高中英语非谓语.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,非谓语动词的功能用法,NON-FINITE VERB,1.,限定动词与非限定动词的区别,限定动词,在句中可以充当谓语，有人称,、,数,、,时态和语态的变化,非,限定动词,在句中不受句子主语,、,人称和数的限定，不能在句中充当谓语，所以也称为,非谓语动词,What he,has done,is,disappointing,and his parents,feel,disappointed,.,I,like,getting up,very early in summer.,非限定动词,(,非谓语动词,),non-finite verb,不定式,(to do)infinitive,动名词,V-,ing,gerund,分词,participle,现在分词,ing,过去分词,-ed,不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词,主语,宾语,表语,定语,宾语补语,状语,非,谓语动词功能一览表,不定式,INFINITE,3.,不定式在句中的作用：,主语,定语,表语,宾语,状语,宾补,1.,不定式的形式,不定式通常由不定式符号,“,to+,动词原形,”,构成，比如动词,write,的不定式就是,to write,。,不定式也有时态和语态。例如,:,一般式,进行式,完成式,主动,to do,to be doing,to have done,被动,to be done,to have been done,时态,语态,不定式的形式,不定式常常带有自己的宾语，宾语,+,宾语补足语或状语，带有这些成分的不定式统称为,“,不定式结构,”,。,3.,不定式结构,eg.He,began,to study Russian,.,eg.He,wanted,to send me a gift,.,eg.He,began,to feel sad,.,eg.It,continued,to rain heavily,.,eg.He,decided,to live in the countryside,.,4.,不定式的否定形式,不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号之前加,not,never,等否定词。,We decided not,to buy the house,.,She wished,never to see them again,.,She was told,not to be worrying any more,.,I understand him,not to have left here,.,5.,不定式结构的句法功能,不定式结构在句中可以作主语，宾语，补语，表语，定语和状语。,As the subject,：,(,作主语，谓语用单数,),eg.,To,give good service,is our duty.,eg.,To,clean the room once a week,is necessary.,eg.,To,develop agriculture,is very important.,eg.,To,meet you,is a great pleasure.,不定式作主语通常的用法是在主语的位置上放个“,it”,而把作主语的不定式结构后置。因此，以上四个句子可以分别改为：,It is our duty,to give good service,.,It is necessary,to clean the room once a week,.,It is very important,to develop agriculture,.,It is a great pleasure,to meet you,.,It is+adj.+of/for,sb,.to do,sth,.,As the predictive,(,作表语,),不定式作表语有两种情况,:,主语和表语都是不定式,eg.,To,protect forests,is,to keep natural balance,.,eg,.,To promise too much,is,to promise nothing,.,主语通常是由,hope,idea,job,plan,mistake,suggestion,wish,work,等词充当,.,eg.The,poor girls wish was,to buy a pair of warm shoes,.,eg.His,suggestion was,to make a fire,.,eg.What,he would say was,to call a meeting,.,As the object:(,作宾语,:V+to do),（记下！）,能带不定式结构作宾语的动词,常见的有,agree,ask,beg,begin,decide,expect,forget,hate,hope,learn,like,mean,offer,plan,prefer,refuse,promise,remember,try,want,wish,等,.,eg.They,decided,to move to Shanghai immediately,.,eg.She,prefered,to live in the countryside,.,eg.The,children begged,to come with us,.,eg,.It means that every athletes should,try to run faster,.,eg.I,have forgotten,to bring my umbrella,.,如果作宾语的不定式结构之后带有宾补,就得用,“,it”,作形式宾语并把不定式结构放到宾补的后面。,eg.Quite,a lot of students find,it,difficult,to master English,.,eg.Do,you think,it,possible,for him to complete his studies in two years time,?,作宾语用的不定式结构之前还可以带有疑问词。,eg.Have,you decided,when to go,?,eg.The,little girl forgot,what to say,.,eg.I,dont know,which to choose,.,这种结构还可以在句中作直接宾语。,eg.He,asked me,how to pronounce the word,.,eg.He,didnt tell me,what to do next,.,eg.We,showed them,how to repair the car,.,eg.He,promised me,to get a doctor for my daughter,.,As the object complement:(,作宾补,),（,v+,sb,.to do,、,v+,sb,.to be,）,在主,+,谓,+,宾,+,宾补句型中，不定式结构可作宾语补语。,eg.She,told me,to get up early,.,eg.Id,love them,to come tonight,.,eg.We,think him,to be an outstanding scientist,.,eg.I,advised him,to see a doctor immediately,.,在,feel(,一感,),；,hear,listen to(,二听,),；,let,make,have(,三使,),；,see,notice,watch,observe,，,look at(,五看,),等动词之后，不定式通常不带,to,。,(,记下！,),eg.I,saw a boy,climb over the fence,.,eg.We,all felt the house,shake,.,eg.I,wont let you,go alone,.,eg.We,will have Tom,help group A,.,但若,这些动词用于被动语态，其后的不定式就需要带“,to”.,eg.A,boy was seen,to climb to his mother,.,eg.The,clock was heard,to strike twelve,.,不定式作定语修饰名词或代词时，不定式放在被修饰词之后。不定式与所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系、动状关系。,I have a lot of work to do.(,动宾关系,),He is looking for a room to live in.(,动状关系,),He is the first person to think of the idea.(,主谓关系,),He has got a chance to go abroad.(,同位关系,),不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语时，用主动表达被动意义。,Do you have anything else to say?,(5)As the attributive:(,作定语,),eg.He,worked hard,to catch up with his class mates,.,(6)As the adverbial(,作状语,),不定式作状语可以表示目的，结果，原因等意义。,a.,表示目的,eg.He,went home,to see his brother,.,eg.,To,study the political situation in Russia,Marx began to learn Russian at the age of fifty.,为了加强语势，不定式结构还可以用,in order to/so as to,来引导。,eg.The,old man put on his glasses,in order to/so as to see the object more clearly,.,eg.,In,order to get the money for higher education,he did a lot of odd jobs.,b.,表示结果,不定式结构表示结果常用于下列形式：,eg.He,is,so,careless,as to get everything out of order,.,eg.He,is,such,a fool,as to think that everybody else is afraid of him,.,eg.Its,too,late,for us to go home,.,eg.She,was,too,tired,to work on,.,此外，还可以在句尾用,(only)to,表示一种出乎预料的（通常是不愉快的）结果。,eg.I,hurried to the station,only to find that the train had left,.,eg.He,got to the airport,(only)to be told that the flight was cancelled,.,c.,表示原因,eg.He,was sad,to hear the news,.,eg.She,seemed surprised,to meet us,.,eg.Im,sorry,to have made the mistake,.,eg.Im,glad,for you to have finished the work so soon,.,(7),其他用法,To tell you the truth,I dont agree with you.,to make matters worse,to be frank/honest,be to blame,，,be to let(,出租,),the last one to arrive,各种省略,to,的不定式结构,不定式符号,to,的保留问题（五三,P65,）,eg.I,have a lot of work,to do,.,eg.She,has no need,to be worrying,.,eg.He,is said,to have left Shanghai,.,eg.The,president was reported,to have been flying,across the Atlantic.,2.,不定式的时态,:,3.,不定式的语态：,The matter,to be discussed,at the meeting is a hard nut to crack.,They were all waiting for the gate,to be opened,.,He is sure,to have been taught,by a good musician.,Im sorry for the article,not to have been finished,in time.,一,.,不定式的复合结构,1.,一般来说,动词不定式的逻辑主语就是句中的主语,.,I,am sorry,to hear,that.,We,need oxygen,to breath,.,He,was seen,to go out,with a man.,He,wants,to learn,English.,Some stars,are too small,to be seen,.,This point,to be explained,is about the long history of iron.,2.,在以“宾语不定式”的复合结构中，宾语就是不定式的逻辑主语,She wants,you,to call,him back at 11.,I often heard,him,sing,the song.,They want,the machine,to be tested,at once.,3.,在“,for/of”+,名词（或代词的宾格）动词不定式的结构中，“,for/of”,后的名词（或代词的宾格）为动词不定式的逻辑主语,This is for,you,to decide,.,I dont think it advisable(,可取的,）,for,her,to study,medicine,There are a lot of experiment for,the students,to do,.,This box is too heavy for,him,to carry,.,动名词,GERUND,1.,动名词的形式：,语态,时态,主动式,被动式,一般式,working,being worked,2.,动,名词,的特征,eg.You,must,practise,reading English aloud,.,eg.,Getting,up early,is a good habit.,动名词具有动词的特征，可以带有宾语，宾语补足语，状语等。在句中起名词的作用,3.,动名词在句中的作用：,主语,定语,表语,宾语,1),动名词作主语,动名词作主语通常表示一种抽象的动作概念，即泛指某种行为和动作。,eg.,Skating,on real ice,is great fun.,eg.,Collecting,stamps,will cost you a lot of money.,eg.,Smoking,cigarettes,is harmful to your health.,eg.,Reading,history,helps broaden your world outlook.,动名词结构作主语，通常也有两种位置；一种是位于句首；另一种是用,it,作形式主语，而将动名词结构后置。,eg.,It,is no use,blaming him now,.,eg.,It,s,interesting,collecting stamps,.,eg.,It,is pleasant,working with you,.,eg.,It,s,a waste of time,searching for a ring in the woods,.,*不定式和动名词结构都能作主语，但从语义上看，用动名词结构作主语泛指意义较强，而不定式作主语则表示具体的一次性动作。,eg.,Reading,novels,is an enjoyment.,eg.,To,read this novel,is my homework.,Compare:,2,）动名词作表语,动名词结构作表语也是泛指意义较强，而不定式结构作表语多指具体的一次性动作。,eg.My,hobby is,growing flowers,.,eg.My,favourite,sport is,playing tennis,.,eg.What,I thought most was,going to China,.,Compare:,What Im going to do is,to play tennis this afternoon,.,What I am told to do is,to go to Canada at once,.,*,表语往往要求在结构形式上与主语一致，,如果主语是动名词结构，表语往往也要用动名词结构；,主语如果是不定式结构，则表语也要求用不定式结构。,Laying down arms is,giving up the revolutionary cause,.,To lay arms is,to give up the revolutionary cause,.,Example:,3.,动名词作动词宾语,有,一类动词只能带动名词作宾语，不能带不定式作宾语。这类动词常见的有,:,avoid consider delay dislike enjoy excuse finish imagine keep mind miss,practise,suggest give up put off,Example:,Why do you,avoid,meeting George,?,When can you,finish,writing the letter,?,I have,delayed,my going abroad.,I,dislike,his coming to see me so often,.,He,enjoyed,taking the children out for long,walks,.,Do you,mind,my opening the windows,?,还有一些动词随后即可跟动名词，又可跟不定式，意义没有区别或区别不大如：,attempt begin continue hate intend,like love prefer require start,Example:,He began,learning/to learn English,at the age of ten.,I like,playing/to play,chess.,但是，也有一些动词后跟动名词结构或不定式结构则意义区别很大。,forget regret mean try,stop need require want,go on cant help remember,remember,to do,doing,forget,to do,doing,regret,to do,doing,记住要做一件事,记住过去做过的一件事,忘记要做一件事,忘记过去做过的一件事,对现在要做的事表示 遗憾,对已发生的事表示遗憾,mean,to do,doing,try,to do,doing,stop,to do,doing,表示打算做,表示意味着,表示尽力做某事,表示做某事试一试,表示停下来以便做,表示停止做,go on,to do,doing,cant help,to do,doing,need require want,to do,doing,接着做另一件事,继续做一直在做的事,不能帮助做谋事,禁不住做某事,主语是不定式动作的执行者,主语是,-,ing,动作的承受者,used to do,be used to doing,be afraid,to do,doing,过去经常做（现在已不做,),习惯于做某事,表示不敢做某事,表示害怕 担心会,Example:,I remembered,putting the book on the shelf,.,I remembered,to put the book on the shelf,.,He tried,writing with his left hand,.,He tried,to write with his left hand,.,动名词作介词宾语,动名词结构作介词宾语相当于名词词组或名词性从句。,eg.She,is fond of,playing tennis,.,eg.I,have never heard of,his buying a new house,.,*在一定的上下文中，动名词结构作宾语的介词常可省略。,eg.Do,you have any difficulty(in),finding his house,.,eg.What,is the use(of),pretending to know everything?,4.,动名词作定语,动名词作定语通常表示被修饰词的用途。,a,swimming,pool=a pool for swimming,a,sleeping,car=a car for sleeping,5.,动名词的时态和语态,1),动名词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或之后发生用一般式。,eg.They,are all interested in,climbing mountains,.,2),动名词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，用完成式。,eg.I,regret,having made such a mistake,.,eg.I,apologize for,not having kept my promise,.,3),如果动名词与逻辑主语是被动关系，用被动式。,eg.He,entered the office without,being asked,.,eg.She,remembered,having been taken to Paris,.,5.,动名词的否定形式,not doing,not having done,not having been done,not being done,eg.Writing,to her without getting a reply is better than,not writing,to her at all.,eg.He,regretted,not having written,to her.,6.,动名词的复合结构,动名词的复合结构是由,ones/one+,v-ing,构成。,当,动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，应用复合结构。,Example:,Do you mind,my smoking here,?,His coming to school late,made the teacher very angry.,*如果在句中作宾语，复合结构中的代词可以用宾格。,eg.I,dislike,him coming,to see me so often,.,eg.I,have delayed,me going abroad,.,分词,PARTICIPLE,分词,现在分词,v.+ing,过去分词,v.+ed,1.,分词的特征,分词也具有动词的特征，可以带有宾语，宾语补足语，状语等。在句中起形容词或副词的作用,I hesitated a long time,thinking how I should use it.,I saw him,working in the field,.,2.,现在分词的形式：,主动式,被动式,一般式,writing,being written,完成式,having written,having been written,语态,时态,3.,分词在句中的作用：,表语,定语,状语,宾语补语,4.,分词在句中作表语,1),现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征（与句子的主语是主动关系）,eg,.The book is,interesting.,eg,.The situation is,encouraging,.,2),过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的状态（与句子的主语是被动关系）,eg,.The door remained,locked,.,eg,.She looked,disappointed,.,5.,分词在句中作定语,a),单个分词作定语应放在被修饰词前面,eg,.T,he,dying,boy asked his father two questions.,eg,.The,injured,man is a bus driver.,b),分词短语作定语应放在所修饰词的后面,eg,.The key,lost by my little sister,has been found.,eg,.The man,injured in the accident,is a bus driver.,c),现在分词作定语与被修饰词为主动关系,d),过去分词作定语与被修饰词是被动关系,eg,.Do you know the woman,talking to Tom,?,eg,.This is a,broken,glass.,e),如果分词为不及物动词则表示完成的意思,eg,.The ground was covered by,fallen,leaves.,eg,.Children should drink,boiled,water.,f),分词作定语与一个定语从句所表示的意思差不多。,eg,.Who is the man,standing by the door,?,=Who is the man,that is standing by the door,?,6.,分词在句中作宾补,a.,现在,分词作宾补主要出现在下列词后：,find,leave,keep,have,get,see,hear,watch,notice,feel observe,look at,listen to,b.,现在分词作宾补时，分词与宾语是主动关系，如果是被动关系应用过去分词：,I saw him,working in the field,.,I found the man,lying on the floor,.,He got his tooth,pulled,out.,3),如果是不及物动词过去分词则表示这一动作已经完成,eg,.When I woke up,I found him,gone,.,6.,分词结构作状语：,分词结构作状语，可表示,时间,原因,，,条件,，,让步,，,伴随,和,补充说明,等，这时分词结构相当于一个状语,从,句。,*用分词作状语时，它的意义上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致,*用分词作状语时，分词所表示的动作与句子的主语是主动关系用现在分词，是被动关系用过去分词。,1),时间状语,：,eg,.,Crossing the road,he was run over by a car.,=,While he was crossing the road,he was run over by a car.,分词结构作时间状语相当于,when,while,等连词引导的从句,当,-,ing,分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时，作状语的分词应用完成式,having,+,过去词。,eg,.,Having done their home-work,the students left the classroom.,*,having been done,是现在分词的完成被动式（当分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，并且与句子的主语是被动关系时，就该用,-,ing,分词的完成被动式,eg,.,Having been wounded by the noble,the boy died a few days later.,=,After he had been wounded by the noble,the boy died a few days later.,分词结构作原因状语相当于一个表示原因的状语从句。,eg,.,Not knowing English,he could not understand the film.,=,As he didnt know English,he could not understand the film.,2),原因状语,:,eg,.,Having lived in Shanghai,many,years,he knows the place well.,=,As he has lived in Shanghai many years,he knows the place well.,eg,.,Born into a poor family,he had only two years of schooling.,eg,.,Not knowing his address,we couldnt get in touch with him.,=We couldnt get in touch with him,because we didnt know his address,.,分词结构作条件状语相当于一个条件状语从句,eg,.,Given more time,we could do it better.,=,If we were given more time,we could do it better.,3),条件状语,：,eg,.,Working hard,you will do well in your exams.,eg,.,Turning to the left,you will see the post office.,分词结构作让步状语相当于一个让步状语从句,eg,.,Working hard all the year round,the poor peasant couldnt afford to send his children to school.,4),让步状语,eg,.,Weighing,almost one hundred,jin,the box was lifted by him with one hand.,=,Though it weighed almost one hundred,jin,the box was lifted by him with one hand.,分词结构作伴随或附加说明状语具有以下特点：,b.,分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作是同时发生,a.,分词表示主语的一个动作,5),伴随或附加说明状语：,c.,分词表示的动作是对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明。通常放在句子的后部，相当于一个并列的谓语。,eg.The,six blind men stood all day by the roadside,begging for money,.,=The six bland man stood all day by the roadside,and begged for money,.,eg,.They went out,locking,the door,.,=They went out,and locked the door,.,5.,现在分词的否定形式,not doing,not having done,not having been done,not being done,Not knowing,how to work out the problem,he went to ask the teacher.,Not having received,her letter for several month,he wrote again.,6.,分词独立结构,分词作状语时,有时其逻辑主语与句中的主语不一致,它可以有自己的逻辑主语,.,该逻辑主语通常用名词或代词的主格表示,放在分词的前面,.,构成,”,名词,(,或代词主格,)+,分词,”,的结构,称为分词独立结构,.,该结构通常修饰整个句子,表示时间、原因、条件或伴随情况,.,The problem,having been solved,we ended the meeting.(=having solved the problem,we ended the meeting.,The rain,having ruined,her cap,she had to buy a new one.,The night,being dark,she was afraid to go there.,He rushed into the room,his face,covered,with sweat.,注意,:,分词独立结构主要用于描绘性文字中,;,口语中用状语从句或并列句更自然些,.,分词独立结构前面有时带有,“,with/without”,构成”,with/without+,宾语,(,名词或代词,)”,结构,表示伴随情况,.,With him staying,here in the house,I felt quite safe.,He lay in his bed,with eyes closed,.,