中级财务会计存货估值的其它问题.ppt

Click to edit Master text styles,Second Level,Third Level,Fourth Level,Fifth Level,Chapter 9-,*,Chapter 8,Cost flow method:LIFOFIFOAVERAGE COST,Inventories:Additional Valuation Issues,Chapter,9,Intermediate Accounting,12th Edition,Kieso,Weygandt,and Warfield,Inventories:Additional Valuation Issues,可实现净值,相对销售价值,购货承诺,成本与市价孰低,计价基础,毛利法,零售价盘存法,表述与分析,上限与下限,如何运算LCW,对LCW的运用,“市价”,对该原则的评价,毛利率,对这种方法的评价,概念,传统方法,特殊项目,对这种方法的评价,表述,分析,重置成本的下降,=,销售价格的下降,.,RC,使企业能够保持销售毛利率不变,.,若,RC,下降不能反映效用的下降，因为受到另外两个价值的限制,:,Ceiling-,可实现净值,NRV,Floor,扣除正常毛利的可实现净值,.,为什么使用重置成本,(RC),来作为市价,?,Lower-of-Cost-or-Market,LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.,上限与下限,Ceiling and Floor,Lower-of-Cost-or-Market,LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.,Ceiling and Floor,Ceiling,防止企业对存货的高估或者对当期损失的低估.,Floor,防止企业低估存货，或高估当期损失.,Lower-of-Cost-or-Market,LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.,Rationale for Limitations,Not,Illustration 9-3,Not,Not,Not,Lower-of-Cost-or-Market,LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.,Methods of Applying LCM,如果不是对每一项存货用,LCM,，而是对大类，甚至对所有存货总额用,LCM,，那么一些存货市价的上升，会掩盖另一些的下降。,Lower-of-Cost-or-Market,LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.,Methods of Applying LCM,Illustration 9-6,LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.,Lower-of-Cost-or-Market,Recording LCM,(data from Illus.9-5 and 9-6),Ending inventory(cost)$415,000,Ending inventory(LCM)350,000,Adjustment to LCM$65,000,Allowance on inventory 65,000,Loss on inventory65,000,Inventory 65,000,Cost of goods sold65,000,Allowance,Method,Direct,Method,LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.,Lower-of-Cost-or-Market,Balance Sheet Presentation,LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.,Lower-of-Cost-or-Market,Income Statement Presentation,Ending inventory-decreased,beginning inventory-no change,COGS-increased,许多财物报表的使用者都高度评价了LCW原则:,防止高估存货,确认了全部的损失而没有预计利得，将会带来更低的收益,.,Lower-of-Cost-or-Market,LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.,对LCW原则的评价,Inventories:Additional Valuation Issues,可实现净值,相对销售价值,购货承诺,成本与市价孰低,计价基础,毛利法,零售价盘存法,表述与分析,上限与下限,如何运算LCW,对LCW的运用,“市价”,对该原则的评价,毛利率,对这种方法的评价,概念,传统方法,特殊项目,对这种方法的评价,表述,分析,存在一个受管制的市场，所有存货在其中都有报价,不存在重大的处置成本,某些能够以报价立即出售的农产品,某些情况下，即使NRV高于成本，,GAAP,也允许采用,NRV,来记录存货:,Valuation Bases,LO 2 Explain when companies value inventories at net realizable value.,可实现净值计量,Valuation Bases,E9-7(Relative Sales Value Method-Solution),x,=,x,=,=,x,Step 1,Step 2,Step 3,Step 4,Step 5,Step 6,to accurately value each unit,the common and most logical practice is to allocate the total among the various units on the basis of their relative sales value.,LO 4 Discuss accounting issues related to purchase commitments.,通常，买方不因为承诺购买卖方尚未发运的商品而编制分录,买方不必在资产负债表中报告,买方和卖方通过普通订单来确定发运时的价格，但是也可能被取消，因此普通订单比不能代表买方的资产或负债,.,如果签署的是一份正式的、不可取消的购货合同,买方在合同成立日也不必确认资产或负债，因为这项合同实质上是“未执行的”。,如果是重大合同，那么买方应在财务报表附注中披露有关合同细节,.,Valuation Bases,购货承诺,Inventories:Additional Valuation Issues,可实现净值,相对销售价值,购货承诺,成本与市价孰低,计价基础,毛利法,零售价盘存法,表述与分析,上限与下限,如何运算LCW,对LCW的运用,“市价”,对该原则的评价,毛利率,对这种方法的评价,概念,传统方法,特殊项目,对这种方法的评价,表述,分析,Determine ending inventory without a physical count,LO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.,公司有时需要判断永续盘存制是否正确使用了，有时因为火灾、洪水等问题，存货记录丢失了。如何不用通过盘点就知道期末存货是多少呢？,How can we determine ending inventory,without a physical count?,毛利法,零售库存法,依赖于三个假设:,毛利法,LO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.,存货估价中的毛利法:,估计期末存货的替代方法,期初存货加购货等于全部要核算的商品,没有销售的商品一定在库存中,将销售额降至成本，然后再从期初存货与购货的总和中扣除掉已销售部分，即可得到期末存货,E9-12(Gross Profit Method),Mark Price Company,在编制月报时采用毛利法来估计存货。以下是5月份的信息,.,Instructions:,(a),假设毛利占销售额的30%，计算5月31日的估计存货,.,(b),假设毛利占成本的30%，计算5月31日的估计存货,.,Gross Profit Method,LO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.,E9-12(Gross Profit Method-Solution),(a),Compute the estimated inventory assuming gross profit is 30%of,sales,.,Gross Profit Method,LO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.,E9-12(Gross Profit Method-Solution),(b),Compute the estimated inventory assuming gross profit is 30%of,cost,.,Gross Profit Method,LO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.,30%,100%+30%,=23.08%of sales,缺点:,Gross Profit Method,LO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.,评价,提供的是一个估计值,运用过去的百分比,采用一个总括毛利率,GAAP,允许在中期（通常是季度）报告时采用毛利法来确定期末存货,.,Retail Inventory Method,LO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.,零售价盘存法,：,根据零售价格来汇集存货。用一个公式来将零售价转换为成本.,使用很普遍，尤其是大型的百货公司,购入商品的总成本和零售价值,可供销售商品的总成本和零售价值,当期销售额,要求零售商们记录：,Step 1,可供销售,-,本期已销售,Step 2,成本,/,零售价比率,Step 3,期末零售价*成本,/,零售价比率,应该选择哪个假设？答案取决于公司选择什么零售存货方法,假设,A,不考虑价格下调,传统零售存货法,市价与成本孰低,假设,B,考虑价格下调,平均成本法,假设,A,不考虑价格下调,传统零售存货法,市价与成本孰低,P9-8(Retail Inventory Method),Jared Jones Inc.,公司在编月报时采用零售价盘存法估计期末存货。2008年10月其中一个部门的数据如下,.,Retail Inventory Method,Instructions:,Prepare a schedule computing estimate retail inventory using the following methods:,(1),Cost,(2),LCM,(3),LIFO(appendix),LO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.,Retail Inventory-Cost Method,LO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.,=,/,Retail Inventory-LCM Method,LO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.,=,/,被普遍采用的原因,:,评价,不必进行实物盘点就能计算出净收益,在确定存货短缺时可以作为一种控制手段,在调节库存商品数量时可以作为一种控制手段,能够取得有关保险方面的信息,Retail Inventory Method,LO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.,一些公司对零售价法进行了改良，单独计算每个部门的存货。或是将毛利率类似的商品分为一组。,会计准则要求在财务报表中披露存货的,Presentation and Analysis,LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze inventory.,对存货的表述,组成,融资安排,采用的存货成本计算方法,存货周转率,和,存货销售平均天数,是经常使用的,对存货分析,衡量企业在某一期间内销售存货的平均次数,Presentation and Analysis,LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze inventory.,存货周转率,Illustration 9-26,党代表了企业将库存存货销售出去的平均天数,Presentation and Analysis,LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze inventory.,存货销售平均天数,365 days/8 times=every 45.6 days,Inventory Turnover,Average Days to Sell,Illustration 9-26,Inventories:Additional Valuation Issues,可实现净值,相对销售价值,购货承诺,成本与市价孰低,计价基础,毛利法,零售价盘存法,表述与分析,上限与下限,如何运算LCW,对LCW的运用,“市价”,对该原则的评价,毛利率,对这种方法的评价,概念,传统方法,特殊项目,对这种方法的评价,表述,分析,homework,E9-2,3,5,7,10,13,16,20,描述并应用LCW,解释企业应在什么时候以可实现净值来计量存货,解释企业应在什么时候采用可实现净值来计量存货,讨论与购货承诺相关的会计问题,采用毛利法确定期末存货,采用零售价盘存法确定期末存货,解释如何对存货进行报告和分析,Learning Objectives,C H A P T E R,10,固定资产,取得和处置,Intermediate Accounting,13th Edition,Kieso,Weygandt,and Warfield,购置,土地、建筑物、设备的购置成本,自建资产,利息成本,评论,计价,购置的后续成本,处置,现金折扣,递延合同,一揽子购买,股票发行,非货币性交易,捐赠,其他计价方法,销售,非自愿转换,其他问题,附加物,改良和置换,重新整理与重新安装,维修,归纳总结,Acquisition and Disposition of Property,Plant,and Equipment,购置这些资产适用于经营活动，而不是为了再销售,.,本质上是长期项目，通常需要折旧,这些资产拥有实物形态,财产、厂房和设备，包括土地、建筑物结构（办公室、工厂、仓库等）、设备（及其、储藏物、工具等）,主要特征如下,Property,Plant,and Equipment,LO 1 Describe property,plant,and equipment.,How about,idle building,and Land?,PP&E,investment,or,Inventory,Speculative,or,resale,How about Land?,Only if a material decrease in value occures.,Tangible assets.,Different with intangible assets.,在购买日，成本反映了公允价值,历史成本反映的是真实的而不是假想的交易，因此最为可靠,公司不应该预期利得和损失，公司只有在资产销售时才能确认利得和损失,.,历史成本计价，原因如下：,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 2 Identify the costs to include in initial valuation of property,plant,and equipment.,APB Opinion No.6,states,“,财产、厂房和设备，不应该向上调整反映超过成本的评估价值、市场价值或者当前价值”,购买价格,运费成本,销售税金,安装成本等,历史成本,Historical Cost,计量获得一项资产并且使之达到预期用途所必需的地点和状态支付的现金或现金等价物,.,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 2 Identify the costs to include in initial valuation of property,plant,and equipment.,土地购买以及使土地达到预定使用状态的所有支出,土地成本,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 2 Identify the costs to include in initial valuation of property,plant,and equipment.,购买价格,the purchase price;,买卖手续费等,closing costs,such as title to the land,attorneys fees,and recording fees;,costs of grading,平整,filling,填补,draining,排水,and clearing,清理,;,assumption of any liens,留置,mortgages,担保,or encumbrances,抵押,on the property;and,永久性改良的支出,纳入土地改良账户,非永久性改良的支出,纳入固定资产项目,Such as private driveways,walks,fences,and parking lots.,Such as pavements,street lights,sewers,and drainage systems.,包括购买或者建造发生的所有直接相关的支出,典型的包括：,建筑物成本,LO 2 Identify the costs to include in initial valuation of property,plant,and equipment.,建造期间发生的原材料、人工工资、管理费用；,专业费用和建筑开发许可费用,Acquisition of PP&E,带旧建筑物的土地，旧建筑的拆除费用需要纳入土地，而不是新建筑物。,包括 了运输设备、办公设备、机器、固定设备、室内陈设品、工厂设备以及类似的固定资产,设备成本,LO 2 Identify the costs to include in initial valuation of property,plant,and equipment.,购买价格,运费,手续费,设备保险费,必要的专门场地费,组装以及安装费,试运行成本,Acquisition of PP&E,E10-1,(variation):,以,下各项都是关于购置用于企业经营的土地、土地改良以及建筑物而发生的一些支出和收入。,Acquisition of PP&E,Money borrowed to pay building contractor,Payment for construction from note proceeds,Cost of land fill and clearing,Delinquent real estate taxes on property assumed,Premium on 6-month insurance policy during construction,Refund,of 1-month insurance premium because construction completed early,Classification,Notes Payable,Building,Land,Land,Building,(Building),LO 2 Identify the costs to include in initial valuation of property,plant,and equipment.,保险费,退款,E10-1,(variation):,The following expenditures and receipts are related to land,land improvements,and buildings acquired for use in a business enterprise.Determine how the following should be classified:,Acquisition of PP&E,(g)Architects fee on building,(h)Cost of real estate purchased as a plant site(land$200,000 and building$50,000),(i)Commission fee paid to real estate agency,(j)Installation of fences around property,(k)Cost of razing and removing building,Proceeds,from salvage of demolished building,Cost of parking lots and driveways,Cost of trees and shrubbery(permanent),Costs of:,Building,LO 2 Identify the costs to include in initial valuation of property,plant,and equipment.,Land,Land,Land Improvements,Land,(Land),Land Improvements,Land,佣金,收入,自建资产,Acquisition of PP&E,Costs typically include:,材料费和直接人工,间接成本的分配,:,不将固定间接费用分配至自建资产的成本中，只考虑变动部分,将所有的间接费用的一部分分摊至自建资产,.,LO 3 Describe the accounting problems associated with self-constructed assets.,Indirect cost,also called“burden”,制造费用：比如动力费、热力费、电费、保险费、厂房建筑物品和设备的财产税、厂房监督工人工资、固定资产折旧、耗用品成本。,完全成本法，认为企业发生的成本归属于制造的所有产品和建造的资产,如果分配间接费用后，建造成本超过外部独立生产商提供的成本，公司应该将超出部分记为损失，而不能再资本化处理。这避免了超过市场价值记录资产的行为。,Three approaches have been suggested to account for the interest incurred in financing the construction.,Interest Costs During Construction,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,建造期间，不予资本化利息支出,采用股票融资，不发生利息成本,仅将建造期间真正发生的利息成本资本化,只对债务融资发生的利息成本资本化,.,所有的资金成本资本化，不论这些成本是否可辨别,权益资本也产生利息费用,.,GAAP,$0,$?,Increase to Cost of Asset,Illustration 10-1,原因：在建设期间，资产没有产生收入，这些收入在今后才收到。公司应该递延相应的成本（包括利息成本），不能将其做当期费用，只能资本化。,资本化考虑下面三项,:,满足条件的资产,资本化期间,资本化的金额,.,资本化,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,历史成本要求，资产成本应该包使资产达到预定可使用状态所必需的所有成本（包括利息）,两类资产,:,用于公司内部使用的建造中资产,建造用于销售或者租赁的资产或者其他按照可分离项目进行生产用于销售或租赁的资产,.,满足条件的资产,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,两类情况不属于“满足条件的资产”：,1,、已经投入使用或完工可供使用的资产,2,、没有被用于产生利润的资产、在使达到可供使用过程中非必要的资产,例如：未开发土地、过时不能使用的资产，过剩的产能,资本化期间,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,利息开始资本化期间，当,:,该项资产进行的支出已经发生,该项资产达到预定可使用状态所必需的活动已经在进行中,利息成本已经发生,利息结束资本化期间，当,:,资产已经实质性地（建造）完成，达到预定使用准备状态,.,资本化金额,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,必须低于,:,该期发生的真实利息成本,或者可以避免的利息成本（如果没有构建资产）,计算需要资本化得利息的方法是：,利息率*加权平均累计费用,Interest Capitalization Illustration:,KC,公司在2011年1月1日，为建造特殊目的设备向美国银行专门借款,$200,000,每年利率,12%,。设备的建造从2011年1月1日开始，以下是在,Dec.31,2011,项目的支出情况,:,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,Other general debt existing on Jan.1,2011:,$500,000,14%,10-year bonds payable,$300,000,10%,5-year note payable,Step 1-,判断满足条件的资产,.,特殊目的的设备符合要求因为需要一段时间来使其达到预计可使用状态，并且是为公司经营而建造的。,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,Step 2-,判定资本化期间,.,资本化期间从,Jan.1,2011,到,Dec.31,2011,因为当建筑活动开始，支出已经发生、利息成本也已经发生。,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,Step 3-,计算加权平均的累计支出,(as principle),A company weights the construction expenditures by the amount of time(fraction of a year or accounting period)that it can incur interest cost on the expenditure.,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,Step 4-,计算实际的和可避免的利息费用,.,选择合适的利息率,:,如果加权平均累计支出低于或者等于为建造该项资产专门借款的金额，,采用这些专门借款发生的利息,率作为恰当的利息率,.,如果加权平均累计支出超过为建造该项资产发生的专门借款的金额，那么，超过部分应采用这期间,所有其他在外的债务发生的加权平均利息率,作为恰当的利息率,.,=250,000-200,0000=50,000,=200,0000,，,12%,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,Step 4-,计算实际的和可避免的利息费用,.,Avoidable Interest,Weighted-average interest rate on general debt,Actual Interest,$100,000$800,000,=,12.5%,Step 5,资本化的利息成本，应该为可避免利息与真实利息两者的较低者。,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,Journal entry to Capitalize Interest:,Equipment 30,250,Interest expense30,250,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,利息资本化的综合例题,:,On November 1,2009,Shalla Company contracted Pfeifer Construction Co.to construct a building for$1,400,000 on land costing$100,000(purchased from the contractor and included in the first payment).Shalla made the following payments to the construction company during 2010.,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,Pfeifer Construction completed the building,ready for occupancy,on December 31,2010.Shalla had the following debt outstanding at December 31,2010.,Compute the weighted-average accumulated expenditures during 2010.,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,Compute the weighted-average accumulated expenditures during 2010.,Illustration 10-4,Solution on notes page,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,Compute the avoidable interest.,Illustration 10-5,Solution on notes page,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,Compute the actual interest cost,which represents the maximum amount of interest that it may capitalize during 2010,Illustration 10-6,The interest cost that Shalla capitalizes is the lesser of$120,228(avoidable interest)and$239,500(actual interest),or$120,228.,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting problems associated with interest capitalization.,Shalla records the following journal entries during 2010:,January 1,Land 100,000,Building(or Construction in Process)110,000,Cash 210,000,March 1,Building 300,000,Cash 300,000,May 1,Building 540,000,Cash 540,000,December 31,Building 450,000,Cash 450,000,Building(Capitalized Interest)120,228,Interest Expense 119,272,Cash 239,500,The interest cost that Shalla capitalizes is the lesser of$120,228(avoidable interest)and$239,500(actual interest),or$120,228.,Acquisition of PP&E,LO 4 Describe the accounting