第七章Warehousing-and-Distribution--Centers.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Chapter 7 Warehousing and Distribution Centers,Text A.Public and Private Warehouses,A common distinction among warehouses is whether they are public or private.,Distribution centers can be either,although they emphasize distributing rather than storing goods.,Public Warehouses,Public warehouses are analogous to common carriers in that they serve all legitimate users.Also similar to the common carriers,they have certain responsibilities to their users.,Public warehouses are used by firms that either cannot justify the costs of having,their own facilities,or prefer not making a commitment to owning and operating their,own facilities1.In most analyses of a firms warehousing needs,public warehouses are considered as the initial alternative.They offer more in the way of flexibility in terms of both space needs and location than would be offered by any system of company-owned facilities.They require no capital investment,and space is rented as needed.,Some public warehouses are specialized.They may handle only refrigerated goods,steel,or household goods,or even be grain elevators.Maritime general cargo transit sheds in ports perform some public warehouse functions,although they are oriented more toward,moving cargo through,than they are to storage.,Many examples could be cited of a public warehousemans functioning as an integral link in a product distribution channel.In a city with ten dealers for one make,of electrical appliance,none of the dealers might stock an inventory.The only models,they possess are on their showroom floors.Once they make a sale,they notify the,public warehouse,which delivers a unit directly to the buyers residence from the,warehouse stock.The warehouse notifies the factory of the sale,and the factory replenishes the warehouses stock.In this instance,the stock in the inventory in the warehouse belongs to the manufacturer,a factory distributor,or an area-wide dealer.warehouse performs functions that would otherwise have to be performed by the owner of the inventory;the principal advantage is that dealers do not have to maintain large inventories2.,Public warehouses also serve as integral links for other logistical functions.Public warehouses are used by the auto industry;they feed components to the assembly plants on a daily and,sometimes,an hourly basis.With the growing interest in JIT inventory/production systems,there has been some concern as to what role,if any,the public warehouse might play.To a certain extent,the manufacturer may reduce inventories of inbound materials on hand by accepting smaller,more frequent deliveries from stocks the vendor maintains-often in nearby public warehouses.This,shift in responsibility for holding the inventory would result in little net savings unless,the vendor were able to do a better job of managing the inventory in warehouses than,the user could in the factory.However,the responsibility for inventory has been pushed back one step in the production/supply process.The more this can happen,the better,because each step back toward the original source represents a delay in the final users having to pay certain costs.,Private Warehouses,Private warehouses are owned or occupied on a long-term lease by the firm using them.They are used by firms who find that their warehouse needs are so stable that they can make long-term commitments to fixed facilities.(Private warehouse operation also requires commitment to a warehouse labor force.)The largest users of,private warehouses are retail chain stores.They handle large volumes of merchandise,on a regular basis,and one of their resulting economies of scale comes from integrating the warehousing function with purchasing and distribution to retail outlets.,Manufacturing firms also maintain their own warehouses.For a firm manufacturing related products at different locations,each plant ships its items to the firms regional distribution warehouses so that each of them can stock a complete line of products3.There are also products with unique handling characteristics such as steel beams or gasoline,that,in some areas,public warehousemen prefer not to handle.In these circumstance the manufacturer is forced to develop his own facilities.,Contract warehousing,refers to long-term contractual arrangements for warehouse space and services that combine aspects of both public and private warehouse practices.,Plant Warehouses,A warehouse associated with most manufacturing operations is the plant warehouse,usually located somewhere near the end of the assembly line,（装配线）,4.Its principal function is to accommodate the differences in production line output and product demand in the distribution network.,The plant warehouse may also be the single location where every line item in the firms inventory is stocked.,Distribution Center,The phrase,distribution center,is applied somewhat loosely.Some public warehouses refer to themselves as distribution centers,which they emphasize the distribution aspects of warehousing instead of the storage operations5.The emphasis is on fast turn-over of goods.,Words and expressions,distinction n.,区别,差别,级别,特性,声望,显赫,Public warehouses,公共仓,analogous adj.,类似的,相似的,可比拟的,legitimate adj.,合法的,合理的,正统的,v.,合法,justify v.,证明,.,是正当的,commitment n.,委托事项,许诺,承担义务,initial:n.,起首字母,;,首字母,v.,签姓名的首字母,adj.,开始的,字首的,最初的,refrigerated,冷冻的，冷却的,elevatory,adj.,向上举的,升高的,oriented adj.,导向的,cite,vt,.,引用,引证,提名表扬,distribution channel.,配送渠道,dealer n.,经销商,商人,notify v.,通报,residence n.,居住,住处,distributor n.,发行人,deliver,vt,.,递送,陈述,释放,发表,(,一篇演说等,),交付,引渡,瞄准,给予,(,打击,),vendor n.,卖主,original adj.,最初的,原始的,独创的,新颖的,n.,原物,原作,delay v.,耽搁,延迟,延期,迟滞,n.,耽搁,延迟,迟滞,Private warehouses,私有仓,stable adj.,稳定的,retail n.,零售,adj.,零售的,vt,.,零售,转述,vi.,零售,adv.,以零售方式,Notes to Text A:,1 Maritime general cargo transit sheds in ports perform some public warehouse functions,although they are oriented more toward,moving cargo through,than they are to storage.,transit sheds,流动仓,全句译为：码头上一般海运货物的货场，起着公共仓的作用，比起存储，他们更加注,重移动货物通过。,2The warehouse performs functions that would otherwise have to be performed by the owner of the inventory;the principal advantage is that dealers do not have to maintain large inventories.,dealer n.,销售商，经销商，后者用得多些。,全句译为：仓库按货主指令行使职责，其优点是经销商无需大量库存。,3 For a firm manufacturing related products at different locations,each plant ships its items to the firms regional distribution warehouses so that each of them can stock a complete line of products.,其中，,products at different locations,意为“生产于异地的零部件产品”，,ship n.,船,v.,装上船,载运,此处译成载运较好；,each plant ships its items to the firms regional distribution,warehouses,此处,items,可理解为各地工厂提供的不同产品，,the firms regional distribution,warehouses,指企业制造地的配送仓,全句译为：对于一个涉及异地的零部件产品的企业制造，各地工厂均有产品运载到企业制造地配送仓，这样，每家工厂都能组建一个完整的产品链。,4A warehouse associated with most manufacturing operations is the plant warehouse,usually located somewhere near the end of the assembly line.,其中，,the assembly line,为装配线,全句译为：与大部分生产运作相关的储存是工厂仓库，通常位于装配线的附近。,Exercises,Fill in the blank with proper words and expressions,1._ _ are analogous to common carriers in that they serve all legitimate users.,2.The warehouse principal advantage is that dealers _ _ have to maintain large,inventories.,3._ _ are owned or occupied on a long-term lease by the firm using them.,4._ ._principal function is to accommodate the differences in production,line output and product demand in the distribution network.,5.Some public warehouses refer to themselves as _ _.,6.In some trades,distribution centers serve as the staging area for _ distribution to,retail stores.,True or false,1.Public warehouses are used by firms that can justify the costs of having their own facilities,or prefer making a commitment to owning and operating their own facilities.,2.All public warehouses are specialized.,3.Public warehouses serve as integral links for other logistical functions.,4.The largest users of private warehouses are not retail chain stores.,5.Manufacturing firms can maintain their own warehouses.,6.The plant warehouse may is be not the single location where every line item in the firms,inventory is stocked.,Translate Chinese into English:,1,.,在大多数仓库需求分析中，公共仓被认为是首选。,2,.,它们不需要资金投入，需要空间时只管去租赁即可。,3,.,在这种情况下，仓库里存货属于制造厂商、制造厂批发商或大区经销商。,4,.,与大部分生产运作相关的储存是工厂仓库，通常位于装配线（,the assembly line,）的附近。,5.,工厂仓库也可能是简单的一点，能够呈现，每条生产线所需详细的存货情况。,6,.,要强调的是货物的快速周转。,Answers of Chapter 7,Text A:,Fill in the blank with proper words and expressions,1.Public warehouses,2.The warehouse,3.Private warehouses,4.Plant warehouses,5.distribution centers,6.one-shot,True or false,1.F2.F3.T4.F5.T6.F,Translate Chinese into English:,1.In most analyses of a firms warehousing needs,public warehouses are considered as the,initial alternative.,2,.They require no capital investment,and space is rented as needed.,3,.In this instance,the stock in the inventory in the warehouse belongs to the manufacturer,a factory distributor,or an,areawide,dealer.,4,.A warehouse associated with most manufacturing operations is the plant warehouse,usually located somewhere near the end of the assembly line.,5,.The plant warehouse may also be the single location where every line item in the firms,inventory is stocked.,6,.The emphasis is on fast turn-over of goods.,Text B.Warehouse and Distribution Center Layout,Public warehouses are usually designed to handle a variety of items,while private warehouses are more specialized.Prior to designing a warehouse,the quantity and.character of goods to be handled must be known.,The relative emphasis placed on the storage function and on the distribution function affect space layout1.A storage facility having low rates of turnover is laid out in a manner that maximizes utilization of the cubic capacity of the warehouse devoted to storage A distribution-oriented facility would attempt to maximize“throughput”rather than storage.(Throughput is a term frequently associated with warehouse productivity.It is a measure of how much material passes through a facility within a given period of time.),Trade-offs.,Trade-offs must be made between space,labor,and mechanization.Spaciousness may not always be advantageous since the distances that an individual,or machine must travel in the storing or retrieving functions are increased2.But cramped conditions also lead to inefficiencies.Before layout plans are made,each item that will be handled is studied in terms of,its specific physical handling properties,the volume and regularity of movement,the frequency it is picked,and whether,compared to related items,it is“fast”or“slow”,moving3.,Many trade-offs are involved in designing both the structure and arranging the equipment inside.Several will be listed here.The trade-offs are often more complex,than appear on the list since all factors on the list affect each other.,Horizontal versus“high-rise”layout.,The cubic capacity of a warehouse is a function of horizontal area times height.The relevant trade-off in utilizing a high rise operation is between building costs,which decline on a cubic foot basis as one builds higher,and warehouse equipment costs,which increase4.Figure 4-1 shows what might happen to labor.,2.Order-picking versus stock-replenishing functions.,Should workers who are picking outgoing orders and those who are restocking the warehouse,work at the same time?Should they use the same aisles?How much space should be devoted to“active”or“live”stocks,which are stocks the order pickers pick from the fill orders?How much space is devoted to“reserve”stocks,which are stocks awaiting assignment to the active stock area?If too much space is devoted to active stocks,the bins are larger and the order pickers travel time from bin to bin is increased8.If the bins are smaller,the active stocks must be replenished from the reserve stock more frequently.,Figure7-1 An Example of Labor Displaced by Machinery,Souse:Reproduced through the courtesy of,Handing and Shipping Management,magazine and of Richard,Stubler,the artist.,3.Two dock versus single dock layout,.Conventional warehouses have the receiving,dock on one end,the shipping dock on the other end,and goods move through,between them.An alternative uses one dock that receives in the morning and ships,in the afternoon.Viewed from the top,the goods move in a U-shaped rather than a,straight configuration.This reduces the space devoted to loading docks but requires,carriers to pick up and deliver at more specific times,4.Space devoted to aisles versus space devoted to racks.,As aisle space increases,storage capacity decreases.Wider aisles make it easier to operate mechanical equipment,but they increase travel distances within the facility.,5.Labor-intensive versus highly mechanized.,As labor costs increase,many warehouses place an increasing reliance on equipment to perform tasks that had once been performed manually.Union Carbide has a 12-million cubic foot,warehouse in West Virginia that can hold 64,000 drums of chemicals.Two persons,(one of whom is a computer programmer)handle the entire warehouse.,6.Picker to part or part to picker.,Some sophisticated systems for handling small,parts are designed so that the trays with specific,wanted parts can be programmed,to appear in front of the individual“picking”the order5.This differs from the older system of having the picker seek out the part at the location where it was stored.,Also,the search time component of total order picking time is significantly reduced since the correct pick location is automatically presented to the order picker6.,7.Private ownership versus use of space in public warehousing.,This choice influences design because of the tax considerations involved and because of the commitments that must be made to a public warehouseman if he is expected to invest in some very specialized handling equipment.,Words and expressions,layout:n.,置,布局,安排,规划,划分；形式，外形,turnover:n.,翻倒，翻转，反转，倒转；转移,utilization:n.,利用,使用,应用,;,cubic:adj.,立方体的；立方的,throughput n.,生产量,生产能力,吞吐量,trade-off:n.,平衡,;,交换,协定,交易,mechanization:n.,机械化,;,机动化,retrieve:v.,重新得到，收回；检索，撷取，衔回；使恢复；找回猎物,cramp:n.,铁夹钳，铁箍，夹钳约束物,束缚物；抽筋，痉挛，绞痛,v.,用夹钳夹紧；约束，限制，妨碍；使痉挛,property:n.,财产,性质,所有权,arranging,vt,.,安排,;,筹划；整理；布置,vi.,安排；准备,horizontal:adj.,地平的,地平线的；水平的；平,(,坦,),的,versus prep.,拉,(,略作,v.,或,vs.)(,诉讼、运动等中的,),对；相对,;,相比；对抗,反对,high-rise n.,高楼,大厦；,adj.(,建筑物,),超高层的,高楼的,aisle:(,教堂等的,),走廊,;,侧廊,通道,Notes to Text B,1The relative emphasis placed on the storage function and on the distribution function affect,space layout.,对仓储功能和配送功能的相对强调程度，影响到仓库空间的设计规划。,全句译为：对仓储功能和配送功能的相对侧重点不同，则仓库空间的设计规划不同。,2 Spaciousness may not always be advantageous since the distances that an individual or,machine must travel in the storing or retrieving functions are increased.,全句译为：空间、劳力和机械之间，必须权衡取舍。宽敞未必总是有利，因为人或机储存或取回功能的要通过的距离有所增加。,3Before layout plans are made,each item that will be handled is studied in terms of its specific physical handling properties,the volume and regularity of movement,the frequency it is picked,and whether,compared to related items,it is“fast”or“slow”moving.,全句译为：设计规划之前，每个将予以处理的项目都要分析研究，根据它