中考英语语法总复习.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,中考英语语法复习,考试要求：,1,熟练掌握并区别所学的可数名词和不可数名词用法。,2,掌握物质名词及其量的表达方式。,3,熟练运用名词复数规则、不规则变化。,4,熟练掌握名词所有格的用法。,知识要点：,一 可数名词复数形式的构成及用法,规则变化：,1,一般情况下在名词的词尾加,s,。,如：,book-books,，,pencil-pencils,2,以,s,，,x,，,ch,，,sh,结尾的名词加,es,。,如：,bus-buses,，,box-boxes,3,以“辅音字母,+y”,结尾的名词，把,y,改为,i,再加,es,。如：,factory-factories,4,以“元音字母,+y”,结尾的名词，直接在,词尾加,s,。,如：,key-keys,，,boy-boys,5,以,f,或,fe,结尾的名词，变,f,或,fe,为,ves,。,如：,knife-knives,，,half-halves,6,以,o,结尾的名词,在词尾加,es,。,如：,hero-heroes,，,potato-potatoes,，,tomato-tomatoes,特例：,photo-photos,piano-pianos,kilo-kilos,不规则变化：,1,改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。,如：,man-men,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice,，,child children,Frenchman-Frenchmen,2,单复数形式相同。如：,sheep,，,deer,，,fish,，,Chinese,，,Japanese,等。,3,以,an,结尾或其他表示民族、国家的人,的名词变复数时在词尾加,s,。,如：,Australians,，,Italians,，,Germans,等。,二 物质名词量的表达方式,1,用,some,much,a little,a bit of,a lot of,等表示。,如：,There is,some,water in the bottle.,2,用量词短语来表示。,如：,a piece of paper,一张纸,a kilo of meat,一公斤肉,a piece of advice,一条建议,three bags of milk,三袋牛奶,三 名词所有格,一般用,s,和,of,来表示名词的,所有格，用来表示所有关系。,1 s,所有格：一般单数名词后加,s,，而,以,s,或,es,结尾的复数名词的所有格，,只需在名词右上方加“”。,如：,the girls skirts,，,the teachers desk,注：如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只,在后一个名词词尾加,s,，如果不是共有的，两个名词都要加,s,。如：,Tom and Peters,room,汤姆和彼得的房间（共有）,Toms and Peters,rooms,汤姆的房间和彼得的房间（不共有）,特例：,todays,news,，,ten,minutes,drive,2“of+,名词”所有格 无生命的东西名词所有格，通常,用“,of+,名词”的结构来表示。如：,the windows of the room,房间的窗户,the door of the car,轿车的门,3,双重所有格,指名词所有格或者名词性物主,代词同,of,构成的所有格，即“,of+,名词所有格”。如：,a friend of my fathers,a picture of mine,例题分析：,1 There are some _ in the river.,A grass B fish C water D earth,解析：由,there are,可知主语应为可数,名词复数，,grass,water,earth,均为不可,数名词，,fish,作为“鱼“讲时，单复数相,同。所以答案为,B,。,例题分析：,2.Is your home far from school?,No.Its only _ walk.,A.ten-minutes B.ten minutes,C.ten minutes D.ten-minute,解析：本题考点为名词所有格，“十分钟”先变成复数，然后直接加 表示“的”。所以答案为,B,。,考试要求：,1,熟练掌握人称代词主格和宾格的形式及基本用法。,2,掌握形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的形式及基本用法。,3,掌握常见不定代词的基本用法。,4,熟练掌握指示代词的基本用法，并理解其在上下文中的指代用法。,5,熟练掌握疑问代词的基本用法。,6,掌握,it,表示天气、时间、距离等的,基本用法。,知识要点：,一 人称代词,根据它们在句中的作用，可分为主格和宾格两种形式。主格作主语，放在谓语动词之前。宾格作宾语或表语，置于动词或介词之后。,单数人称代词,复数人称代词,主格,I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they,宾格,me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them,二 物主代词,物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主,代词。形容词性物主代词一般位于名,词前，用作定语。名词性物主代词在,句中独立使用，后面不接名词，其作,用相当于一个名词，可作主语、宾语、,表语和与,of,构成双重所有格。,单数,复数,形容词性,my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their,名词性,mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs,如,:1 I forgot to bring,my,dictionary.,Could I use,yours,?,2 Jack is a friend of,mine,.,三 不定代词,不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的,代词,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定,语。现将几组常见的不定代词举例说明：,some,和,any,的用法：,some,any,相同点,可以修饰可数和不可数名词,不同点,多用于肯定句中,多用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中,例如：,1 I have,some,books,but I dont have,any,story books.,我有一些书，但我没有故事书。,2 Is there,anything interesting,in todays newspaper?,今天的报纸上有什么有趣的内容吗？,every,和,each,的用法：,each,every,可单独使用,不可单独使用,可作代词、形容词,仅作形容词,着重“个别”,着重“全体”,例如：,1,Each,student has an English book.,每个学生都有一本英语书。,2,Every,student is here,lets begin our lesson.,学生们都来了，我们开始上课吧。,all,none,either,neither,both,用法上的区别,含义,范围,语气,both,两者都,两个,表肯定,neither,两者都不,两个,表否定,either,两者中任意一个,两个,表肯定,all,全都,三者或三者以上,表肯定,none,没有一个,三者或三者以上,表否定,few,a few,little,a little,用法上的区别：,表示肯定,表示否定,用于可数名词复数前,a few,少，只有几个,few,不多，几乎没有,用于不可数名词前,a little,少，有一点儿,little,不多，没有什么,many,和,much,的区别,相同点,不同点,many,都表示“许多”的意思,后面跟可数名词,much,后面跟不可数名词,one,that,和,it,在用法上的区别：,one,泛指,指所指的名词中的一个，,that,和,it,表示特指。,that,与所指的名词为同类，但是不是同一个；而,it,与所指名词为同一个。,如：,My color pen is broken,do you have,one,?,The weather in Shanghai is warmer than,that,in Beijing.,I like your bike,where did you buy,it,?,other,the other,another,the others,others,在用法上的区别：,another“,又一，再一”。,如：,There is a ship.Look!,Another,ship is,coming.,other“,其他的”，后加名词复数。,如：,Do you have any,other,questions?,the other“,其他的”，后加名词复数，特指或某范围内的其他的。,如：,Only two students in your class are here,where are,the other,students?,others“,其他的（人或物）”，后面不加名词。如：,We should help,others,.,the others“,其他的（人或物）”，后面不加名词，特指或某范围内的其他人或物。,如：,Only two students in your class are here,where are,the others,?,四 指示代词,如,：,This,is my bike,that,is Toms.,What are,those,over there?,I came to school late.,This,made the,teacher angry.,位置,单数,复数,近指,this,these,远指,that,those,五 疑问代词,指人,Who,（谁，主格）,whom,（谁，宾格）,whose,（谁的）,指人或物,What,（什么）,which,（哪一个，用于对人、事或物提问）,六,it,表示天气、时间、距离等的基本用法。,it,可指代时间、天气、气候、距离等，还可指代上文提到的人或事物。,例如：,*,It,is half past ten.,（指时间）,*,It,is fine today.,（指天气）,*,There is a book on the desk.,It,is Wang,Taos.,（指上文提到的事物）,例题分析：,1.Bob is very friendly.And _ like him very much.,A.weB.usC.ourD.ours,解析：此题考点是人称代词。后一句话显然缺乏主语，应该用人称代词主格。所以答案为,A,。,2.I have two sisters.One is a teacher,_ is a doctor.,A.otherB.another,C.othersD.the other,解析：,(,两个中的,),一个,另一个,使用如下短语：,one,the other.,因此答案为,D,。,考试要求：,1,掌握基数词和序数词的形式及基本用法。,2,熟练掌握时间与日期的基本表达方法。,3,掌握日常交际活动中数词的常见用法。,知识要点：,数词包括基数词和序数词两大类。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词。表示顺序先后的数词叫序数词。,考点分析：,如果,hundred,（百），,thousand,（千），,million,（百万），,billion,（十亿）等词前面有具体数词，则不能在词尾加,s,。但是如果表达不确切数目，则在词尾加,s,并后接,of,短语。,如：,hundreds of,成百上千的,three million,三百万,时间和日期的基本表达法,1,用基数词表示时间，两种表达法如下：,*直接读数字。如：,2:35 two thirty-five,，,3:30 three thirty,*,用,past/to,表示“过几分”,/“,差几分到下一个点”。,如：,2:35 twenty-five to three,3:30 half past three,注意：在具体时间点前用介词,at,。,2,表示日期：年用基数词，日用序数词。,如：,1998,年,6,月,8,日，周一,写作：,Monday,June 8th,1998,读作：,Monday,June the eighth,nineteen ninety-eight,例题分析：,1 John lives on _ floor.He doesnt use a lift to go up and down.,A nine B the ninth,C ninth D a ninth,解析：此题考查的是序数词的用法。表,示“第,”,时，用序数词，排除,A,序,数词前要用定冠词,the,，排除,C,和,D,。,故答案为,B,。,2-How many students are there in your,school,Mike?,-There are over _ students in our school.,A two thousands B two thousands of,C two thousand D two thousand of,解析：本题考查的是基数词的基本用法。根据题意可知在问“学校有多少学生？”，答语应为“两千多”。在表示具体的数字时不能用,thousands of,，故,B,和,D,都不对。当,hundred,thousand,million,billion,等词前有确切数字时，这些词不能加,s,，排除,A,。故答案为,C,。,考试要求：,熟练掌握常用介词的基本用法（表示时间，日期，地点，位置，方式等）。例如：,in,on,at,of,to,from,by,with,for,about,after,before,等。,介词,in,的用法,1 in,表示在某世纪、年、季度、月、周以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。,如：,in the 20th century,；,in 1999,；,in winter,；,in September,；,in the morning/afternoon/evening,2 in,加一段时间用于一般将来时，译为“一段时间之后”。,如：,Ill arrive in an hour.,3,表示用,材料书写或绘画，用,语言，穿,颜色衣服，用,交通方式。,如：,in black ink,in English,in red,in a car by car,4 in,用于地点前，表示在某地。如：,in the world,in China,，,in a building,5,相关短语：,in the future,今后，将来,in a hurry,匆忙地,in a moment,立刻，,in bed,卧床,in danger,在危险中，,in fact,实际上,in the past,在过去，,in time,及时,be interested in,对,感兴趣,介词,on,的用法,1 on,表示在节日、星期、具体某一天或某天的上、下午或晚上。,如：,on the morning of March 18,，,on Sunday,2 on,用于地点前，表示“在,上”，有接触面。如：,on the desk,on the top of,on the tree,3,表示“关于”，如：,a book on Chinese history,4,相关短语：,on the farm,在农场,on the island,在岛上,on the beach,在海滩,on the right,在右边,on duty,值班，,on foot,步行，,on ones own,独自地,on ones way to,在去某地的路上，,on time,准时,介词,at,的用法,1 at,表示“在某一时刻，某一时点”。,如：,I get up at 6:00 every day.,2 at,表示“在某地”,用于小地点前。,如：,at the bus stop,at the gate,3,相关短语：,at noon,在中午,at night,在夜间,at the age of,在,岁时，,at first,起初,at home,在家，,at last,终于，,at least,至少,at once,立刻，,at present,目前，现在,at the moment,此刻,be good at,擅长于,介词,of,的用法,1,表示人或者物的所有关系，“,的”。,如,:a friend of mine,2,用于量词短语中。如：,a cup of tea,a glass of water,two pieces of news,3,相关短语：,be afraid of,害怕，,be full of,充满，,be proud of,为,感到自豪，,be tired of,厌倦，,instead of,代替，而不，,in front of,在,面前,介词,to,的用法,1,表示具体时间“差,到,”,。,如：,a quarter to five,2,表示“到达某地点或某方向”。,如：,go to bed,3,表示“,的”。如：,the key to the door,the way to the station,4,相关短语：,according to,根据,be,kind/good to,sb,.,对某人友好，,next to,紧挨着，紧次于,thanks to,多亏，由,于,be useful to,对某人有益,介词,from,的用法,1,表示“来自于,”,。,例：,I am from China.,He borrowed a book from Tom.,2,相关短语：,fromto,从,到,learn from,从,学到,hear from,收到,来信,far from,远离,be different from,与,不同,介词,by,的用法,1 by,指“不迟于，到,时为止，在,以前”，谓语动词多用于完成时态。,如：,We had learned over 1000 words by the end of last term.,2,表示“在,旁边”,(,距离比,near,近,),。,如：,by the door,by the window,3,表示手段、方式。如：,by bus,by water,4,相关短语：,do,sth,.by oneself,独自做某事,by the way,顺便说一下,介词,with,的用法,1,表示“和,在一起”。如：,Would you like to go shopping with me?,2,表示“有，带有”。如：,She came in with a smile on her face.,3,表示“用，以”。如：,We can write with this kind of stone.,4,相关短语：,be angry with,sb,.,对,生气，,be busy with,sth,.,忙于某事，,be pleased/satisfied with,对,感到满意,be popular with,sb,.,受,欢迎,be strict with,sb,.,对,要求严格,介词,about,的用法,1,表示“关于”。,如,:Can you tell me something about the,accident?,2,相关短语：,be worried about,担心，,know about,了解,介词,for,的用法,1,引导一段时间，表示“达,之久”，可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用，但更多的是和完成时连用。,如：,I have been an English teacher for 14 years.,2,表示“为了，给”。,如：,My mother bought a gift for me.,3,相关短语：,for a moment,片刻，,一会儿，,be famous for,因,著名，,be good for,对,有益，,be bad for,对,有害，,for a while,一会儿，,for example,例如,leave for,动身去,介词,after,的用法,1,表示“在,之后”。,如：,The meeting will end after 3:00pm.,2,表示,(,位置、顺序,)“,在,后面”。,如：,He entered the room after his father.,*,介词,before(,在,之前,),与,after,相对。,其他介词,:,up,向上，,down,向下，,into,进入，,near,在附近，靠近，,around,在周围，大约，,along,沿着，,against,反对，,across,表面上穿过，,through,从三维空间内部穿过，,past,从旁边经过，,during,在,期间，,between,在,和,之间，,among,在,中（三者以上），,beside,在,旁边，,相关介词：,besides,除,之外还有,，,except,除了，,as,当做，作为，,like,像，,behind,在,后，,over,在,上方（通常指不接触的正上方），,above,在,上，,below,在,下，,inside,在,里，,outside,在,外，,since,自从，,towards,朝向，向,方向，,till/until,直到,例题分析：,1-When did,Mr,Green arrive in London?,-He arrived there _ the evening of May 6th.,A at B in C on D to,解析：本题考查的是表示时间的介词用法。,In the morningafternoonevening,这三个词组不论是在其前或后加上任何修饰词都应将介词换为,on,。因此答案为,C,。,2 He couldnt work out the,maths,problem _ your help.,A without B under C for D with,解析：本题考查的是介词短语的用法。,在某人帮助下应用,with,。例如：,With the help of the teacher I passed the exam easily.,而要是没有你的帮助要用,without your help,。故答案为,A,。,考试要求：,掌握并列连词的基本用法。,如：,and,but,or,so,等。,掌握常用从属连词的基本用法。,如：,when,after,before,as soon as,because,if,等。,知识要点：,一 并列连词的基本用法,1,并列连词分类,表示并列关系：,and,bothand,neithernor,not onlybut also,表示转折关系：,but,yet,however,表示选择关系：,or,eitheror,表示因果关系：,so,for,2,并列连词的用法,and,意为“和，与，同”。如：,Study hard,and you will make progress.,bothand,意为“,和,两者都”，若,连接两个并列成分做主语时，谓语动,词用复数。,如：,Both Tom and Lucy are students.,neithernor,意为“既不,也不,”,，,若连接两个并列成分做主语，谓语要与邻近的主语保持一致。,如：,Neither Tom nor Lucy likes bananas.,not onlybut also,意为“不但,而且,”,，若连接两个并列成分做主语，谓语要与邻近的主语保持一致。,如：,Not only the students but also the teacher likes playing basketball.,but,意为“但是，可是”,不与,although,在一个句子中同时出现。,如,:Mr.Smith is very rich,but he is,unhappy.,yet,意为“但是，然而”。,如：,Although he is poor,yet he is happy.,however,意为“虽然如此，但是,”,。,如：,He is a good boy,however,I dont,like him.,or,意为“或者，否则”。,如：,Hurry up,or you will be late.,eitheror,意为“要么,要么,，不是,就是,”,。若连接两个并列成分做主语，谓语,要与邻近的主语保持一致。,如：,Either you or I am going there.,so,意为“因此”。,如：,I got up early,so I caught the first bus.,for,意为“因为”，表示解释、说明。,如：,I was late,for I got up late.,二 常用从属连词的基本用法,1,连接宾语从句：如,:that,if,whether,2,连接时间状语从句：如：,while,when,before,after,as soon as,since,3,连接地点状语从句：如：,where,4,连接让步状语从句：如：,though,although,5,连接原因状语从句：如：,as,because,since,6,连接条件状语从句：如：,if,unless,once,7,连接目的状语从句：,如：,that,so that,in order that,8,连接结果状语从句：,如：,suchthat,sothat,9,连接比较状语从句：如：,as,as,than,例题分析：,1.,Can you play football?,Yes,_ I cant play it very well.,A.and B.or C.so D.but,解析：本题考查的是连词。根据上下文判断得知,本题的两个并列分句为转折关系，所以答案为,D,。,2 I cant still understand the passage _there are few new words in it.,A so B because C if D though,解析：本题考查的是从属连词中的由,though,引导的让步状语从句，句意“尽管文章里几乎没有新单词，我还是不明白”。所以答案为,D,。,考试要求：,1,熟练掌握形容词作定语、表语及宾语补足语的用法。,2,熟练掌握表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因等疑问副词的用法。,3,熟练掌握形容词、副词比较级和最高级的规则变化形式。,4,熟练掌握常见形容词、副词比较级和最高级的不规则变化形式。,如：,good,well,many,much,5,掌握,little,far,ill,bad,badly,等词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化形式。,6,熟练掌握形容词、副词比较等级的基本句型及基本用法。,7,初步掌握,much,a little,等副词修饰形容词、副词比较等级的用法。,一 形容词作定语、表语及宾语补足语的用法,如：,I have an,important,meeting to attend.,(,作定语,),The food tastes,delicious,.(,作表语,),You must keep the food,cool,.(,作宾补,),注意：,1,有少数形容词只能做表语，不能做,定语。如：,alone,ill,afraid,alive,如：,I have to stay at home to look after my,sick,mother.,（,sick,不能用,ill,代替）,2,形容词修饰不定代词时，要将形容词放在不定代词的后面。,如：,I have something important to tell you.,*,表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因等疑问副词的用法：用于引出疑问句的副词叫疑问副词。常见的有,when,where,why,how,等。,如：,Where did you buy the dictionary?When will the meeting begin?,二 形容词、副词比较级和最高级的规则变化形式。,1,单音节和少数双音节形容词,*一般情况在词尾加,er,和,est,构成。如：,small-smaller-smallest,*,以,e,结尾在词尾加,r,和,st,构成。如：,nice-nicer-nicest,*,以 辅音加,y,结尾,去掉,y,再加上,ier,和,iest,构成。如：,busy-busier-busiest,*,一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的重读闭音节词，须双写该辅音字母加,er,和,est,。如：,big-bigger-biggest,除此之外还有：,hot,wet,thin,red,fat,2,多数双音节和多音节词以及以,ly,为结尾的副词，在原级前加,more,most,如：,serious-more serious-most serious,quickly-more quickly-most quickly,三 常见形容词、副词比较级和最高级的不规则变化形式,原级,比较级,最高级,goodwell,better,best,manymuch,more,most,old,olderelder,oldesteldest,四,little,far,ill,bad,badly,等词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化形式,原级,比较级,最高级,badill,worse,worst,little,less,least,far,fartherfurther,farthestfurthest,五 形容词、副词比较级和最高级的基本句型及基本用法,1 as+,原级,+as,和,一样,如：,Tom is as careful as Linda.,Tom drives as carefully as Linda.,2 not as(so)+,原级,+as,不如,如,:This park isnt as beautiful as that one.,That park is more beautiful than this one.,3,比较级,+than,，与,相比,如：,He is taller than me.,He works harder than me.,4 The+,最高级,+in(of),中最,如：,He is the strongest of the three boys.,It is the widest road in our city.,He jumps(the)highest in his class.,5 Which(Who)+,比较级,or?,和,中，哪一个,/,谁更,？,如：,Which sweater is more comfortable,the green one or the pink one?,Who finished the paper more quickly,Tom or Jerry?,6 Which(Who)+,最高级,or?,，,和,，哪一个,/,谁最,？,如：,Who is the cleverest,Tom,Jerry or Pluto?,Which pen writes best,yours,his or mine?,六 部分副词可以修饰形容词、副词比较等级的用法,在比较级前可以使用以下词来修饰,比较级。,如：,much,a lot,far,a bit,a little,still,等。,如：,I am much taller than you.,You are a little more careful than me.,例题分析：,1-Is,maths,more difficult than physics?,-No,maths,isnt as _ as physics.,A easy B difficult,C easier D more difficult,解析：本题考查的是形容词比较等级中的原级的用法。原级比较中,as,as,中应接形容词原形，结合句意“数学没有物理难”，故应选,B,。,2 None of the students watched it _.,A careful enough B enough carefully,C carefully enough D enough careful,解析：本题考查的是形容词和副词用法的辨析。首先应判定是选用用来修饰名词的形容词还是用来修饰动词的副词。这里是修饰,watch,这一动词，应选用副词。当,enough,用来修饰副词或形容词时应放在被修饰的形容词或副词之后。故选,C,。,考试要求：,理解冠词的基本用法。,冠词分为：不定冠词,a,an,（泛指）和,定冠词,the,（特指）。,一 不定冠词的用法,1,表示某人（某物）的某一种类。,如：,a teacher,a book,，,an animal,2,表示某一事物中的任何一个。,如：,A dog likes eating bones.,3,表示某人某物，但不具体说明何人何物。,如：,A student from Class One is waiting for you.,4,表示数量，有“一个”的含义。如：,I have a book.,5,有些不可数名词要表示“一场”“一种”“一堆”时，需要加不定冠词。,如：,a heavy storm,a strong wind,make a fire,have a good time,6,用于固定词组中。如,:half an hour,a moment ago,a lot of,in a hurry,a piece of,have a rest,have a fever,in a word,have a try,make a face,once upon a time,等。,二 定冠词的用法,1,指上文提到过的人或者物。,如：,I like the book.,2,用于世界上独一无二的事物前。,如：,the sun,the earth,the moon,the space,3,用于序数词前。,如：,He is the first one to come.,4,用于形容词的最高级前。,如：,Tom is the tallest boy in his class.,5,用于表示方位的名词前。,如：,Tianjin,is in the east of China.,6,用于乐器前。如：,play the piano,play the guitar,play the violin,7,姓氏后面加,s,前面加,the,表示一家人,如：,The Blacks are having lunch.,8,形容词前使用,the,表示一类人。,如：,the poor,the young,the rich,the sick,9,用于固定词组和专有名词前。如：,the Great Wall,by the way,in the morning,at the moment,in the end,at the end of,at the age of,on the other hand,at the beginning of,on the right,三不用冠词的情况,1,在节日、星期、月份、季节、年、学科等词前，不特指时一般不用冠词。,如,:in summer,in August,on Sunday,on New Years Eve,2,在一些专有名词、不可数名词、人名、称呼、头衔前不用冠词。,如：,Tom,Grade Three,Mr.Li,3,在颜色、语种、国家等词前，不用冠词。,如：,in English,in red,in Britain,4,在一日三餐、棋类、球类等词前，不用冠词。如：,have breakfast,play football,5,可数名词复数和