Chapter-15-2-2小脑和间脑.ppt

*,Department of Anatomy,*,Chapter 15,The Central Nervous System,The Nervous System,1,Department of Anatomy,Section 2 The brain,Position:,Lies above and behind the medullar and pons and occupies posterior cranial fossa,II.The cerebellum,Cerebellum,2,Department of Anatomy,The cerebellum,consists of,a midline portion,the vermis,two lateral lobes,hemispheres,I)The external features,3,Department of Anatomy,On the superior surface of the cerebellum two fissures can be identified,I)The external features,Horizontal fissure,Primary fissure,5,Department of Anatomy,I)The external features,On the inferior surface the posterolateral fissures are found,Posterolateral fissure,6,Department of Anatomy,I)The external features,i.The flocculonodular lobe,ii.The,anterior lobe,iii.The posterior lobe,7,Department of Anatomy,Anterior lobe,Posterior lobe,Primary fissure,I)The external features,8,Department of Anatomy,II)The internal structure,ii.White matter,The cerebellum is connected to the other parts of the brain by three large bundles of projection fibers,viz.,to the cerebrum by the superior peduncle,to the pons by the middle peduncle,to the medulla oblongata by the inferiorpeduncle,three,peduncle,10,Department of Anatomy,II)The internal structure,The cerebellar nuclei in the cerebellum are four,in number on either side,Cerebellar cortex,Dentate nucleus,medullary center,Emboliform nucleus,Globose nucleus,Fastigial nucleus,12,Department of Anatomy,III)Function of cerebullum,Vestibulocerebellum,Archicerebellum,Flocculonodular lobe,Spinocerebellum,Paleocerebellum,Vermis and the anterior portions of the hemispheres,Cerebrocerebellum,Neocerebellum,Lateral zone,14,Department of Anatomy,III)Function,Vestibulocerebellum,Connections,Afferents,:Receive input from vestibular nuclei and primary vestibular,Efferents,:Projects to the vestibular nucleus vestibulospinal tract and medial longitudinal fasciculus motor neurons of anterior horn,Function:Involved in eye movements and maintain balance,15,Department of Anatomy,III)Function,Cerebrocerebellum,Connection,Cerebrum,Function:Participates in planning movements,16,Department of Anatomy,III.The diencephalons,Position,:,Lies between midbrain and cerebrum,almost entirely surrounded by cerebral hemisphere,17,Department of Anatomy,III.The Diencephalons,Subdivision,Doral thalamus,Metathalamus,Epithalamus,Subthalamus,Hypothalamus,18,Department of Anatomy,The dorsal thalamus(thalamus),20,Department of Anatomy,21,Department of Anatomy,Medial nuclear group,Anterior nuclear group,Dorsal tier,Internal medullary lamina,Ventral anterior,Ventral intermediate,Ventral posterolateral,(VPL),Ventral posteromedial,(VPM),Pulvinar,Medial geniculate body,Lateral,geniculate body,Ventral posterior nucleus,(VP),The dorsal thalamus(thalamus),23,Department of Anatomy,iii.Functional divisions,Nonspecific nuclei,Receive afferents from Dinencephalon and reticular formation of brain stem,project mainly to hypothalamus and corpus striatum,Midline nucleus group,Intralaminar nuclear group,Thalamic reticular nucleus,The dorsal thalamus(thalamus),24,Department of Anatomy,iii.Functional divisions,Special relay nuclei,Ventral anterior nucleus(VA),Ventral intermediate nucleus(VI),Receiving dentate nucleus,globus pallidus and substantia nigra to motor cortex,Ventral posteromedial nucleus(VPM),Receives trigeminal lemniscus,and,taste fibers,The dorsal thalamus(thalamus),26,Department of Anatomy,iii.Functional divisions,Ventral,posterolateral nucleus,(VPL),Receives,medial lemniscus,spinal lemniscus,Projects to,first somatic sensory area,via,central thalamic radiation,The dorsal thalamus(thalamus),27,Department of Anatomy,iv.Clinical correlations,The thalamic syndrome,is characterized by immediate,hemianesthesia,with the,threshold,of sensitivity to pinprick,heat,and cold,rising later,.,The syndrome usually appear during recovery from a thalamic infarct,The dorsal thalamus(thalamus),28,Department of Anatomy,III)The subthalamus,The subthalamus is the zone of brain tissue that lies between the dorsal thalamus and the tegmentum of the midbrain,30,Department of Anatomy,IV)The metathalamus,Lateral,geniculate body,Medial geniculate body,31,Department of Anatomy,Medial geniculate body,Relay station of,audition,Receive fibers from,inferior colliculus,Projects to,auditory area,via acoustic radiation,Lateral geniculate body,Relay station of,vision,Receive fibers from,optic tract,Projects to,visual area,via optic radiation,IV)The metathalamus,32,Department of Anatomy,V)The hypothalamus,i.Landmarks,Superiorly:,hypothalamic sulcus,Inferiorly:,Optic chiasma,Tuber cinereum,Infundibulum,Mamillary body,Anterior:,lamina terminalis,Posterior:continues with,midbrain tegmentum,33,Department of Anatomy,Subdivisions,Preoptic region,Supraoptic region,Tuberal region,Mamillary region,V)The hypothalamus,34,Department of Anatomy,V)The hypothalamus,Supraoptic region,Supraoptic nucleus,Produce antidiuretic hormone(ADH，vasopressin),Paraventricular nucleus,Produce oxytocin,Tuberal region,Infundibular nucleus,Ventromedial nucleus,Dorsomedial nucleus,Mamillary region,Mamillary nucleus,Posterior hypothalamic nucleus,Important nuclei,35,Department of Anatomy,V)The hypothalamus,ii.Afferent connections,Afferent and,emotional inputs,from the,prefrontal cortex,reach the hypothalamus via a polysynaptic pathway.In addition,visceral information,from the,vagal sensory nuclei,gustatory messages,from,the nucleus solitarius,and,somatic afferent messages,from,the genitalia,and nipples are relayed to the hypothalamus,36,Department of Anatomy,37,Department of Anatomy,V)The hypothalamus,iii.Efferent connections,There are rich connections,between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.,Neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei send axons,via the hypothalamohypophyseal tract,to the neurohypophysis.,38,Department of Anatomy,Paraventricular nucleus,Paraventriculohypophyseal tract,Supraoptic nucleus,Supraopticohypophyseal tract,Posterior lobe of hypophysis,39,Department of Anatomy,V)The hypothalamus,iv.Functions,i)Eating,ii)Autonomic function,iii)Body temperature,iv)Water balance,v)Circadian rhythm,vi)Expression of emotion,40,Department of Anatomy,VI)The third ventricle,Position,:,A narrow ventricle cleft,between,the two thalami,41,Department of Anatomy,Boundaries,Roof:,Choroids plexus,Floor:,Optic chiasma,tuber cinereum,infundibulum,mamillary body,Anterior:,Lamina terminalis,Posterior:,Continuous with,mesencephalic aqueduct,Lateral wall:,Dorsal thalamus,hypothalamus,VI)The third ventricle,42,Department of Anatomy,VI)The third ventricle,43,Department of Anatomy,