语言对比与翻译英汉句式.pptx

语言对比与翻译英汉句式,英汉句式：开放性和封闭性,请看下面译文，分析译文与原文的不同：,1.a recent study,by,economists,经济学家所做的最新研究,2.to increase surveillance,quickly in a crisis,危机到来时及时强化监管,3.to be deeply involved in a major covert operation,that funnelled weapons and technology to Iraq,深深卷入了一场重大的秘密行动，即向伊拉克投送武器和技术,4.Bacteria in plague play a key role in cavity formation,by producing acids that leach the minerals,.,瘟疫爆发时，细菌在膜腔形成过程中起关键作用，它产生的酸性物质能分离矿物质。,Summary：,1.同：英汉句法相近，主干都是“主-谓-宾”。,2.异：,1）英语的许多组句成分似带钩的拖车，需要时在后面加上几节；汉语小句似密闭的容器，不允许“拖挂”其他成分。,2）英语有丰富的语言手段，如：介词、分词、副词、不定式、定语从句、状语从句等，它们可以附着在被限定的成分后（名词或动词）；汉语小句则不同，若表终结的成分出现了，小句则闭合，不能再附加别的东西。,因此，英语的结构开放，汉语的结构封闭。,1.英语句式的开放性,英语小句句末开放，谓语或宾语之后的成分有很强的修饰功能。,英语主谓之间遵循“贴近”原则，两者之间的距离不会过长。,所以，要将某些成分后置（如状语或修饰语），就需连词、介词、关系词将其连接起来。,Eg:,1.The girl,standing at the street corner,is a singer.,站在街角的那个女孩是一名歌手。（现在分词短语）,2.He is reading a book,written by,Lu Xun,in the reading room.,他正在书房里读鲁迅的著作。（p.p.短语、介短）,3.Beijing is a good city,for,anyone,who is interested in culture.,对于喜欢文化艺术的人来说，北京是座很吸引人的城市。（介短、定从）,4.The government has promised to take measures,to help the unemployed,.,政府已承诺采取措施帮助失业者。（不定式短语）,5.It would be unwise,to buy the house before,having it appraised.,买房子不事先估价是不明智的。（it形主，真正的主语为不定式短语，before为连词）,6.It should sell very well,if our product is properly marketed.,如果我们的产品适当加以推销，销路应该很好。（状从）,2.汉语句式的封闭性,与英语相比，汉语句子绝少使用后置修饰或限制，封闭性较强。,1.动宾结构,汉语中，只要宾语出现，小句就会封闭，不能再添加别的成分。,1）广交会上有很多供出口的,中国商品,。,There are a lot of Chinese commodities available for export at the Canton Fair.,2）一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供,就业机会,。,A great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of people who need them.,2.数量短语,汉语中，“数量词+修饰成分+名词”，封闭的，“修饰成分”只能出现在“名词”前。,一个的人 a man,一个吸烟的人 a man who is smoking,一个站在拐角吸烟的人 a man who is smoking at a corner,3.介词短语,汉语中，“介词+名词”组合为封闭结构。,（1）在下,1）在党的领导下，中国人民正全力建设社会主义。,Led by the Party/Under the leadership of the Party,the Chinese people are going all out to build socialism.,2)这几年，在社会各界的支持下，全国就业工作取得显著成绩。,With the support of people from all walks of life,remarkable results have been achieved in employment in the whole country over the past few years.,(2)在中,3）忽然一个新的主意在他思想中起了泡沫。,Suddenly a new idea struck him.,4)龙，在苗族人心目中是吉祥如意的象征。,In the eyes of the Miao,the dragon is a symbol of good luck.,3.英汉句式的互译,汉译英时，根据英语句式开放的特点，确定“主、谓、宾”，然后利用英语本身丰富的语言手段，将修饰成分缀加其后，使句式平衡。,Please translate the following sentences:,1)他们拒绝参加会议，这使主席很为难。,Their refusal,to attend the conference,embarrassed the chairman.,2)有些时候他神思不定地坐在那里，一言不发，任何人都不理。,Sometimes he would sit silent and abstracted,taking no notice of anyone.,3)建立政府保障的农村义务教育体制、覆盖城乡的公共财政制度。,We will set up a system,of government-funded rural compulsory education and a system of public finance that covers both urban an rural areas.,4)由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会于外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。,The isolation,of the rural world,because of distance and the lack of transport facilities,is compounded by the paucity of the information media.,英译汉时，根据汉语句式结构的容量有限，容纳不了太多、太长的修饰成分，则将过长的修饰语分流，译为小句，以适应汉语句式偏短的特点。,5）In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.,a.门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有12把，五颜六色，大小不一,b.门口放着至少有12把五颜六色、大小不一的雨伞。,6)Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?,a.我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？,b.你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？,7）The U.S.almost certainly will have departed from Thailand,where,the government has declared U.S forces unwelcome and from Chinas Taiwan,which,the U.S.should evacuate under the terms of the Shanghai Communiqu of 1972.,那时美国几乎肯定要离开泰国和中国台湾了，因为泰国政府已宣布美国军队不受欢迎；而根据1972年上海公报的条款，美国应该撤离中国台湾。,8）I must say that his statement was laudable for its frankness and quite plausible on the basis of premises,which,Im afraid,are invalid in the context of the United Nations Charter.,需要指出，他言词坦率，值得称赞，也颇有几分道理。然而，按照联合国宪章的精神，这些言论所依据的前提恐怕是站不住脚的。,Summary：,句7）和8）由where和which引导的从句，可以考虑拆分法调整句式，以免使用过长的修饰语。,繁复与简短Complex vs.Simplex,英语句子呈现句首封闭、句尾开放的特征，使得英语句子变得繁复。,具体表现：,1.修饰语、插入语后置，又有关系词与被修饰语连接，句子可以不断向句尾伸展、延伸。,2.先行代词“it”及其他预指性代词，把真正的主语或宾语移到后面，并根据需要加以不断扩充，形成句子的末端重量（end-weight）。,3.英语句子可以顺线性向后延展（natural linear expansion）的特点，导致句子长度大大超过汉语，也使句子变得繁复。,以一首著名英语儿歌为例：,基本句：This is the farmer that sowed the corn,向后延伸:That kept the cock that crowed in the morn,再延伸：That waked the priest all shaven and shorn,再延伸：That married the man all tattered and torn,再延伸：That kissed the maiden all forlorn,再延伸：That milked the cow with the crumpled horn,再延伸：That tossed the dog,再延伸：That worried the cat,再延伸：That killed the rat,再延伸：That ate the malt,再延伸：That lay in the house that Jack built.,从理论上说，英语right-branching的扩展是无限的，因而句子可以拉的很长，但汉语句子无法借助连接词不断地向后扩展，必须在适当的地方收缩，另行处理其余信息：,杰克盖了那栋房子,房子里堆放着麦芽,麦芽让老鼠吃了,老鼠叫猫宰了,汉语句子则呈现句首开放、句尾收缩（left-branching）的特征。,句首虽可开放，向左伸展，但扩展的长度和程度受到种种限制。,汉语句子只能逆线性向前延伸（reversed），因而句子显得简短。,汉语句子逆线性向前延伸（reversed linear expansion:left-branching）,基本句：学术报告。,向前延伸：关于当代语言学研究动向的学术报告。,再延伸：李教授关于当代语言学研究动向的研究报告。,再延伸：你们到语言学院听了李教授关于当代语言学,研究动向的学术报告。,在延伸：我听说你们到语言学院听了李教授关于当代,语言学研究动向的学术报告。,再延伸：昨天我听说你们到语言学院听了李教授关于,当代语言学研究动向的学术报告。,汉语句子简短及其原因,1.汉语句子虽可逆线性向前延伸，但受到种种限制,。例如，当人们说一句话时，其实一开口就把句子的长度预定好了，无法在表达时不断在句首向前扩展、延伸。即使在笔头表达时句子可以不断修改、补充，向前扩展，但由于汉语采用意合法，缺乏像英语那样丰富的形合手段，只能“意尽为界”，“适可而止”，无法把句子扩展到句法不能容忍、信息量超负荷的地步。,2.另一方面，汉语句子顺线性向后扩展延伸更是受到种种限制：,例如：,基本句：学术报告,向后延伸：学术报告的效果,再延伸：学术报告的效果很好,英译汉常出现的问题，请修改：,1.厦门是一座四季如春、风景如画、令人流连忘返的魅力的海岛城市。,厦门是一座美丽的海岛城市，这里四季如春，风景如画，令人流连忘返。,2.他提醒我那些不提起或许会忘记的事。,他提醒了我，要不然我就把那些事给忘了。,3.我难以宽恕地偷偷看她的信。,我偷偷摸摸地看她的信，这实在是难以宽恕的。,4.他们无情地摘他们所看到的花。,他们见花就摘，毫不爱惜。,5.水兵们蜂拥成又欢又笑的圆圈，把这两个人围起来。,水兵们欢欢笑笑，蜂拥而至，把这两个人围起来。,英语句子向后扩展（right-branching）vs.汉语句子向前伸展（left-branching）或分割重组：,Eg：,1）The time has long passed,when they sought comfort in the thought that our economic plans were unrealistic and unworkable.,以前他们认为我们的经济计划是不现实的、行不通的，并以此聊以自慰。这样的岁月，早已一去不复返了。,2）Are we disposed to be of the number,of those who having eyes,see not,and having ears,hear not,the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation,?(Patrick Henry:,Speech in the Virginia Convention of Delegates,),对于与自己的救世活动相关的事情视而不见、充耳不闻的人，难道我们心甘情愿与之为伍吗？,3）With refreshing candor,Smith provides a unique glimpse of what lies beneath the smiles of the two leaders at diplomatic receptions and the reassuring formulas of their official communiqus.,两位领导人在外交招待会上面带笑容，他们的官方公报措辞又令人放心。在这一切背后，真实情况如何呢？史密斯作了独特的描绘，其坦率程度，令人耳目一新。,英汉语不同句式特征深层原因探源：,1.英语句子呈现句首封闭、句尾开放的特征，可谓受亚里士多德的演绎法逻辑思维模式的影响。,英语语段甚至句子，通常突出关键词语（key word）或主题句（topic sentence），喜用主从结构（subordination），注重分析推理，直线性（linearity）、有秩序、有层次低围绕主旨展开，信息安排往往“突显”语序，由近及远，开门见山，一语破的，头短尾长，可以向后延伸、扩展。,2.汉语句式呈现句首开放、句尾收缩的特征，除与汉语特点有关，还受到儒、道、佛的悟性思维模式的影响。,汉语语段甚至句子，重视话题，注重“意识流”，注重事理和先后顺序，常采用非演绎式的、往往是领悟式的归纳型（because-therefore structure）或螺旋型的思维模式。喜欢先讲来龙去脉，再说主题，或先摆事实，再讲道理，信息安排常按照“自然”语序：由远及近，头长尾短。,3.根据英汉特点，英译汉时，常要破句重组，化繁为简。,Eg：,1）There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.,a.关于我所访问的一些地方和遇见的一些人有许多奇妙的故事可以讲。,b.我访问了一些地方，也遇到了一些人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着哩。,2）Gentlemen,I am ashamed to see men embarked on so great and glorious an undertaking,as that of robbing the public,so foolishly and weakly dissenting among themselves.(Fielding:,Jonathan Wild,),诸位先生，有些人正在干着一番光荣而伟大的事业，那就是掠夺大众。这时候，他们居然这么愚蠢，这么虚弱，在自己人中间发生内讧。对于这些，我真觉得丢脸。,英语长句的汉译，常采用分解、拆散、重组的变通手段进行灵活处理。,Eg:,Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural product can not meet our ever-increasing requirements,or,more often,because the physical properties of the synthetic substance,which is the common name for man-made materials,have been chosen,and even emphasized,so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied.,人造材料通称为合成材料。许多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料，这或者是由于天然物产的数量不能满足日益增长的需要，或者更经常是由于人们选择了合成材料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造成的。因此，合成材料在拟用的领域中将具有极大的用途。,Exercise:,1.Closely linked with this commitment is the new last paragraph of the preamble which reaffirms that principle of the Charter of the United Nations in accordance with which Member States must refrain from the use of force or the threat of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State and which declares that the establishment and the maintenance of international peace and security are to be promoted with the least diversion for armaments of the worlds human and economic resources.,Reference:,与这一承诺密切相连的是序言中新增加的最后一段，它重申联合国宪章的一条原则，即会员国不得使用武力或武力威胁来侵犯任何国家的领土完整或政治独立，并且声明要尽量减少把世界人力经济资源用于军备，以促进建立和维护国际和平与安全。,2.But the mingled reality and mystery of the whole show,the influence upon me of the poetry,the lights,the music,the company,the smooth stupendous changes of glittering and brilliant scenery,were so dazzling,and opened up such illimitable regions of delight,that when I came out into the rainy street,at twelve oclock at night,I felt as if I had come from the clouds,where I had been leading a romantic life for ages,to a bawling,splashing,link-lighted,umbrella-struggling,hackney-coach-jostling,patten-clinking,muddy,miserable world.(C.Dickens:,David Copperfield,),然而，整场演出既有现实感又有神秘感。诗歌、灯光、音乐、演员、舞台背景的变幻，和谐壮观，光彩夺目，华丽灿烂，这一切都感染了我；这个场面是这样的令人眼花缭乱，心旷神怡。午夜时分，我走出戏院来到了雨淋淋的街上，感到刚才仿佛是在仙境中传奇般地生活了好久，而现在则已离开了这个仙境，来到了另外一个世界。这里是一片叫喊声，一阵阵飞溅开来的泥浆，一盏盏路灯，一把把挤来挤去的雨伞，一辆辆争先恐后的出租马车，一声声咯噔咯噔的木鞋声，一片泥泞，一片惨状。,汉语的分句或流水句，译成英语时，常常要化简为繁，组合成复合句或长句。,Eg:,1）老栓正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见了一条丁字街，明明白白横着。他便退了几步，寻找了一家关着门的铺子，蹩进檐下，靠门立住了。（鲁迅：药）,Absorbed in his walking,Old Shuan was startled when he saw the cross road lying distinctly ahead of him.He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in front of its closed door.,2)原来悟空手疾眼快，正在那混乱之时，他拔下了一根毫毛，叫声“变！”就变作他的本相。（吴承恩：西游记）,As Sun Wukong was deft of hand and quick of eye,he plucked one of the hairs from his body in the midst of the fray and shouted“Change!”It changed into his own double.,Group work:,1)世界园艺博览会在西安召开，开幕式可谓简约，没有宏大场面，没有烟火缭绕，用时也仅45分钟，却赢来一片叫好。这证明，只要有想法、有特色，简约同样可以很精彩。,2）我们不知不觉地朝公园走去。公园就在人行桥那边，桥下很深的地方，汹涌的河水滚滚而过。,3)他这时已是将近六旬的人，一表人才，高个儿，眉清目秀，头发又多又黑，略带花白，恰好衬出他那堂堂的仪表。,4）顷刻之间，滚滚的浊水像堵墙一般压了下来，一股脑儿连人带车都给冲走了。这情景，直到现在还印在我的脑海里。,Reference,1)The Opening Ceremony of The International Horticultural Expo held in Xian City,may well be termed with,“simpleness”,because,it lasted only for 45 minutes,with no spectacle or fireworks,but won a lot of applauses,demonstrating well that,with good ideas and characteristics,simpleness can also,produce a wonderful effect,.,2)Somehow our path took us toward the park,across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the river.,3)He was at this time in his late fifties,a tall,elegant man with good features and thick dark hair only sufficiently greying to add to the distinction of his appearance.,4)The image of a sudden wall of dark water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind.,Summary,繁与简，与语境、题材、读者对象、作者意图和写作风格等密切相关，也与文体有关系，英汉皆然。,一般来说，,长句,严密、周详、精确、细致，宜于阐述复杂的观点，抒发细腻的感情，描述具体的细节，常见于书面语，尤其是政论文、科技论文、公文或小说里的叙述语描写。,短句,简洁、明快、活泼、有力，宜于叙述事物、辩论、演讲、台词、杂文、广播稿、儿童文学或小说人物对话。,英汉互译时，应注意繁简句式与文体的这种关系。,