built (B) another Native American tribe (C) Anasazi crafts and weapons (D) pueblo villages in New Mexico 2. What is the main topic of the passage? (A) The Anasazi pueblos (B) Anasazi festivals of New Mexico (C) The organization of the Anasazi tribe (D) The use of Anasazi sanctuar
14、ies 3. The word supreme in line 5 is closest in meaning to (A) most common (B) most outstanding (C) most expensive (D) most convenient 4. The word They in line 7 refers to (A) houses (B) bluffs (C) walls (D) families 5. The author mentions that Pueblo bonito had more than 800 rooms as an example of
15、which of the following? (A) How overcrowded the pueblos could be (B) How many ceremonial areas it contained (C) Hoe much sandstone was needed to build it (D) How big a pueblo could be 6. The word settle in line 14 is closest in meaning to (A) sink (B) decide (C) clarify (D) locate 7. It can be infer
16、red from the passage that building a pueblo probably (A) required many workers (B) cost a lot of money (C) involved the use of farm animals (D) relied on sophisticated technology 8. The word ascending in line 26 is closest in meaning to (A) arriving at (B) carving (C) connecting (D) climbing 9. It c
17、an be inferred from the passage that in addition to pueblos the Anasazis were skilled at building which of the following? (A) Roads (B) Barns (C) Monuments (D) Water systems 10. The pueblos are considered one of the Anasazis supreme achievements for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they were
18、 (A) very large (B) located in forests (C) built with simple tools (D) connected in a systematic way The earliest American folk art portraits Keywords: portraits, portraiture, artists, craft tradition, an original portrait What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary
19、, everyday folks who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics-whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans-have always shown
20、a marked taste for portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing numbers of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands. The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New England-especially Connecticut and Massac
21、husetts-for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a few decades after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and portrait painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Ill
22、inois, and Missouri. Midway through its first century as a nation, the United States population had increased roughly five time, and eleven new states had been added to the original thirteen. During these years the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by the camera. In 1839
23、 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits. Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional. But in the hey
24、day of portrait painting-from the late eighteenth century until the 1850s-anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a portraitist was called. Local crafts people-sign, coach, and house painters-began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline; sometimes a talented man
25、 or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits; artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvases, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting. 39. In lines
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