英语段落写作方法与技巧.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,2021/10/10,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2021/10/10,*,PartTwo:ParagraphWriting,ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph,1.段落的主题与主题句,2.段落的扩展,3.段落的结尾,ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns,1.列举法(Listing),2.举例法(Exemplification),3.时空顺序法(TimeandSpaceSequence),4.因果分析法(CauseandEffect),5.比较对照法(Comparison&Contrast),6.分类法(Classification),2021/10/10,1,.,段落的主题与主题句,II.,段落的扩展,III.,段落的结尾,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,The Structure,of a Paragraph,2021/10/10,2,.,段落的主题与主题句,1.,段落的主题,2.,段落的主题句,Back,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,2021/10/10,3,1.,段落的主题,通常一篇文章只有一个中心思想，这个中心思想可以分为几个主题，每个主题由一个段落来完成。,段落的组成通常包含三个要素：主题句,(topic sentence),、扩展句,(supporting sentence),和结尾句,(concluding sentence),。,Back,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,.,段落的主题与主题句,2021/10/10,4,一个段落只表达一个主题思想（主题句）,一个段落内的其它句子（扩展句）必须从属于这一思想，一个段落通常还有一个结尾局与主题句相呼应，这就是,段落的统一性,(The Unity of a Paragraph),。,不同的主题思想应放在不同的段落中表达，否则容易枝杈横生，使人不得要领。,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,Back,2021/10/10,5,例如：,主题句：,Beijing is famous for its temperate climate,its large population,and its rapid industrial development.,该主题句有三个不同的观点揉在一起，如果作为一个段落的主题句则不符合要求，该主题句可分解为三个主题句，由三个段落分别来完成。,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,Back,2021/10/10,6,请看下面的段落有什么问题：,My name is Roseanna,and I like to keep physically fit.I used to weigh two hundred pounds,but I joined the YMCA,（,Young mens Christian Association,基督教青年会）,for an exercise class and diet program.In one year I lost eighty pounds.I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame,（身躯）,again.I bought two new suitcases last week.Every day I practice jogging three miles,swimming fifteen laps,lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour.My mother was a premature baby(,早产儿）,.,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,Back,2021/10/10,7,本段的主题句是,“,I like to keep physically fit”,，,段中所有的句子应围绕这一主题。但段中有两个,irrelevant sentences,，,一个是,I bought two new suitcases last week,，,另一个是,My mother was a premature,baby.,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,Back,2021/10/10,8,主题句是一个段落中最具概括性的句子。一般包含两个基本内容：,1,）本段要讨论的中心人物或事物,即,主题词,；,2,）作者对这个中心人物或事物的态度、观点或见解,即扩展范围或,关键词,。,主题句既不能过于概括，也不能过于具体。主题句过于概括（即过于笼统或题目太大），很难用几句话说清楚，通常会因为得不到应有的充实而显得空泛无力，从而造成不能有效地表达主题思想。主题句过于具体（即缺乏概括性的观点），则无法展开段落，作者的思想就没有发挥的余地，容易造成对一个意思的重复描述。,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,2.,段落的主题句,Back,2021/10/10,9,例如主题句：,“,American food is terrible”,和“,Pollution is a serious problem”,就过于概括；而主题句：,“,He speaks English”,和“,I bought a car last week”,就过于具体。,主题句可放在句首、句中和句尾。主题句放在句首是一种好的写作方法，可以时刻提醒作者不要跑题，而且便于读者阅读理解。主题句放在句中，对段落的组织较困难，一般用在记叙和描述文体中。主题句放在句尾通常是段落的开始列举事例或事实，最后总结归纳，引出段落的主题思想。有时作者为强调起见，在段落的开头点明了主题，结尾又会重复主题，不过不是简单的重复，而是在意思上与开头相呼应，或者对段落内容进行总结。,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,Back,2021/10/10,10,其次，一个段落必须有若干扩展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是,段落的完整性,(The Integrity of a Paragraph),。扩展句和主题句之间，一要形成意义的相关性,即所有的扩展句都必须是主题句的延伸或证明，对主题句起支持的作用；二要具有逻辑的合理性,即句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅，这就是,段落的连贯性,(The Coherence of a Paragraph),。,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,Back,II.,段落的扩展,2021/10/10,11,在一个段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并且逻辑顺序排列正确，但是如果缺乏句与句之间的恰当的过渡，整个段落的连贯性仍会受到影响。一般使用合适的过渡词语来加强句与句之间的衔接或连贯。一个段落通常由“启”、“承”、“转”、“合”这样的一些环节构成，也就是说要正确使用启、承、转、合的词或词组，这样的段落才会既有统一性、完整性，又有连贯性。下面是一些常用的“启、承、转、合”过渡词语：,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,Back,2021/10/10,12,1.,“启”即开启，开始，引出主题句或引导第一个扩展句,at first,首先,at present,当今,currently,最近；现在,first,首先；第一,firstly,首先,first of all,首先,generally,一般说来,generally speaking,一般说来,in the beginning,首先,in the first place,首先,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,Back,2021/10/10,13,1.,“启”即开启，开始，引出主题句或引导第一个扩展句,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,it is clear that,显然,it is self-evident that,不言而喻,lately,最近,presently,此刻；现在,recently,最近,there is some evidence that,现有证据表明,there is no doubt that,毫无疑问,to begin with,首先,to start with,首先,Back,2021/10/10,14,2.,“承”即承接，用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句,also,又；并且,as a matter of fact,事实上,at the same time,同时,besides,另外；此外,certainly,必然地；肯定地,consequently,结果；因此,especially,特别是,for example,例如,for instance,例如,from now on,从此,furthermore,此外；而且,in addition,此外,in addition to,除,之外,in effect,事实上,in fact,事实上,in other words,换言之,in particular,特别是,in the same way,同样地,indeed,确实,likewise,同样地,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,Back,2021/10/10,15,moreover,此外；而且,more than that,再者；更重要的是,no doubt,无疑,or,即；也就是说,namely,即；也就是说,particularly,特别是,second,第二,secondly,第二,similarly,同样地,so,所以,soon,不久,such as,例如,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,Back,2021/10/10,16,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,takefor example,以,为例,that is,即；也就是说,that is to say,即；也就是说,there are many reasons why ,的原因有许多,third,第三,thirdly,第三,the most important,再者；更重要的是,truly,事实上；其实是,whats more,再者；更重要的是,whats more important,再者；更重要的是,Back,2021/10/10,17,although,虽然,as opposed to,与,相反,but,但是,conversely,相反地,despite,尽管,fortunately,幸运地,however,无论如何；然而,in opposition to,与,相反,in other words,换言之,in spite of,尽管,instead of,相反,luckily,幸运地,3.,“转”即转折，用来表示语气的转折,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,Back,2021/10/10,18,3.,“转”即转折，用来表示语气的转折,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,nevertheless,然而；不过,on the contrary,相反地,on the other hand,另一方面,otherwise,不同样地,unfortunately,不幸地,unlike,不同于,regardless of,不管；不顾,the differences are as follows,区别如下,whereas,然而,while,然而；另一方面,yet,然而；但是,Back,2021/10/10,19,accordingly,于是,to sum up,总之,as a consequence,因此,as a result,结果,at last,最后,at length,最后,briefly,简言之,consequently,因此,finally,最后,hence,因此,in all,总之,in a word,简言之,in brief,简言之,in conclusion,最后；总之,4.,“合”即合拢，总结，表示段落的结束,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,Back,2021/10/10,20,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,in consequence,结果,in short,简言之,in sum,总之,in summary,总之,last,最后一点,lastly,最后一点,in the last place,最后,shortly,简言之,so,因此,therefore,因此,thus,因此,to sum up,总之,to summarize,总之,Back,2021/10/10,21,例如：,Many students have difficulty taking test.,As a result,they get poor grades on their quizzes.They must,therefore,work harder in class to communicate their understanding of the course.,In addition,they usually devote great periods of time to writing assignments in the hope that these assignments will raise their averages.,Finally,many offer to do extra assignments during vocations in an effort to raise their grades.The effects of doing poorly on even one quiz can be stressful to most students.,在本段落中，作者使用了一系列的合适的过渡词语使得文章衔接自然、字句通顺、内容连贯。,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,Back,2021/10/10,22,结尾句通常是对段落的归纳总结和概括，也可以是对主题加以评论。在论述性较强的议论文体中，一般都有结尾句。例如：,1)For the past ten years,traffic jams in Beijing have been more and more serious.(2)There are many reasons but in general they come down to three main causes.(3)First,with the rapid development of economy in Beijing,too many transportation tools are brought into use,especially taxis and private cars which count for a remarkable number of traffic jams.,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,III.,段落的结尾,Back,2021/10/10,23,(4)Next,the traffic system in Beijing was established mainly in the 1940s.the roads are still narrow that they can not bear such heavy traffic.(5)The final reason is that the population of Beijing has been increasing so fast that there are many pedestrians on the streets.(6)From the foregoing,it is clear that the traffic system in Beijing must be re-established as soon as possible.,分析上面段落，我们可以看出：,(1),是引入句，（,2,）是主题句，（,3,）（,4,）（,5,）是扩展句，（,6,）是结尾句。,Chapter One:The Structure of a Paragraph,Back,2021/10/10,24,方法,2.,举例法,(Exemplification),1.,列举法,(Listing),3.,时空顺序法,(Time and Space,Sequence),4.,因果分析法,(Cause and Effect),6.,分类法,(Classification),5.,比较对照法,(Comparison&Contrast),段落的展开，有很多方法和模式，下面介绍最常用的几种：,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,2021/10/10,25,1,列举法,(Listing),A general statement supported by specific details or reasons,列举法是指在主题句之后列举一些足以支持主题句观点的具体细节。这种具体细节一般是事实描述、数据、例子等。一般来讲，所列举的具体细节,按照重要性递增的顺序排列,。列举法常常和举例法结合起来使用。,我们来看看下面这个用列举法展开的段落：,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,26,Chatting Online My Most Rewarding Experience,(1),As one of my most rewarding experiences,chatting online has brought a lot of benefits to my life.,(2),For one thing,it helps me avoid nervousness and embarrassment I used to feel in regular talks.,(3),Unlike the face-to-face conversation,it offers me much freedom in time to think out my ideas and prepare them well before posting them on the screen.,(4),For another,it adds no little to the improvement of my English.,点击继续,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,27,(5),Through online chatting,I have more chances to speak with native speakers,thus bathing myself in the sea of genuine English.,(6),The most valuable result of chatting online is that it gives me insights into other cultures and keeps my mind open to better ways of seeing things.,(7),Now I tend to see things from a more objective perspective.8)In short,there is not anything in my free time that is more beneficial than chatting online.,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,28,根据本段的主题句,（,1,）句，,作者列举了三个理由,（,2,）、（,4,）、（,6,）句，分别由,for one thing,for another,the most valuable result,等连接词语引出，并分别给予必要的进一步的阐述,（,3,）、（,5,）、（,7,）句,（二级扩展），,使得该段条理清楚、层次分明、内容连贯。,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,29,常用于列举法段落的过渡词有以下几组。一般要相互呼应，不混用。,1.First,second,third,last,2.firstly,secondly,.thirdly,finally,3.the first,the second,the third,the last,4.to begin with/to start with/in the first place,then/next/in addition,(to)/besides/also/moreover,furthermore/what is more,.finally,运用列举法展开段落的写作模式如下：,Topic sentenceDetail 1Detail 2,Detail 3,Concluding sentence.,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,30,Homework:,Marking up a Book is Indispensable to Reading,参考范文：,Why is marking up a book indispensable,（必不可少的）,to reading?First,it keeps you awake.I dont mean merely conscious;I mean wide awake.In the second place,reading,if it is active,is thinking,and thinking tends to express itself in words,spoken or written.The marked book is usually the thought-through book.Finally,written helps you remember the thoughts you had,or the thoughts the author expressed.,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,31,2.,举例法,(Exemplification),A general statement supported by some examples,作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：,列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,32,我们来看看下面这个用举例法展开的段落：,There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes.,For example,those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games.,For another example,if they prefer to exercise alone,they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening.,Besides,people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter.,In short,no matter what their interests are,people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,33,本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句，分别由连接词,for example,for another example,和,besides,引出，最后由,In short,引导的结尾句总结全段内容。,常用于举例法段落,的句型、句式和词语有：,For example/instance,There are many examples to show that,This can be illustrated/shown by the following examples/instances.,One example is .Another example is,An example of this is/involves,运用举例法展开段落,的写作模式如下：,Topic sentenceone or more examplesConcluding sentence.,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,34,Home work:Knowing A foreign Language is Helpful,参考范文：,Knowing a foreign language is helpful.I have got a better understanding of this with my own experience.Yesterday morning,I went to the bookstore to buy some books.When I got there,I saw a foreign lady talking to a salesgirl.But the salesgirl could not understand what she was saying.I went up to them.She told me she needed a pocket English-Chinese dictionary.So I told the salesgirl what the foreigner wanted to buy.In a moment the foreign lady got the dictionary and she was very happy.Both she and the salesgirl thanked me a lot.,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,35,Home work:Knowing A foreign Language is Helpful,参考范文：,Knowing a foreign language is helpful.Firstly,if you know a foreign language you can communicate with its native speakers thus enabling you to make a lot more friends.Secondly,it will help you to know about another culture and open your mind to new was of seeing things.Thirdly,it may offer you more chances to find a good job in a joint venture enterprise,or an foreign-funded enterprise.So,knowing a foreign language is very important,we college students must work hard to master a foreign language.,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,36,3.,时空顺序法,(Time and Space Sequence),To describe a series of actions or a situation according to the time or space sequence,时空顺序法是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次、分步骤地表达主题的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，,从而使读者可以清晰、完整地理解,文章的含义。,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,37,例如：,Yesterday,was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong.,First,I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work.,Then,I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss.,During the coffee break,I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt.,At lunch time,I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it.After lunch,my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting.,Then,I didnt notice a sign on a door that said Wet Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too.,When,I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office.,So,I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,38,本段采用的是时间顺序法，根据本段主题句中的关键词组,everything I did went wrong,，作者按时间顺序列举了他所做的,8,件错事，分别由,first,then,during the coffee break,after lunch,等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、内容连贯。,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,39,再看一例：,In the flat opposite,a woman heard the noise,outside,.When she,looked out through the window,she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone.She immediately called the police station.In answer to the call,a patrol police car,arrived at the scene of the crime,quickly.Three policemen went,inside the flat,at once,and others,guarded,outside the building,to,prevent anyone from escaping.,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,40,本段是按照事物发展的空间和先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。作者采用了许多表示空间位置的词汇，如：,In the flat opposite,outside,lookout through the window,等等，使读者仿佛身临其境。,常用于,时间顺序法,段落的过渡连接词有：,first,at the beginning,to start with,after that,later,then,afterwards,in the end,finally,等可以表示时间先后的词汇。,常用于,空间顺序法,段落的过渡连接词有：,from here,inside,out of,in front of,behind,at the back of,next to,beside,on,over,above,under,beneath,beyond,on the right/left-hand side,on the corner,on the opposite side of,between,等可以表示空间位置的词汇。,Chapter Two:Basic Paragraph Patterns,Back,2021/10/10,41,Homework:,My Dormitory is a Large,Spacious and Comfortable Room with Four Beds,参考范文：,My dormitory is a large,spacious and comfortable room with four beds.As you walk,into,the room,you are faced with a large window,on the southern side of,the room.,Below,the window is a large desk,on,which there is a clock,a telephone and a computer.,Arou