动词不定式的用法讲解及练习题北京四中.doc
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1、北 京 四 中撰稿老师:黄浩编审老师:蔡正礼责任编辑:丁华动词不定式的用法讲解及练习题不定式既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词,形容词和副词的句法功能否定式:not +不定式不定式的时态一般说来,不定式一般式表示的动作有时与限定动词表示的动作同时发生,也有时发生在限定动词表示的动作之后。如:Who heard him say that?He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.不定式进行式表示动作正在进行,通常与限定动词表示的动作同时发生,如:They are said to be building another bridge across t
2、he river.I happened to be going that way too.不定式完成式表示的动作发生在限定动词表示的动作之前,如:I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.I am glad to have seen your mother. 不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语To talk with him is a great pleasure.不定式短语作主语时,为了保持句子的平衡,往往以it作形式主语,而把不定式短语置于谓语动词之后,如:Its nice to hear your voice.(2)作表语Her wish is
3、 to become an artist. (3)作宾语常用于及物动词: want , hope, wish, like, need, hate, offer, prefer, begin, start, attempt, decide, determine, expect, promise, pretend, refuse ,afford, manage, help等之后,如:You should continue to learn as long as you live.注1:如果作宾语的不定式又有自己的补语,则须用先行词it 作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语不定式后置,如:They found
4、 it impossible to get everything ready in time. 注2:不定式一般不能作介词的宾语,只有在极少数介词如:but, except等后边才行。此时不定式可以带to或不带to,如:In very cold winter weather a cold-blooded animal has no choice but to lie down and sleep.There was nothing left to do but clean the windows.(前边有do, to 省略)但“疑问词+不定式”结构可以作介词的宾语,如:I have no id
5、ea about what to do next. (4)作宾语补足语通常用于及物动词或动词短语:want ,wish, ask, order, beg, tell, permit, know, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, require, call on, wait for等之后,如:The teacher asked the students to hand in their homework.(5)作定语不定式作定语时,须放在被它修饰的名词或代词之后。被修饰的名词或代词往往是不定式的逻辑宾语。I have a
6、 lot of work to do.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可用主动语态,又可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。所以如果修饰名词的不定式的动作是主语作的, 不定式用主动。试比较:Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send 的逻辑主语是you)Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent的逻辑主语是已被省略的me或someone else)Ive got letters to write.He has something to s
7、ay to you. (6)作状语作修饰动词的目的状语We must do everything we can to help them.作修饰动词的结果状语加强意料不到的语气,在表示结果的不定式前还可加only,如:I went to see him only to find him out. 作修饰表语形容词的状语: 修饰形容词的不定式用主动:The chair is comfortable to sit in.作结果状语或程度状语。too+形容词(或副词)+to do 太-(以致)不能(做)It is too dark for us to see anything in the room
8、.形容词(或副词)+ enough +to do -足以(做)Is the boy old enough to go to school? (7)作独立成分To tell you the truthTo cut a long story shortTo begin with (首先) 不定式的复合结构“for+名词(或代词宾语)+to do sth.”这种结构中的for本身无意义,for后的名词或代词(宾格)是不定式的逻辑主语This is for you to decide.句型1:It is + for sb. to do sth.句型2:It is + of sb. to do sth.
9、good, kind, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, rude, impolite, careless, naughty等不定式省去to的情况(1)当两个或两个以上的不定式并列在一起时,第一个不定式带to ,后面的不定式往往把to省去。如:I wished to finish my homework and (to )get away.但是,如果是在对照的场合,则不可以省去 “to”,如:It is better to laugh than cry. (wrong)(2)在感官动词see, h
10、ear, feel, watch, notice, observe, listen to ,look at和使役动词let, make, have的复合宾语中,不定式须省去to。如:I am a doctor. Let me examine you.(3)在help的复合宾语中,不定式可以带to也可以不带to.He often helps me (to)do my home work.(4)had better, had best, would rather, would rather- than, cannot but , - Youd better remain where you are
11、. 精选练习、翻译句子1. _(保卫祖国) is our sacred duty.2. It is an honor _(全心全意为人民服务).3. It was not correct _(那样谈话).4. It was a mistake _(不继续这项工作).5. It was stupid _(我没有采纳你的意见).6. Her wish is _(当一名科学家).7. Our main task is _(努力学习).8. The main purpose of a camera is _(照相).9. What worries me is _(在会上该说些什么).10. What
12、I wanted was _(使这项工作尽快完成).11. I forget _(在信里提那件事了).12. Without hesitation Lao Li stopped his truck and helped _ (把一袋袋的粮食运到安全的地方).13. Would you like _(出席这次会议).14. Ill show you _(怎样使用计算器).15. I found _(不可能使她改变主意).16. The doctor told _(病人们好好休息).17. I didnt expect _(问题那样复杂).18. Did you notice _(有人离开房子吗)
13、?19. Man must make _(地球养活更多的人).20. You must get _(他今晚到这里来一趟).21. Do you have _(什么问题要问)?22. John Baird found _(用无线电传送图像的方法).23. There are _(很多事情要谈)24. He is not _(只想自己的人).25. Its time _(你起床).26. He was delighted _(看见她身体这样好).27. This book is _(不容易懂).28. He liked new clothes so much that he spent all h
14、is time and all his money _(为了穿得漂亮).29. You must speak louder _(以便让大家都听见).30. She was _(气得说不出一句话来).、单项选择1. The teacher told them _ make so much noise.A. dont B. not C. will not D. not to2. Our master often told us _ things for granted.A. not to have B. not to takeC. didnt take D. not to make3. Tell
15、him _ the window.A. to shut not B. not to shutC. to not shut D. not shut4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to5. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A. never to driveB. to never driveC. never driving
16、 D. never drive6. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating7. The workers want us _ together with them.A. work B. working C. to work D. worked8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line.A. to risk going B. risking to goC. f
17、or risk to go D. risk going9. I saw him _ out of the room.A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow11. Ive heard him _ about you often.A. spoke B. speaks C. speak12. Though he had often made his l
18、ittle sister _, today he was made _by his little sister.A. cry;to cry B. crying;cryingC. cry;cryD. to cry;cry13. He was made _.A. go B. gone C. going D. to go14. John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing15. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He a
19、lways works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning16. Therere so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy.A. what B. which C. how D. where17. There isnt any difference between the two. I really dont know _.A. where to choose B. which to chooseC. to choose w
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