国际贸易与实务3-Practice-of-International-Trade-Commodity.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,国际贸易实务,Practice of International Trade,By Super,Chapter Six,Terms of Commodity,Rule on contracts,International Rules on contracts,CISG 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods,Main Content,General rules governing“the formation of the contract of sale,and rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer arising from such a sale.,Contains 101 items under 4 parts,Basic Principles,Promotion of uniformity in application of rules governing international sale of goods in order to ensure fairness in international business,Emphasis on observance of good faith in international trade so as to develop international commercial relations.,4.1 Name of Commodity,Name normally merged with quality,Type,Specifications,Requirements in adopting name of commodity,Clear and specific,Agreed by both parties,Select appropriate one if more than one is available(eg.H.S.),Practice,Try to specify the quality of the following products.,4.2 Specifying Quality,Quality,Internal properties or ingredients,Structure,chemical composition,biological features,External appearance,Shape,form,color,physical property,Importance of quality term,Ground for transaction,Determination of price value,Image of goods,4.2 Specifying Quality,4.2.1 Sale by description,Sale by grade,等级,Grade system,Grade A,B,C,Grade 1,2,3,To avoid disputes,normally grade+specifications,Example,钨砂,三氧化钨锡砷硫,最低最高最高最高,Grade 170,0.2%0.2%0.8%,Grade 265%0.2%0.2%0.8%,Grade 3 65%1.5%0.2%0.8%,4.2.1 Sale by description,Other widely adopted standards,F.A.Q.(Fair Average Quality),良好平均品质,/,大路货,based on the average quality of the products in a year,generally suitable for agricultural products,should have F.A.Q.wording in contract,Eg.China peanut 2008 New Crop F.A.Q.,Moisture not exceeding13%,Broken ratemax.5%,Oil contentmin.44%,G.M.Q.(Good Merchantable Quality),上好可销品质,Quality of goods sufficiently good to satisfy the purpose of use or consumption,Used sometimes as bottom-line of quality requirement,4.2.1 Sale by description,Sale by name of origin,凭产地买卖,Name of origin as indication of quality,More suitable for agricultural products or by-products,eg.,四川榨菜,青岛啤酒,Normally used together with other quality indices such as specifications,grade or brands,eg.West-lake Longjing Tea,Grade 1,Zhejiang Origin,4.2.1 Sale by description,Sale by descriptions and illustrations,凭说明书或图样买卖,Suitable for full sets of equipment or instruments,Clauses such as“quality and technical data to be in conformity with the description submitted by the seller”to be stipulated in the contract,Technical manuals,booklets of directions,drawings or diagrams to be attached,eg.Haier Refrigerator,Model xxx,quality and technical data to be in strictly in conformity with the descriptions submitted by the seller.,4.2.2 Sale by Sample,Sale by sample,凭样买卖,Sample as a reference of quality or condition of the goods to be delivered,Used when quality description of the goods is beyond words,Bear the wording“quality as per”,Can be provided by either seller,buyer or by counter sample,4.2.2 Sale by Sample,Sale by actual commodity/actual quality,Selling the goods inspected by the buyer,Suitable for auction,consignment,display sale,For such goods as jewelry,paintings,arts and crafts and most of the goods in stock,Note:,Approaches specifying quality not independent of each other,“double standard”,When one specifying method is sufficient,not to employ two or more,When sale by description is available,not to use sale by sample,CISG:if both methods are used,the quality should conform to both.,4.2.3 Quality Clauses,Quality Latitude/Clauses,品质机动幅度,Permissible range for the seller to control quality,Three ways of stipulation,Flexible range or scope,eg.the width of the cotton cloth is 47/48 inches,Limit:max.min.,eg.Moisture:8%max,More or less allowance,eg.ducks down content 18%1%,For goods sold by sample,about clause used to allow quality flexibility,eg.Quality shall be about equal to/same to the sample,Units of Measurement,Weight,gram(g),kilogram(kg),ounce(oz),pound(Ib),metric ton(M/T),long ton,short ton,etc.,Number,piece(pc),package(pkg),pair,set,dozen(doz),gross(gr)(,罗,)ream,（令）,(rm),etc.,Length,meter(m),centimeter(cm),foot(ft),yard(yd)(,码,),etc.,Area,square meter(sq m),square foot(sq ft),square yard(sq yd),etc.,Volume,cubic-meter(cu m)cubic centimeter(cu cm),cubic foot(ct ft),cubic yard(cu yd),etc.,Capacity,liter(1),gallon(gal),pint(pt),bushel(bu),（,蒲式尔,）,etc.,Calculating Units of Quantity of the Goods,长度换算,Metric System,公,制,Chinese,System,中国,市制,Britain/American System,英美制,Meter,米,Centimeter,厘米,Chi,尺,Yard,码,Foot,英尺,Inch,英寸,1,100,3,1.094,3.2808,39.3701,0.01,1,0.03,0.01094,0.03281,0.3937,0.3333,33.33,1,0.3646,1.094,13.123,0.9144,91.44,2.743,1,3,36,0.3048,30.48,0.9144,0.3334,1,12,0.0254,2.54,0.0762,0.0278,0.0833,1,容积换算,Metric System,公 制,Chinese,System,中国市制,Britain,System,英 制,American,System,美 制,Liter,升,Chinese Liter,升,Britain Gallon,American Gallon,1,1,0.22,0.264,4.546,4.546,1,1.201,3.785,3.785,0.833,1,体积,换算,Metric System,公,制,Britain/American System,英,美,制,Chinese,System,中国市制,Cubic-meter,立方米,Cubic,centimeter,立方厘米,Cubic yard,立方码,Cubic,Feet,立方,英尺,Cubic foo,立方英寸,Cubic,Chinese,Meter,立方尺,1,1000000,1.303,35.3147,61024,27,0.000001,1,0.0000013,0.00004,0.06102,0.000027,0.7636,764555,1,27,46656,20.643,0.02832,28317,0.037,1,1728,0.7646,0.000016,16.387,0.00002,0.00058,1,0.00044,0.037,37037,0.0484,1.308,2260,1,4.3.1 Use of unit,Measurement systems,Metric system,公制,British system,英制,U.S.system,美制,SI:International System of Units,国际单位制,Examples of conversion,1 metric ton=1 tonne=1000kg,1 short ton=1 net ton=907.18kg=1 US ton,1 long ton=1 gross ton=1016.05kg,=1 imperial ton,=1 weight ton,=1 UK ton,4.3.2 Interpreting Weight,Gross Weight,毛重,=net weight+tare weight,Suitable for goods not much valuable,Net Weight,净重,According to CISG,weight of goods is regarded as net weight unless otherwise stated in the contract,=gross weight tare weight,For goods not value much(mostly agricultural products)and those where packing becomes an indivisible,（不可分割的）,part(eg.tobacco),gross for net,4.3.2 Interpreting Weight,Conditioned Weight,公量,For valuable and moisture unstable goods(eg.cotton),=Dried Net Weight x(1,Standard Regain),Note:,Dried net weight:,the weight of the goods when all the water content is abstracted by a scientific method from the goods.,Regain rate,（回潮率）,:,the ratio between the water content and the dry weight of the goods.,Standard regain rate:,the ratio between the water content and the dry weight of the goods which is accepted in the world market or agreed upon by the seller and the buyer.,Actual regain rate:,the ratio between the actual regaining water content in the goods and the actual dry weight.,4.3.3 More or Less Clause,溢短装条款,How much?,Expressed in percentage:normally,3,10%of contracted quantity,Expressed in absolute number,Wording of quantity,Specific and clear(eg.percentage),Avoiding being ambiguous,（,eg.about,approximately),According to UCP600(Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits),“about,approximately”interpreted as,10%,If absence of any more or less specifying the quantity,5%with total amounting not exceeding L/C amount is allowed for goods not counted by number,4.3.3 More or Less Clause,溢短装条款,Who controls?,Stipulate in the contract to avoid future disputes,In practice,usually the shipper,Pricing of more/less part should be stipulated in the contract,Normally the contract price(according to CISG),Market price at the time of shipment,Market price at the time of arrival,Examples:,800 metric tons,5%more or less at sellers option,20,000 metric pairs,the sellers are allowed to load 5%more or less,the price shall be calculated according to the unit price in the contract,1,000 metric tons,5%,more or less,at Buyers option with more or less portion priced at the market price at the time of shipment.,4.4 Packing and Marking,Three kinds of cargo,Bulk cargo,散装货,:in liquid-like existence&of low value,eg.ore,coal,grain etc.,Nude cargo,裸装货,:normally in a solid state,eg.rolled steel,lead ingots,rubber,timber etc.,Packed cargo,包装货,Two types of packaging,Shipping packaging,运输包装,Sales packaging/inner packaging/small packaging/immediate packaging,销售包装,/,内包装,/,小包装,/,直接包装,4.4.1 Shipping packing,Pallets,Flexible Container,Container,4.4.2 Marking,Definition:Different diagrams,words and figures written,printed or brushed on the outside of the shipping package,Four kinds of packing marks,Shipping marks,唛头,Indicative marks,指示性标志,Warning marks,警示性标志,Supplementary marks,Shipping Marks,Role of shipping marks,Convenient for identifying and transporting,Easy to count and check,Avoid shipping errors,Four main components of shipping marks,Consignees code:abbreviation or initials,Reference number:shipping advice,order,invoice,contract,L/C,Destination:name or code of destination,Package number and total package number,Shipping marks,Shipping marks should be simple,clear and easy to identify,Position should be proper,Color should be durable,运输标志的构成,*目的地的名称或代号；,*收货人和发货人的代号；,*件号、批号、合同号或许可证号。,收货人,目的港,整批货物,600,件中的第一件,合同号,三角形的运输标志,整批货物总共,600,件,Indicative Marks,Diagrams and simple words used to draw the relevant peoples attention in cargo handling,Normally painted or stenciled on the outer package,常用指示性标志,紧急出口 滑动开门 滑动开门 推开 拉开,EXIT SLIDE SLIDE PUSH PULL,WATERPROOF THIS SIDE UP FRANGIBLE NO HOOKS,防潮 此端朝上 易碎品 禁用钩,Warning Marks,Also dangerous marks,To avoid danger in handling,Suitable to dangerous goods such as explosive,inflammable,corrosive and radioactive cargos,WARNING MARKS,（警告性标志）,当心火灾,易燃物质 当心火灾,氧化物 当心爆炸,爆炸性物质,4.4.3 Packaging clause in Contracts,Include the following terms,Packing method(packing material,packing dimension,（,尺寸,）,weight of each single piece,filling material,The packing cost,Shipping marks,Examples,In wooden cases of 50 kilos net each,木箱装，每箱,50,公斤净重,In cartons or crates of about 12kg net,纸箱或空格木箱装，每箱净重约,12,公斤,In cloth bales each containing 20pcs of 42yds,布包，每包,20,匹，每匹,42,码,Each piece in a plastic bag,half dozen in a box and 10 dozen to a carton,用塑料袋装，每袋一件，每半打装一盒，每,10,打装一个纸板箱,In cloth bags,lined with ploythene bags of 25kg net each,布袋装，内衬聚乙烯袋，每袋净重,25,公斤,