英语冠词讲解.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语冠词讲解,冠词定义与分类,冠词是一个虚词,它置于名词之前,限定名词的意义。,冠词可分为,定冠词,，,不定冠词,和,零冠词,三类。,区别,不定冠词,a和an，基本含义是,“一、一个”,，表示,泛指,。,定冠词,the，基本含义是,“这个，那个”,，表示,特指,。,（一）不定冠词,a/an,的用法,1.,a,用于辅音发音开头的词前,如：,a book,a hotel,a knife,an,用于元音发音开头的词前,，如：,an apple,an hour,an honour,an honest boy,an umbrella,例子,a,useful tool,一件有用的工具,a,university,一所大学,a,European country,一个欧洲国家,a,one-eyed man,一个一目失明的人,不定冠词用法详细说明,1.,表示“一，一个”，用在单数可数名词前,There is a picture on the wall.,墙上有一幅图画。,He has an apple in his hand.,他手里拿着一个苹果。,注意,1).,a(an)虽表示“一个”，但不强调数量，而是强调类别；one则强调数量。,I bought,a,computer.,我买了一台电脑。（不是收音机和电视机）,I bought,one,computer.,我买了一台电脑。（不是两台）,2).表示数量对比时，要用one,不用a(an)。,我有一支红铅笔，但是她有三支。,I have,a,red pencil,but she has three.,（误）,I have,one,red pencil,but she has three.,（正）,2.表示一类人或物，指同类中的 任何一个，a或an不必翻译,Even,a,child can answer this question.,就是小孩子也能回答这个问题。,An,elephant is stronger than a horse.,大象比马力气大。,A,teacher must be strict with his students.,教师必须对学生严格要求。,3.第一次提到某人或某物,第一次提到某人或某物时，用不定冠词,a或an，起介绍作用。,A,girl wants to see you.,一位姑娘要见你。,On,a,cold evening a stranger came to my house.,在一个寒冷的晚上，一个陌生人来到我的住处。,4.表示身份、职业,不定冠词用于,单数名词前,表示身份、职业，尤其用在作表语或补足语的名词前。,She is,a,high school teacher.,The Whites wanted their daughter to be,a,musician.,怀特夫妇想要他们的女儿成为音乐家。,表示某个职位在某一时期内只有一人担任，或表示某人的头衔，则不用冠词。,He is,captain,of the team.,Zhang Fei is,monitor,of their class.,注意,5.用于专有名词前，表示不认识某人,A,Mr.Green called you just now.,一位格林先生刚才给你打电话。,A,Mr.Smith wanted to see you.,有位史密斯先生想要见你。,6.不定冠词用在表示,数量、长度、时间,等的计数单位的名词前，,表示“每一”,We have three meals,a,day.,我们每天吃三顿饭。,They met each other once,a,month.,他们每月会面一次。,The car moved 100 miles,an,hour.,这辆小汽车以每小时,100英里的速度行驶。,7.用于某些结构中,结构：,such a/an+单数可数名词 quite a/an+单数可数名词 rather a/an+单数可数名词,It is,such a,fine day.,多么晴朗的一天。,He is,quite an,honest man.,他是个非常诚实的人,。,注意,名词前若有形容词修饰，不定冠词,a(an)可以放在quite,rather前面或后面。,It is,rather a,difficult problem.,这是相当难的一个问题。,It is,a rather,difficult problem.,8.用于某惯用短,语,have,a,cold 患感冒 have,a,rest 休息一下 have,a,fever 发烧 have,a,toothache 牙痛 have,a,talk 谈话 go for,a,walk 散步 take,a,bath 洗澡 tell,a,lie 撒谎 wait,a,moment等一会儿 with,an,effort 努力地 as,a,result 因此 for,a,while 一会儿,for,a,moment,一会儿,have,a,word with sb.,同某人谈话,have,a,try,试一下,have,a,good time,玩得高兴,have,a,look,看一看,do sb.,a,favour,帮某人忙,take,an,active part in,积极参加,as,a,whole,作为整体,all of,a,sudden,突然,once upon,a,time,从前,in,a,word,总之,9.与so,as,too,how等连用时的位置,如果修饰名词的形容词前有,so,as,too,how等副词，不定冠词一般,放在形容词和名词之前,。,结构,：,so/as/too/how+形容词+a(an)+名词,He is,as,clever,a,boy as Tom.,他是像汤姆一样聪明的孩子。,It is,so,high,a,wall that we cant climb it.,这堵墙非常高，我们爬不上去。,How,beautiful,a,bird it is!,这是一只多漂亮的鸟啊！,It is,too,wide,a,rive for me to swim across.,这条河太宽，我游不过去。,注意,half 常放在不定冠词前，但在美国英语中，half也可放在不定冠词后。,half,an,apple 半个苹果,a,half apple,half,a,day 半天,a,half day,half,an,hour 半个小时,a,half hour,half,a,mile 半英里,a,half mile,（二）定冠词的用法,1.,表示特指的人或物,Please hand me,the,key on the desk.,请把桌上的钥匙递给我。,The,girl in red is his sister.,穿红色衣服的女孩是他妹妹。,The,building over there is the tallest in the town.,那边那幢大楼是这个城里最高的。,I like,the,music of the film.,我喜欢这部电影的音乐。,2.表示双方都知道的或心中明白的人或物,Shut,the,door,please.,Has he returned,the,book?,那本书他还了吗？,Take,the,blue one,it is cheaper.,拿那个蓝的，它便宜些。,3.第二次提到,某人或某物第一次提到时用不定冠词，第二次提到时要用定冠词。,He saw,a,house in the distance.Jims parents lived in,the,house.,他看见远处有一所房子，吉姆的父母就住在那所房子里。,There was once,an,old fisherman.,The,old fisherman had a cat.,The,cat was white.,从前有一个老渔夫。这个老渔夫有一只猫。这只猫是只白猫。,4.用在世界上独一无二的名词前,the sun太阳,the earth地球,the moon月亮,the sky天空,the world 世界,The moon goes round the earth.,月亮绕着地球转。,There is not any cloud in the sky.,天空中没有一丝云彩。,It was a fine day in spring.The sun shone brightly.,这是一个晴朗的春日，阳光灿烂。,5.用在表示方向、方位的名词前,the east东方，the west西方，the south南方，the north北方，the right右边，the left左边,The birds are flying to,the,north.,这些鸟向北方飞去。,The moon rises in,the,west,and sets in,the,east,.,月亮从东方升起，在西方落下。,Walk along the road and take the first turning on,the,right.,沿着这条路往前走，在第一个路口往右拐。,He stood at,the,back of the door.,他站在门背后。,6.用在形容词最高级前,Summer is,the,hottest season of the year.,夏天是一年中最炎热的季节。,She is,the,best person for the job.,她是最适合这个工作的人。,Hangzhou is one of,the,most beautiful cities in the world.,杭州是世界上最美的城市之一。,The car is,the,most expensive of the four.,这部车是四部车中最贵的。,7.用在序数词等前,定冠词用在,序数词,前，也用在表示序列的,next,last,等前，还有在表示,“同一”或“唯一”等,的词前,。,The,first,man to land on the moon is an American.,第一个登上月球的人是美国人。,This may be,the,last,chance.,这可能是最后一次机会。,If I miss this train Ill catch,the,next,one.,如果赶不上这趟火车，我就赶下一趟。,He is,the,only,person who knows the secret.,他是唯一一个知道这个秘密的人。,The two coats are of,the,same,colour.,这两件外衣颜色相同。,This is,the,very book I want.,这正是我要的书。（用very表示强调，正是）,注意,1),序数词表示“,又一,”时，前面用不定冠词,a(an),He bought,a,second pair of shoes.,他又买了一双鞋。,He asked a question,then,a,second,then,a,third,他问了一个问题，又问了第二个，第三个,2)序数词用作状语或表语时，前不加定冠词。,George arrived,first,.,乔治第一个到。,=George was,the,first person to arrive.,Jim and Jack are both,second,in the match.,汤姆和杰克在比赛中并列第二。,9.用在单数名词前表示一类人或物，强调整个类别,The,orange is a kind of fruit.,橘子是一种水果。,The,horse is a useful animal.,马是一种有用的动物。,注意,不定冠词,+单数名词，不带冠词的复数名词,也可表示一类人或物。,A,dog is,a,faithful animal.,狗是忠实的动物。,Dogs,are faithful animals.,10.用在乐器名词前，表示演奏,She can play,the,piano.,He played,the,guitar.,注意,乐器名词表示具体的器物或表示课程时，不加,the,。,He bought,a,piano last month.,She,taught,piano in the school.,11.用在江河、海洋、湖泊、群岛、山脉的名称前,the,Yangze River 长江,the,Red Sea 红海,the,West Lake 西湖,the,Pacific 太平洋,the,Himalayas 喜马拉雅山,the,Nile 尼罗河,the,Rocky Mountains 落基山脉,the,South China Sea,南中国海,注意,例外的情况,mount Tai 泰山,China Daily 中国日报,12.,用在由普通名词和另外一些词构成的专有名词前,the,Great Wall 长城,the,United Nations,联合国,the,New York Times,纽约时报,the,United States of America,美国,the,Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会,the,Peoples Republic of China,中华人民共和国,the,North Pole 北极,the,Peoples Daily 人民日报,13.用在某些形容词前，表示一类人或物或某种抽象概念,the,old,老年人,the,sick 病人,the,poor,穷人,the,aged,老人,the,young 年轻人,the,rich 富人,the,blind 盲人,the,wounded 伤员,The rich should help the poor.,富人应该帮助穷人。,The good is what people like.,人们总是喜欢美好的东西。,The wounded have been sent to the hospital.,伤员已经被送到医院去了。,14.用在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人,The Greens,will move to the country.,格林一家要搬到乡下去。,The Wangs,came to see us yesterday.,王家一家人昨天来看我们。,The Browns,are very friendly.,布朗夫妇都很友好。,15.用在表示计算单位的名词前，含有“每，每一”的意思,Jim is paid by,the,hour.,吉姆的工资按小时付。,Eggs are sold by,the,kilogram.,鸡蛋按千克出售。,This cloth is sold by,the,yard.,这种布按码出售。,It sells at three dollars,the,pound.,它以每磅三美元出售。,They sell sugar by,the,pound.,他们按磅卖糖。,16.用在,前面已提到过的人,的身体部位或衣着的名词前,这种用法是先把整个对象说出来，然后再说到那个对象的身体的局部或衣着。,动词,(hit,pull,pat,strike,catch,hold,take)+sb.+介词(in,on,by,across)+身体部位或衣着,She touched him on,the,shoulder.,她碰了碰他的肩。,The stone struck the man in,th,e eye.,石头击中了那人的眼睛。,I caught her by,the,right hand.,我抓住她的右手。,She patted the boy on,the,head.,她拍了拍那男孩的头。,17.用在,逢十的复数数词前,，表示年代，也指人的大约岁数,The war broke out in,the,forties.,那场战争发生在40年代。,He went abroad in,the,1980s.,他在20世纪80年代出国的。,The old man is in,the,seventies.,老人大约七十几岁。,18.用在表示自然现象的名词前,the rain,the wind,the fog,the snow,the air,the storm,the snowstorm,Dont stand in,the,rain.,The,wind blew down the trees.The ship sank in,the,storm.,The,rain has cleaned,the,air.,19.用在某些习惯用语,in,the,morning 在上午 in,the,field 在田野里in,the,country 在乡间 in,the,sun 在阳光下on,the,right 在右边 by,the,way 顺便说一下in,the,sky 在空中 in,the,dark 在暗处in,the,rain 在雨中 in,the,shade 在阴凉处all,the,time 始终 in,the,middle of 在中间,in,the,front of 在前部 in,the,daytime 白天at(/in),the,beginning 开始at,the,moment当时，此刻all,the,year round 一年到头go to,the,theatre 去看戏at,the,weekend 周末,on,the,way home 回家途中all,the,same 依然on,the,whole 总之at,the,same time 同时in,the,year 2008 在2008年,the,other day 前几天at,the,bottom of在底部in,the,end 终于,（三）零冠词的用法,1.专有名词（人名、地名、季节、月份、周日、节日等）前不用冠词,1)月份,January,2)周日,Monday Friday,3)季节,spring summer,4)节日,Christmas Day,New Years Eve,National Day,5),人名,Mary,Jones,Mr.BrownPorfessor Smith,6),地名,Asia,亚洲,China,中国,Britain,英国,Beijing,北京,New York,纽约,Spring,is coming.,春天就要到了。,These birds fly to the south in,winter,.,这些鸟冬天飞往南方。,She came on,Friday,.,她星期五来的。,注意,1）如果月份、季节名词带有修饰语，表示特定的时间，要加定冠词,。,季节名词在上下文中表示特定的一段时间，要加定冠词。,They built the bridge in,the spring,of 2003.,The fire broke out on,the Friday,when they were not at home.,These animals eat nothing all through,the winter,.,2）但要说,the,Spring Festival，,以,festival组成的节日名称前要加the.,the,Mid-autumn Festival,the,Dragon-boat Festival 端午节,2.,物质名词表示一般概念时，不用冠词,Water,boils at 100.They are short of,food,.,注意,1）,如果物质名词表示特指或有定语修饰，则要加定冠词。,Snow is falling hard.,雪正下得很大。The snow,in the field,has melted.She likes milk very much.The milk,in the bottle,has gone sour.,2）,物质名词用于表示“一杯、一份、一种、一阵”时，要用不定冠词。,Id like an ice cream.A tea and two coffees,please.,There was a heavy rain this morning.,3.抽象名词表示一般概念时，不用冠词,Friendship,is more important than,money,.,友谊比金钱更重要。,Does he like,music,?,他喜欢音乐吗？,Knowledge,is power.,知识就是力量。,Failure,is the mother of,success,.,失败乃成功之母。,注意,1）抽象名词有定语修饰，表示特指时，要加定冠词。,I like,the music,of the TV play,.,我喜欢这部电视剧中的音乐。,2）抽象名词表示“一种，一类，一次，一番，一例”等概念时，要加不定冠词。,Maths is,a science,.,She has,a,good,knowledge,of English.,Lets go for a,swim,.,He had,a wash,first.,4.表示一类人或物的复数名词前不用冠词,Birds,are our friends.,We are fond of,sports,.,Teachers,should be kind to their students.,Boys,are usually stronger than,girls,.,注意,表示某一类人或物时，可用下面三种方法：狗是忠实的动物。,The,dog is a faithful animal.,A,dog is a faithful animal.,Dogs,are faithful animals.,5.表示一日三餐的名词前不用冠词,I usually have,breakfast,at seven.,He doesnt have,lunch,at home.,Dinner,is ready.,注意,1）三餐名词前有定语修饰时，特指某一餐，要用不定冠词。,We had,a,wonderful,lunch,.,我们吃了一顿很丰盛的午餐。,They had,a,nice,dinner,last night.,他们昨晚吃了一顿丰盛的饭。,2）表示某一次具体的餐食，要用定冠词。,The lunch,was cooked well.,Did you enjoy,the dinner,at his house?,他家的饭你喜欢吗？,3）meal 常同不定冠词连用，泛指一顿饭。,She cooks,a,hot,meal,in the evening.,晚上她总会烧一顿热饭。,He had,a,big,meal,at his uncles.,他在叔叔家大吃了一顿。,6.表示体育运动、棋牌的名词前不用冠词,He plays,football,after school.,他放学后踢足球。,He is good at playing,chess,.,他象棋下得好。,They play,cards,on Sundays.,他们常常星期天打牌。,7.表示学科、语言的名词前不用冠词,She teaches,English,in a middle school.,Chemistry,is not easy to learn.,Can you speak,Japanese,?,We have,Chinese,and,maths,in the morning.,8.表示称呼语、职位、,头衔的名词前不用冠词,Where are my shoes,mom,?,Tom,go and fetch some water.,Now,children,listen to me carefully.,Mr.Xu,teaches us maths.,President Li,will come to our class.,He was once,mayor,of the city.,They made him,monitor,.,John was,captain,of the team.,9.某些交通工具名称前不用冠词,by train(=on a train)by ship(=on a ship),by taxi(=in a taxi)by plane(=on a plane),by bus(=on a bus)by bike(=on a bike),by car(=in a car)on foot 步行,I go to school by bike.,Did you go by air?,你坐飞机去的吗？,They came by land.,他们由陆路来的。,The goods will be sent there by water.,货物将由水路运往那里。,表示邮寄方式的名词前也不用冠词。,He sent the letter,by air mail,.这封信他寄了航空。,10.,名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词或名词所有格时，不可再加冠词。,这是我的书。,This is,my book,.,汤姆的母亲是一位医生。,Toms mother,is a doctor.,Which bus,did you take?,你乘哪路公交车？,11.两个平行、并列的名词前不用冠词,arm in arm 臂挽臂side by side 肩并肩father and son 父子hand in hand 手拉手face to face 面对面one by one 一个接一个sun and moon 日月from beginning to end 自始至终day and night日日夜夜step by step 循序渐进,12.某些习惯语中不用冠词,go to school 上学on time 准时at last 终于in fact 事实上on holiday 在度假at first起初,lose heart 灰心on foot步行in trouble 处于困境with pleasure 乐意地with difficulty 吃力地,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同,in front of,在前面,in the front of,在范围内的前部,in hospital,(生病)住院,in the hospital,在医院里。,