语言及文化讲解.pptx

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,LinguisticEvidence,ofCulturalDifferences,1,Any linguistic sign may simultaneously have a,denotative,connotative,or,iconic kind of meanings,.,Language and culture have very close relationship with each other.Language is one part of culture,also as a carrier of culture,plays very important role of the,heritage in culture export.,2,Rose,Rose:is a flower that has pleasant smell and is usually red,pink,white,yellow,etc.,On most occasions“rose”means more than a flower,it triggers many associations and mostly good ones as love,fragrance,passion,beauty,and etc.,3,Moon,(,Chinese Concept,),Moon:any natural satellite of a planet,In the way of Chineses thinking,when talk about moon,we naturally connect it with the mid-autumn festival,mooncake,family reunion,homesickness,sorrow mood,poet and poem,Change(the goddess on the moon),etc.,4,“Bomb”,In the united states,it means something is a massive failure.Thus,the sentence“The project is a bomb”means the project is a failure.,I,n Britain,if people says“The project went a bomb”,he means it is a huge success.,5,E,raser,&Rubber,When a British man asks an Amercian girl for borrowing her rubber,it must cause a huge mistake.Because in America,people usually take rubber as condom.,6,Greetings,and terms of address,7,Common Greeting,Hi/Hello?,How are you?,How do you do?,How are you getting on?,How is everything with you?,etc.,8,English-style,Greeting,The weather is fine today.,Lovely day isnt it?,Its so cold isnt it?,Its extremely windy day,isnt it?,9,A Chinese speaker may greet in this way,：,Nihao/Ninhao,Have you eaten,？,Where are you heading for,？,What are you doing?,Go out to work?/shop?,Youve came back?,10,Leaving-taking,Chinese,Remeber to drink hot water.,Eat more fruit/vegetables.,Put more clothes on.,Go to bed earlier.,English,Take care.,Get well soon.,Wish you feel better soon.,Hope a ealy recovery.,Get some sleep.,11,Leaving-taking,English style,Id better going now,you must be very tired.,Well,Id better let you have some sleep.,Tomorrow,I have to get up early,I must go.,I think Id be better leaving now,its very nice to talk to you.,12,Leaving-taking,Chinese style,慢走，那我就不送了。,我送送你吧。,走好。,小心点，慢点啊。,有空常来玩啊,-,（留步）,-,（回去吧回去，这两步路还送啥啊）,13,Leaving-taking,Go slow.,Walk slowly.,save your steps.,14,Address,15,How do we name a stranger?,In English-speaking community,Sir,Mr./Mrs.,Miss/MS.,In Chinese community,Tongzhi,Tongxue,Shifu,Or directly omit the adress,use“,打扰了,”,，,“,麻烦您,”,，,“,您好,”instead.,16,Respectful title,In China,a persons profession or title can be used directly as address.,Chairman Jiang,General Chen,Doctor Wang,Principle Jin,Manager Liu,Mayor Zhang,17,Kinship terms,In Western country,Kinship is super easy.,Because they got uncle,aunt,grandpa,granny,brother&sister or just cousin.,18,However!,The extension of Kinship terms is a,legendary feature,of Chinese culture.,Because thers is one complicated stuff called“bei”.,辈,19,20,Graitude and compliments,21,When a Chinese is commended.,normally he will subconsciously says,：,没有没有、过奖了过奖了、我哪有那么厉害、不过是运气好、这真没什么了不起的。,even if he worked so hard to get the achievement.,22,When a English speaker is commended.,Thank you./Thanks.,Im glad you think so.,Its very nice of you to say so.,Oh,Im flattered.,23,From the Culture Background.,Chinese culture pursure:,夫礼者，自卑而尊人。,The essence of“li”is be humility to oneself,but show respect to others.,Western country believe,：,Tact Maxim(,得体准则,),Neither dishonor others nor lower oneself,。,24,9.5.3 Colour Words,9.5.4 Privacy and taboos,9.5.5 Rounding off numbers,25,Color Words,26,Basic Colour,White,Black,Green,Yellow,Blue,Purple,Gray(Grey),Brown,Pink,27,1.,green,(,绿色,),green hand,新手,eg.We are,green hands,so we must learn from the old workers.,作为新人，我们一定要向老工人学习。,green,嫉妒,eg.I was absolutely,green,when I saw his splendid new car.,我看到他那辆漂亮的汽车就非常眼红。,green,面带病容,eg.Whats wrong with you?You are looking,green,.,你怎么了？脸色看起来很苍白。,28,green fingers,有园艺技能,eg.I know that his father was,green fingers,.,我知道他爸爸很有园艺技能。,2.,white,（白色）,white coffee,加牛奶或奶油的咖啡,eg.I want two,white cofees,.,我要俩杯加牛奶的咖啡。,white lie,无恶意的谎言,eg.Tom sometimes tells a,white lie,.,汤姆有时候会撒一些无伤大雅的谎。,29,white elephant,无用而又累赘的东西（尤指大而昂贵之物）,eg.That would be a,white elephant,to me.,那东西对我来说又贵又没用。,3.black,（黑色）,a black look,恶狠狠地瞪,eg.He gave me,a black look,.,他恶狠狠地瞪了我一眼。,in black and white,以书面的形式,eg.I want this agreement,in black and white,.,我要求以书面的形式把这项协议写出来。,30,black sheep,败家子，害群之马,eg.Tom is the,black sheep,of the family.,汤姆是个败家子。,4.,blue,（蓝色）,once in a blue moon,难得,eg.She visits us once,in a blue moon,.,她难得来看我们。,blue,有伤风化的，色情的,eg.The,blue,film was banned by the censor.,那部,xx,电影被当局禁了。,31,blue,忧郁，沮丧,eg.He looks,blue,today.,他今天看起来很忧郁。,blue blood,贵族血统，名门出身,eg.He is proud of his,blue blood,.,他为自己的贵族血统骄傲。,5.,red,（红色）,in/into/out of the red,有,/,没有亏损,eg.The company has been,in the red,until he took over.,在他接手之前，公司一直都亏损。,32,see red,大怒，生气,eg.Her criticisms were enough to make anyone,see red,.,她那些批评任谁都火冒三丈。,catch somebody red-handed,当场发现某人正在做坏事或犯罪,eg.The policeman,caught the thief red-handed,.,警察当场抓住了小偷。,6.,yellow,（黄色的）,yellow,胆怯的,eg.He is a,yellow,person.,他是一个胆小鬼。,33,7.,purple,（紫色的）,purple prose/passage,华丽的文章；雕琢的章句,8.,grey,（灰色的）,grey,阴沉的，昏暗的（形容天空或天气）,eg.Tomorrow is a,grey,day.,明天天气不好,34,1.,黄色,白虎通译 班固：黄者，中和之色，自然之性，万古不易。,黄色书刊，黄色杂志，黄色电影,2.,红色,红围帐，红枕头，红盖头,3.,白色,白衣，白丁，白屋,洁白无瑕，白衣仙子，白衣天使，白鹤仙子,35,4.,绿色,绿灯，绿色食品，绿色通道，绿色工程,开绿灯,5.,黑色,黑帮，黑线，黑秀才,36,Privacy and taboos,37,You cant ask these quetions!,How old are you?,What are your wages?,How much are you learn?,You make a lot of money,dont you?,Whats your name?,How much did that pair of shoes cost you?,Do you have a meal?,How about your policy attitude?,38,你不能问的几大问题！,你体重多少？,你卸妆一定很丑吧？,你这张照片是不是,p,了？,你罩杯多少？,你有没有性伴侣？,你父母工作？,你家里住哪？,你有没有什么隐疾啊？,你结婚没啊，有没有男朋友啊？,你考试考了多少名啊？,39,Rounding and numbers,40,America:4 ounces,（盎司）,=a quarter,（夸特）,4 quarts,（夸脱）,=a gallon,（加仑）,China:,一个时辰,=2,个小时,一盏茶,=10,分钟,=,俩柱香,41,eg.1)Im four and a half years old,2)The baby girl will be thirteen months old by next Friday.,3),这个小女孩虚岁俩岁，周岁一岁了。,4,）他虚岁一岁不到一周岁。,42,Idioms,43,Idioms,Idioms,or conventionalized multiword expressions,are often compared to“,the soul of language,”.,It is often said that nothing marks a foreigner more than his unnecessary use of idiom.,44,1.English Idioms in the Aspects of Phonetics,45,Alliteration and Rhyme,e.g.,Neither,f,ish,f,lesh,nor,f,owl.(,不伦不类,),A,f,air,f,ace may hide a,f,oul heart.(,笑里藏刀,),M,en,m,ay,m,eet but,m,ountains never.(,人生何处不相逢,),Its unique effect deliver ones feeling in an individual way,.,46,Onomatopoeia,（拟声）,Onomatopoeic words play a role in peoples inside emotion.,e.g.,That person is introducing himself to us,hum and ha,(,哼哼哈哈,),.,“,hum and ha”vividly describes the action of that person,and more important,the language-user shows out his,feeling of dislike and lack of patience.,47,2.English Idioms in the Aspects of Lexicology,48,Reduplication,（重叠）,Stress the meaning and atmosphere,.,e.g.,aid and abet,(,教唆,同谋,),hard and fast,(,不可触犯的,),pick and steal,(,小偷小摸,),rough and tough,(,野蛮无礼的,),stuff and nonsense,(,胡说八道,),Expresses dissatisfaction less direct,in order not to provoke conflict.,e.g.,pick and choose,(,挑挑拣拣,),well and good,(,只有这样,),babe and suckling,(,无经验的人,),from fair to middling,(,不好不坏的,),49,Cultural-related,idioms,proverbs and metaphors,50,Parallelism,（对应）,Make both the context and the affection extensive and powerful.,e.g.,hit or miss make or mar rain or shine,sink or swim stand or fall,All the above contain the meaning of“,无论成败,不管好坏,”,.,51,Repetition,（重复）,Emphasis both visually and acoustically,carrying ones emotions,e.g.,1.,I have told you,over,and,over,again(,反反复复,),dont make,noise when the baby is sleeping.,2.They neglected me,out,and,out,(,彻头彻尾地,).,The above two idioms express the speakers angriness,and unhappiness thoughtfully.,52,3.English Idioms in the Aspects of Syntax,53,Identical statement,（相同语句）,Same word as subject,predicate,and object.,e.g.,A bargain is a bargain.(,承诺不可妄毁,),Business is business.(,公事公办,),Confidence begets confidence.(,以心换心,),Like cures like.(,有其因必有其果,),Habit cures habit.(,习惯要用习惯来纠正,),Those identical statements help language-users to possess a hard tongue and determined mind with the implication of“what I have said cant be changed”,“there is no chance for you to make excuse”.,54,Exclamation,（感叹）,Express some strong affection.,e.g.,Damn it all!(,活见鬼,)Dear me!(,哎呀,),Do along with you!(,去你的吧,)God forbid!(,千万别这样,),Have done!(,够了,)My eyes!(,真要命,),55,4.English Idioms in the Aspects of Semantics,56,Simile,（明喻）,Compares one thing to another obviously and directly.The common patterns are:“like”and“as as”.,e.g.,as bold as a lion(,勇猛如狮,)as mute as a fish(,噤若寒蝉,),as cold as ice(,冷若冰霜,)like a drowned rat(,像落汤鸡,),like a rat in a hole(,如瓮中之鳖,),57,Synecdoche,（提喻）,Use part to represent the whole,and use the whole to represent part.,e.g.,a fresh hand(,无经验的人,),a poor creature(,可怜的家伙,),break-bread with(,与某人共餐,),many hands makes light work(,人多好办事,),all the world and his wife(,各色人等,),what will the world say(,不知别人怎想,),Ill tell you a word in your ear.(,跟你讲句私话,),58,Euphemism,（委婉）,When people speak of something unhappy or taboo,they often express it indirectly and elegantly.,Some idioms about“murder,kill”,e.g.,bump off,（干掉）,do in,（杀死某人）,dust off,（弄掉）,finish off,（了结）,away with,（消灭）,59,Irony,Use the positive,pleased words to describe the opposite significance,create a satire atmosphere,e.g.,a fat chance,“,fat”means minute,a fat lot,“,fat”means thin,barren,perfumed talk,“,perfumed”means bad smell,60,Proverbs,61,Proverbs,Short sayings of folk wisdom of well-known facts or truths expressed in a way that makes them easy to remember.,62,Similarities in English and Chinese Proverbs,Equivalent example:,e.g.,Strike while the iron is hot.,趁热打铁。,Many hands make light work.,人多好办事。,Haste makes waste.,欲速则不达。,Out of sight,out of mind.,眼不见，心不烦。,Birds of a feather flock together.,物以类聚，人以群分。,Look before you leap.,三思而后行,。,Where there isnt smoke there isnt fire.,无风不起浪。,Where there is a will there is a way.,有志者事竟成。,Give a person a dose of his own medicine,.,以其人之道还治其人之身。,All good things must come to an end.,天下没有不散的筵席。,Its never too old to learn.,活到老，学到老。,63,Differences in English and Chinese Proverbs,Distinctive features of Chinese proverbs,Compared with English proverbs,the Chinese show certain distinctive features.,A)the distinctive Chinese quality of many sayings,e.g.,小卒过河，意在吃帅。,This saying has its origin in Chinese chess.,挂羊头卖狗肉。,It refers to a Chinese butchers shop with items that would be shocking to the West.,64,B)the influence of Buddhism on Chinese customs and thinking,e.g.,远看菩萨，近看泥巴。,平时不烧香，临时抱佛脚。,Whereas English proverbs reflect the influence of Christianity,.,e.g.,Man proposes;God disposes.,C)the feature of social harmony or brotherhood or“doing good”,e.g.,前人栽树，后人乘凉。,一人掘井，众人吃水。,一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。,65,Chinese proverbs without equivalents in English,Frank advice is like good herbal medicine;hard to take,but,ultimately beneficial.,Although it is likely that many people in the West have never taken herbal medicine and can only imagine how bitter the taste can be.,2.,衙门自古朝南开，有理无钱莫进来,。,Court doors may open,but not to the poor.,This English version takes the most essential elements of the Chinese and leaves out the rest.Why the gates face the south,in the Chinese origin,and what this significance would require considerable explanation.,1.,良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。,66,English proverbs without equivalents in Chinese,e.g.,1.Absence makes the heart grow fonder.,越是不见越想念。,2.An apple a day keeps the doctor away.,常吃苹果少得病。,3.You cant have your cake and eat it too.,两者不可兼得。,4.Let sleeping god lie.,莫惹是非。,5.You cant teach an old dog new tricks.,年逾花甲不堪教。,6.Fat hens lay few eggs.,肥鸡不生蛋。,67,Proverbs with surface similarity but illustrating differences,1.,It takes two to make a quarrel.,This proverb could be regarded as similar to,一个巴掌拍不响,.The Chinese saying has roughly the same connotation as the English meaning both people may be at fault.However,the Chinese also has another meaning:that it often takes more than one person to achieve anything significant.,2.A miss is as good as a mile.,This might be considered as equivalent to the Chinese,差之毫厘,失之千里,.However,the moral often associated with the Chinese is:a small fault or deviation if not corrected will end up in a major error or catastrophe.,68,There are many,animal,metaphors in English and Chinese idioms.,Metaphor,69,Animal,Connotations,English expressions,Chinese,expressions,Ass,A vain,self-important,silly,or aggressively,stupid person.,You stupid ass!,蠢驴,Bee,Industrious and,cooperative teamwork,and diligence and a,sense of order,Busy as bees,像蜜蜂一样忙碌,Fox,A cunning,tricky,malicious,or shrewd,person,1),sly as a fox;,2),to play fox;,3),foxy;,4),and old fox,狡猾得像狐狸一样,;,一只老狐狸,Lamb,A sweet,mild-mannered person,as lovable as a lamb,天真烂漫,The Same Animals with Almost the Same connotation,70,Pig,A symbol of ignorance,uncleanliness and,voracious appetite,1)to make a pig of,oneself 2)to teach a pig to play a flute,3)as fat as a pig,像头蠢猪,;,猪脑袋,肥的像猪,Parrot,Inability to think for,oneself,repeats only,what others say,Parrot someone,鹦鹉学舌,Wolf,Predatory,rapacious,and fierce,1)a wolf in sheeps,clothing,2)a human wolf,披着羊皮的狼,色狼,Monkey,A mischievous child or a mimic,1)as naughty as a,monkey,2)make a monkey out of somebody,像猴子一样顽皮,拿某人当猴耍,71,The English expressions,proverbs or idioms with“dog”:,a gay dog,(,快活神,),a luck dog,(,幸运儿,),a good dog deserves a good bone,(,好狗得好骨头,),An old dog barks not in vain.,(,老狗不乱吠,),a top dog or a big dog,(,身居要位的人,),Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.,(,宁为鸡头，勿为凤尾,),Dogs are mans best friends.,(,狗是人之良友,),Dog doesntt eat dog.,(,同类不相残,),Every dog has his day.,(,凡人都有得意日,),Give a dog a bad name and hang him.,(,欲加之罪，何患无辞,),Love me,love my dog.,(,爱屋及屋,),to work like a dog,(,拼命工作,),to help a lame dog over the stile,(,见义勇为,),The Same Animals with Different connotations,72,The Chinese expressions,proverbs or idioms,associated with“dog”:,狗东西,（,you dog,）,狗娘养的,（,son of bitch,）,狗仗人势,（,like a dog threatening people on the strength of its,masters power,）,狐朋狗党,（,a pack of curs,）,狗眼看人低,（,be damned snobbish,）,狗嘴吐不出象牙,（,no ivory can come out of a dogs mouth;fig.A,filthy mouth cant utter decent language.,）,痛打落水狗,（,beat the drowning dog mercilessly,）,73,In the expressions above,we find that most English-speaking people associate the dogs with friendliness and therefore dogs represent friendship while most Chinese think dogs stand for bad thing.There is a clear difference.,74,a drowned rat,落汤鸡,force a donkey to dance,赶鸭子上架,drink like a fish,牛饮,a willing horse,老黄牛,like a duck to water,如鱼得水,a cat on hot tin roof,热锅上的蚂蚁,a rat in a hole,瓮中之鳖,live a dogs way,过着牛马不如的生活,hold a wolf by the ears,骑虎难下,a black sheep,害群之马,In Chinese and English,to express the same ideas,people use different animals words.,Animals with Connotations in One Culture but No Connotation in Another Culture,75,