现代西方文学理论与批评.ppt
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1、现代西方文学理论与批评Modern WesternLiterary Theory and CriticismPart 1Part 1Part 1 IntroductionlConcepts:lCriticism:The reasoned discussion of literary works,an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures,in varying proportions:the defence of literature against moralists and censors,cla
2、ssification of a work according to its genre,interpretation of its meaning,analysis of its structure and style,judgment of its worth by comparison with other works,estimation of its likely effect on readers,and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and unde
3、rstood.(Oxford concise Dictionary of Literary Terms)Part 1Part 1lLiterary Theory literary theory is“speculative discourse on literature and on practice of literature.”It may include reflections on or analysis of general principles and categories of literature,such as its nature and function;its rela
4、tion to other aspects of culture;the purpose,procedures and validity of literary criticism;relation of literary text to their authors and historical contexts;or the production of literary meaning.(Zhu Gang)Part 1Part 1lModern:historical period from Renaissance to 20th century20th centurylWestern:Geo
5、graphical meaning:Europe and AmericaCultural meaning:Cultural community of develop capitalism countries,especially based on Christian tradition.lConclusion:Modern western literary theory and criticism are reasoned activities of discussion about literature in Western world in 20th century.Part 1Part
6、1lApproaches,schools and groupslScientism ApproachesRussian FormalismAnglo-American New CriticismCzech StructuralismFrench StructuralismPost StructuralismPart 1Part 1lHumanism ApproachesExistentialismPsychoanalysis CriticismPhenomenological CriticismHermeneutics CriticismReader-Response CriticismFem
7、inism CriticismPart 1Part 1lHistorical ApproachesMarxist CriticismNew HistoricismCultural StudiesPost-Colonial CriticismPart 1Part 1lCharacters:lTheorized:almost all of the schools of criticism have their particular theory.lAdapting theories or principles from their disciplines.lUnderstanding litera
8、ture in terms of its relations to history,politics gender,social class,race,mythology or psychology.lCritical tendency:many schools of criticism seek to influence on the social reality with in their historical context.Part 1Part 1lReferences and Further reading:lHandbook of critical Approaches to Li
9、terature(Third Edition),Wilfred.L.Guerin(ed).lLiterary Theory from Plato to Barthes:An Introductory History,Richard.Harland,外语教学与研究出版社。lTwentieth Century Western Critical Theories,Zhu Gang,上海外语教育出版社。lSelective Readings in 20th Century Western Critical Theory,张中载,王逢振、赵国新编,外语教学与研究出版社。lLiterary theory,
10、Jonathan Culler,Oxford University Press,1997.lA Readers Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory,Roman Roman Selden,Harvester Selden,Harvester WheatsheafWheatsheaf,1989,1989.Part 2Part 2Part 2 The New CriticismlTimes:There are four periods:the initiative(1910-1930),the formative(1930-1945),the dominant
11、(1945-1957),and normalization(1960s to the present).If we take T.E.Hume,a British aesthetician,or American poet Ezra Pound as the initiator of the New Criticism,then this school started in the 1910s.But the New Criticism rose formally in the 1930s when some critics established their theory in Americ
12、a,and it became dominant criticism system in college and university English departments in the 1950s.Part 2Part 2lMembers:lFounders:I.A.Richards(1883-1981)T.S.Eliot(1888-1965)W.Empson.(1906-1984)lMasters:John Crowe Ransom(1888-1974)Allen Tate(1888-1979)Robert Penn Warren(1905-)Cleanth Brooks(1906-19
13、94)W.K.Wimsatt(1907-1975)Rene Wellek(1903-1995)Part 2Part 2lWorks:lI.A Richards:Principles of Literary Criticism(1924)Practical Criticism:A sturdy of Literary Judgment.(1929)lT.S.Eliot:Tradition and the Individual Talent.(1917)lWilliam Empson:Seven Types of Ambiguity(1930)lJohn Crowe Ransom:Poetry:A
14、 Note in Ontology.(1934)The New Criticism(1941)Part 2Part 2lWorks:lAllen Tate:Tension in Poetry(1938)lCleanth Brooks:The Language of Paradox(1942)The Well-wrought Urn.(1947)Understanding Poetry.(1938,with Robert Penn Warren)Understanding fiction.(1943,with Robert Penn Warren)Understanding Drama(1945
15、,with Robert B.Heilman)Part 2Part 2lWorks:lW.K.Wimsatt:The Verbal Icon(1954)The Intentional Fallacy(1946,with M.C.Beardsley)The Affective fallacy(1949,with M.C.Beardsley)lR.Wellek:Theory of Literature(1949,with Austin Warren)History of Modern Criticism 1750-1950(1986)Part 2Part 2lIdeas:l The New Cri
16、tics read the individual work of literary art as an organic form.They articulated the concept that in an organic form there is a consistency and an internal vitality that we should look for and appreciate.l One of the most salient considerations of the New Critics was emphasis on form,on the work of
17、 art as an object.Part 2Part 2l The New Critics sought precision and structural tightness in the literary work;they favored a style and tone that tended toward irony;they insisted on the presence within the work of everything necessary for its analysis;and they called for an end to a concern by crit
18、ics with matters outside the work itself-the life of the author,the history of his times,or the social and economic implications of the literary work.Part 2Part 2lKeywords:lClose reading:A reading method that is the mark of the New Criticism,which takes work as a piece of textured literary art,and o
19、nly read the work itself.Close reading begins with sensitivity to the words of the text and all their denotative and connotative values and implications,then looks for structures,patterns and interrelationships in the text.Part 2Part 2lTension:A reading strategy offered by Allen Tate in 1938,that me
20、ans a combination of extension and intension.It is also a New Critical standard for evaluating poetry and poets.lIrony:Irony involves a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant.To I.A.Richards irony is bringing opposites to form a balance,while C.Brooks suggested irony is the stability of
21、a context in which the internal pressures balance and mutually support each other.Part 2Part 2lThe intentional fallacy:A particular term proposed by Wimsatt and Beardsley who argued that the design or intention of the author is neither available nor desirable as a standard for judging the success of
22、 a work of literary art,and that a literary work,once published,belongs in the public realm of language,which gives it an objective existence distinct from the authors original idea of it.Part 2Part 2lThe affective fallacy:The affective fallacy is proposed by Wimsatt and Beardsley that means a confu
23、sion between the poem and its results(what it is and what it does),It begins by trying to drive the standard of criticism from the psychological effects of the poem and ends in impressionism and relativism.The outcome of either fallacy,the intentional or the affective,is that the poem itself,as an o
24、bject of specifically critical judgment,tends to disappear.Part 3Part 3Part 3 The Psychoanalytical Criticism lTimes:Started from 1900 when S.Freud published his The Interpretation of Dreams,then extended to present.There are two important stages in the course of psychoanalytical criticism developmen
25、t.First is the phase of Freud.Second is the phase of Jacque Lacan.Part 3Part 3lMembers:l Founder:Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)lAdherent:Melanie Klein(1882-1960)Ernest Jones(1879-1958)Marie BonaparteNorman Holland(1927-)Jacque Lacan(1901-1981)Lionel Trilling(1905-1975)Part 3Part 3lWorks:lS.Freud:The inter
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- 现代 西方 文学理论 批评
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