浅谈四级作文攻略.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,浅谈四级作文攻略,曹 军,首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题（,stick or hold to the topic,），这就是段落的统一性（,unity,）。,其次，一个段落必须有若干推展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉,这就是完整性,(completeness or adequateness,）。,再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅（,smooth,），这就是连贯性（,coherence,）。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。,1,、统一性,一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例：,My name is Roseanna,and I,like to keep physically fit,.I used to weigh two hundred pounds,but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program.In one year I lost eighty pounds.I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again.,I bought two new suitcases,last week.Everyday I practice jogging three miles,swimming fifteen laps,lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour.,My mother was a premature baby.,本段的,controlling idea,是,like to keep physically fit,，但段中有两个,irrelevant sentences,，一个是,I bought two new suitcases last week,，另一个是,My mother was a premature baby,。与中心句无关，偏题的句子从上面两个例子可以看出，,native speakers,同样会造出来,irrelevant sentences,。卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。,2,、完整性,正像我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如：,Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil,.Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task.Besides,it is more useful to work-you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.,本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“,a mind in turmoil”,（心境不平静）,Physical work,又如何能改变这种情况？为什么它能起,therapy,的作用？读者得不到明确的答案。,由于四级统考的,作文,部分只要求写一篇,100,120,个词的三段式短文，每一段只有大约,40,个词左右，因此，要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如：,It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words.Often writing is much clearer than a picture.It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means,but a careful writer can almost always explain it.,段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段：,It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words.Sometimes,pictures are pretty useless things.If you cant swim and fall in the river and start gulping water,will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning,or start screaming Help?,3,、连贯性（,coherence,）,连贯性包括,意连,和,形连,两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。,1,）、意连,段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。,A,按时间先后排列（,chronological arrangement,）,We had a number of close calls that day.When we rose,it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast;we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine oclock.Then,when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours it must have been close to noon the heat nearly hid us in;the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down.By the time we reached the mountain,it was our oclock and we were exhausted.Here,judgment ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit,not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert.Sure enough,by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff,dragging Mohammed and me along with him.By nine,when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit,we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.,本段从“,rose”,（起床）写起，然后是吃早餐（“,not to miss breakfast”,“closing at nine oclock”,），然后是“,close to noon”,，一直写到这一天结束（“,By nine”,）。,B.,按位置远近排列（,spatial arrangement,）。例如：,From a distance,it looked like a skinny tube,but as we got closer,we could see it flesh out before our eyes.It was tubular,all right,but fatter than we could see from far away.Furthermore,we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts:a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure.Standing ten feet away,we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows.Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass,unlike the tube that it was sitting on,which only had four.Inside,the tube was gloomy,because of the lack of light.Then a steep,narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically.All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.,本段的写法是由远及近，从远处（“,from a distance”,）写起，然后“,get closer”,，再到（“,ten feet away”,），最后是“,inside the pagoda”,当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。,C.,按逻辑关系排列（,logical arrangement,）,a.,按重要性顺序排列（,arrangement in order of importance,）,If you work as a soda jerker,you will,of course,not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective.If you work on a machine,your ability to express yourself will be of little importance.But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom,your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word.And the further away your job is from manual work,the larger the organization of which you are an employee,the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking.In the very large business organization,whether it is the government,the large corporation,or the Army,this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.,这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从“,not need much skill”,或“,of little importance”,到“,more important”,，最后是“,most important”,。,b.,由一般到特殊排列（,general-to-specific arrangement,）,If a reader is lost,it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path.This carelessness can take any number of forms.Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader,hacking his way through the verbiage,simply doesnt know what it means.Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways.Perhaps the writer has switched tenses,or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence,so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking.Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A the writer,in whose head the connection is clear,has not bothered to provide the missing link.Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up.He may think that sanguine and sanguinary mean the same thing,but the difference is a bloody big one.The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.,这一段谈的是,a writers carelessness,，先给出一个,general statement,作为主题句，然后通过,5,个,perhaps,加以例证。,c.,由特殊到一般排列（,specific-to-general arrangement,）,I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat,Prissy,with the one I had several years ago,Henry.The two cats are only alike in breed.Prissy,a quiet,feminine feline,loves me dearly but not possessively.She likes to keep her distance from people,exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg,lick,or sniff unceremoniously.Her usual posture is sitting upright,eyes closed,perfectly still.Prissy is a very proper cat.Henry,on the other hand,loved me dearly but possessively.He was my shadow from morning till night.He expected me to constantly entertain him.Henry never cared who saw him do anything,whether it was decorous or not,and he usually offended my friends in some way.The cat made himself quite comfortable,on the top of the television,across strangers feet or laps,in beds,drawers,sacks,closets,or nooks.The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.,本段的主题句是段首句，它仅提出一个问题：为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较，末句才下结论。,2,）、形连,行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语：,Walters goal in life was to become a successful surgeon.,First,though,he,had to get through high school,so,he,concentrated all,his,efforts on,his,studies,in particular,biology,chemistry,and,math.,Because,he,worked constantly on,these,subjects,Walter became proficient in,them,;,however,Walter forgot that,he,needed to master other subjects,besides,those,he,had chosen.,As a result,during,his,junior year of high school,Walter failed,both,English,and,Latin.,Consequently,he,had to repeat,these,subjects,and,he,was almost unable to graduate on schedule.,Finally,on June 6,Walter achieved the first step toward realizing,his,goal.,本文中起承上启下的词语有两种，一种是转换词语（,transitional words or phrases,），另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段（,linking devices,）。前者如：,first,though,so,in particular,and,because,however,besides,as a result,bothand,consequently,and,finally.,后者如：,he,his,these,them,those.,本段中共有词汇,105,个，所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共,28,个词，占该段总词汇量的四分之一强。由此可见，掌握好,transitions,不仅对行文的流（,smoothness,）有益，而且对于学生在半个小时内写,120,个词也是不无好处的。,注,写作中大家请多关注形连，形连是达到意连的手段，大家平时在写作中更多关注的是形连，即写作中使用必要的过度词。意连则主要指的是人称，时态，以及前后意义的连贯等,一个段落里如果没有,transitions,也就很难有,coherence,了,.,我们看下面一个例子：,Speaking and writing are different in many ways.Speech depends on sounds.Writing uses written symbols.Speech developed about 500 000 years ago.Written language is a recent development.It was invented only about six thousand years ago.Speech is usually informal.The word choice of writing is often relatively formal.Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from.Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing.A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries.Speech relies on gesture,loudness,and rise and fall of the voice.Writing lacks gesture,loudness and the rise and fall of the voice.Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.,本段中除了第,6,句开头出现一个起过渡作用的,it,之外，没有使用其他的过渡词语,.,这样，文中出现许多重复的词语，全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。,如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话，这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落：,Speaking and writing are different in many ways.Speech depends on sounds;writing,on the other hand,uses written symbols.Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago,but,written language is a recent development,invented only about six thousand years ago.Speech is usually informal,while,the word choice of writing,by contrast,is often relatively formal.,Although,pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from,they,are ignored in writing,because,a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries.Speech relies on gesture,loudness,and the rise and fall of the voice,but,writing lacks,these,features.Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences,预防有损连贯性的几种情况：,考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误：,1,）不必要的改变时态，比如：,In the movie,Robert Redford,was,a spy.He,goes,to his office where he,found,everybody dead.Other spies,wanted,to kill him,so he,takes,refuge with Julie Christie.At her house,he,had waited,for the heat to lie down,but they,come,after him anyway.,2,）不必要的改变单复数，比如：,Everybody,looks,for satisfaction in,his,life.,They,want to be happy.But if,he,seeks only pleasure in the short run,the person,will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to,him,.,They,need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.,3,）不必要的改变人称，比如：,Now more than ever,parents,need to be in touch with,their,childrens activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family.,You,need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another.,You,need to give up isolated pleasures of,your,own and realize that,parents,have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.,因此写作中，一定要注意时态，人称以及数的变化是否正确，要注意保持一致。,大学英语作文模板,一,.,表达观点的时候的句型：,1.Taking into consideration both sides of the issue,I tend to favor the latter view.,2.When considering opinions of both sides,I am inclined to.,3.If it is up to me to make a choice between.and.I would rather choose.over.,4.I would have to say that,if I were faced with the decision,I would follow.,5.At the risk of sounding too direct,I prefer to.,表达不确定的用词：,May,seem,be likely to,possible,probably,perhaps,be said that,be said to.,二、解释说明原因的句型：,1.In my mind,the following factors/reasons/causes need to be taken into consideration.,2.There are several reasons for this phenomenon/why.-(as follows).,3.And I would like to present two explanations for this:,4.The reasons are chiefly as follows.,5.There are numerous reasons why _,and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here.,6.The reasons are presented below.,7.There are three premier(,主要的,)/best/most important,largest,significant,obvious,crucial causes as follows.,8.This is based on the propensity(,倾向，原因,)of following points.,9.The main reason is that.,One very important argument for.is that.,10.The reasons are quite clear.Above all,.,11.The first reason can be seen by every person.,12.The first and most important reason is that.,13.One of the reasons that are given for.is that.,14.Perhaps this is because of the simple fact that.,15.One of the premier causes is that(,注意用词,),16.At the risk of sounding too simplistic,it seems to me that the main propositions can be summarized in one saying.,17.We may look into every possible reason,however,foremost reason for.Is.,18.It might also be noted that.,19.There are no less than three advantages in.as rendered below.,三、表达任何事情都有两面性的句型：,1.There comes a question:is it a blessing or a curse.,问题是：,_,是福是祸,?,2.There is no denying that every thing has one more face and.is no exception.,3.Every thing in the world has its own two sides.Without exception,A has both advantages and disadvantages.,4.As the proverb goes:every coin has its two sides,.is no exception.,5.Every thing has a good side and a bad side,and.is no exception.,6.The discussion as to whether the.is a blessing or a curse arouses most peoples interests.,四、表示好处的句型,1.It has the following advantages,2.It does us a lot of good,3.It benefits us quite a lot,4.It is beneficial to us,5.It is of great benefit to us,例：,Books are like friends,They can help us know the world better,，,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons,Therefore,，,reading extensively is of great benefit to us,五、表示坏处的句型,1.It has more disadvantages than advantages,2.It does us much harm,3.It is harmful to us,六、表示重要、必要、困难、方便的句型,1.It is important,（,necessary,，,difficult,，,convenient,，,possible,）,for,sb,to do,sth,2.We think it necessary to do,sth,3.It plays an important role in our life,例：,Computers are now being used everywhere,，,whether in the government,，,in schools or in business,Soon,，,computers will be found in every home,，,too,We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age,七、表示措施的句型,1.We should take some effective measures,2.We should try our best to overcome,（,conquer,）,the difficulties,3.We should do our utmost in doing,sth,4.We should solve the problems that we are confronted,（,faced,）,with,例：,The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious,Therefore,，,we must take some effective measures to solve it,八、表示变化的句型,1,）,Some changes have taken place in the past five years,2,）,A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications,3,）,The computer has brought about many changes in education,例：,Some changes have taken place in peoples diet in the past five years,The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek,Nowadays,，,more