主谓一致&独立主格.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,专升本语法辅导,基础部,外语教研室,1/29/2026,1,语法专题,一、,主谓一致原则,二、,独立主格结构,1/29/2026,2,主谓一致,基本规则,专项练习,正误例析,1/29/2026,3,一、形式上为复数，但意义上为单数的名词作主语时，其谓语动词通常用,单数,形式。如,：,economics,，,linguistics,，,politics,，,mathematics,，,physics,，news,，,works,，,brains(,智慧,),等等。例如：,Physics is a difficult subject.,Brains is very important to a person.,但是，,Chinese,English,French,Japanese,等表示语言时，谓语动词用,单数,，表示人民时，谓语动词用,复数,。,如：,Nowadays English is widely used.,Chinese are brave and diligent people.,1/29/2026,4,二、表示时间、距离、重量、价格、度量衡的复数名词或短语作主语表示一个整体概念时，谓语一般用,单数,。例如：,Five hours is a short time for such a difficult job.,Ten miles is a long way to walk.,1/29/2026,5,三、当主语是表示国家、单位、书报等名称时，谓语动词常用,单数,。例如：,The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.,天方夜谭,是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。,1/29/2026,6,四、不定式短语、动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用,单数,。例如：,Reading in the morning is good for learning English.,但是，当,and,连接上述两个相同的结构时，谓语动词用复数。例如：,Reading books and playing table tennis are my great pleasure.,1/29/2026,7,五、数字运算，谓语一般用,单数,。,Seven times four makes twenty-eight.,七乘以四等于二十八。,1/29/2026,8,六、,the+adj./p.p(,动词过去分词,),做主语，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。,如：,The young are always full of energy.,年轻人总是充满了活力。,The injured have got the best treatment.,伤者得到了最好的治疗。,1/29/2026,9,七、集合名词,people,police,cattle,等作主语时，谓语动词用,复数,；集合名词,army,class,audience,club,committee,crowd,crew,family,group,population,public,team,等作主语时，如指整体，谓语动词用,单数,；如指成员，谓语动词用,复数,。例如：,The family is going to move to Beijing.,The family have different opinions about their going abroad.,1/29/2026,10,八、分数或百分数,及,all,part,some,most,half,the rest of,等表示部分的词或短语作主语时，谓语动词的,单复数,与,of,后的名词一致。例如：,Most of the university students have part-time jobs to finance their tuition.,Most of the work hasnt been finished yet.,1/29/2026,11,Note:,1.,主语含有,a kind/sort/type of,a series of,时，,谓语动词用单数形式。,如：,This is a kind of flowers which blooms at,night.,这是一种夜间盛开的花。,A series of traffic accidents has happened along,the road.,这条路上发生了一连串的交通事故,1/29/2026,12,2.,主语含有,one+in/out of/of+,数词时，谓语动词用,单数,形式。,如：,One out of four examinees is to be accepted.,每四个应试者中会有一个被录取。,1/29/2026,13,3.,one of+,复数名词,+,定语从句中，定语从句中,的谓语动词采用,复数,形式。但是，如果,one,之前,有,only,等词修饰，谓语动词用,单数,。,如：,He was one of those people who always,think they are right.,有些人总认为自己是对的，他就是这样一个人。,She is the only one of those girls who has got the,chance to go to university.,她是这些女孩当中惟一有机会上大学的一个。,1/29/2026,14,九、名词或代词后跟,with,along with,together with,like,accompanied by,except,besides,as well as,in addition to,including,no less than,rather than,as much as,等引起的结构时，谓语动词随结构前的名词或代词的形式而定。例如：,The president,accompanied by five officials,has gone to USA for a very important meeting.,You,，,rather than your sister,are responsible for the matter.,1/29/2026,15,十、由,and,连接的名词的主谓一致情况分以下几种：,1.,当,and,连接的两个名词指同一人、同一事或同一概念时，,and,后面那个名词前没有冠词，谓语动词用,单数,。例如：,The teacher and writer is respected by all the people around.,1/29/2026,16,2.,当,and,连接两个都有冠词的名词作主语时，谓语动词用,复数,。例如：,The teacher and the writer are respected by all the people around.,1/29/2026,17,3,.,用,and,连接的单数名词，前面有,each,every,many a,no,修饰语时，谓语要用,单数,。例如：,Every man,，,woman,and child is entitled to take part in the activity.,Each pen and each paper is found in its place.,1/29/2026,18,十,一,、主语由连词,or,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but(also),等连接的两个名词或代词组成时，其谓语动词应与最近的名词一致。例如：,Either you or I am wrong.,Not only his friends,but also he himself is looking forward to the holding of the party.,1/29/2026,19,十,二,、,there,或,here,引导的主语，而且有多个时，采取就近原则。,如：,Here is a pen,a few envelopes and some paper for you.,这是给你的一支钢笔，几个信封和一些纸。,1/29/2026,20,专项练习,请选择括号中动词的正确形式填空。,1.,Neither you nor your sister _(has/have)been working hard.,2.Fifteen percent of the students _(is/are)absent today.,3.One thousand dollars _(is/are)a lot of money to such a little child.,4.Your brother,as well as his friends,，,_(is/are)very kind to us.,5.What he said _(is/are)reasonable.,1/29/2026,21,6.,The class _(is/are)the best in the school.,7.News _(is/are)indispensable to our life.,8,.The singer and dancer _(is/are)welcomed warmly by the local people.,9,.No teacher and no student _(is/are)listening to the lecture.,答案：,1.,has 2.are 3.is 4.is 5.is 6.is 7.is 8.is/are 9.is 10.is,1/29/2026,22,Every means _ tried but without much result.,a.has been b.have been c.are d.is,All that can be done _.,a.has done,b.has been done,c.have done,d.have been done,Many a student _ the importance of learning,a foreign language.,a.have realized,b.has realize,c.have been realized,d.has been realized,1/29/2026,23,Mary is one of the girls who _ always on time.,a.is,b.am,c.are,d.was,Tom is the only one of the stall members who,_ to be promoted.,a.is going,b.are going,c.has been going,d.have been going,A number of cars _ in front of the park,a.is parked,b.was parked,c.are parked,d.has parked,the number of articles published on smoking,_ amazing.,a.is b.are c.were d.have been,1/29/2026,24,No one except two students _ the meeting.,a.has been late for,b.have been late for,c.was late for,d.were later for,All but him and me _ to the exhibition.,a.am going,b.is going,c.are going,d.was going,Interest,as well as prospects,_ important,when one looks for a job.,a.are,b.were,c.is,d.was,1/29/2026,25,The majority of doctors _ smoking is harmful,to health.,a.are believed,b.had believed,c.has believed,d.believe,The majority of the damage _ easy to repair.,a.is,b.are,c.were,d.be,Four-fifths of the crop _.,a.are ruined,b.was ruined,c.were ruined,d.have been ruined,Three-fourths of the buildings _.,a.was destroyed,b.is destroyed,c.were destroyed,d.has been destroyed,1/29/2026,26,In that country,the rich _ richer,the poor,poorer.,a.become,b.has become,c.becomes,d.is becoming,Not one in one hundred children exposed to,the disease _ likely to develop it.,a.should be,b.must be,c.is,d.are,1/29/2026,27,正误例析,1.,面包和奶酪是他最喜欢吃的食品。,误：,The bread and butter are his favorite food.,正：,The bread and butter is his favorite food.,析：习惯上把,bread and butter,看成是一个整体，所以系动词应为,is,，,而不用,are,。,类似的例子还有：,knife and fork,(,刀叉,),needle and thread(,针线,),law and order(,法令,),war and peace,watch and chain(,表链,),cup and saucer,（,带茶托的茶杯）,ice-cream and cake,（,冰淇淋蛋糕）,iron and steel,（,钢铁）,等等。,1/29/2026,28,正误例析,2.,中国的人口比美国多。,误：,The population of China are larger than that of America.,正：,The population of China is larger than that of America.,析：,population,指的是人口这一整体概念，应视为单数，因而句中的,are,应改为,is,。,但在特定的语境中也可以看作复数。如：,80%,of the population in our country are farmers.,我国,80%,的人口是农民。,1/29/2026,29,正误例析,3.,什么样的作家写什么样的书。,误：,The kind of books an author writes depend on the kind of man who he is.,正：,The kind of books an author writes depends on the kind of man who he is.,析：该句的主语是,kind,，,为单数形式，所以,depend,应改为,depends,。,1/29/2026,30,正误例析,4.,一个又一个强盗被杀了。,误：,Many a robber were killed.,正：,Many a robber was killed.,析：,many a,后接单数名词，其含义为,许多,，所以,were,应改为,was,。,1/29/2026,31,独立主格,一、,独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式,二、,独立主格结构的特殊构成形式,三,、,独立主格结构的用法,四、,独立主格结构常见出题形式及解题策略,1/29/2026,32,一、概念及基本构成形式,独立主格结构,(,the absolute structure),是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。,More examples,1/29/2026,33,一、概念及基本构成形式,1)Night enshrouding the earth,nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.(,黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。,),2),He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.(,他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。,),3),The coward was backing,his face being deathly pale,toward another room.(,那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。,),More examples,1/29/2026,34,一、概念及基本构成形式,独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如，上述例句可变为：,1),Because night enshrouded the earth,nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.,2)He lay at full length upon his stomach.His head rested upon his left forearm.,3)The coward was backing toward another room.His face was deathly pale.,1/29/2026,35,二、特殊构成形式,独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词代词分词,(,短语,),外，还有如下特殊构成形式。,1.,名词介词短语,2.,名词形容词,(,短语,),3.,名词副词,4.,with,常常用在独立主格结构前，构成介词短语作状语。这种用法中的,with,不表达什么意义，因而常可省略。,1/29/2026,36,1.,名词,+,介词短语,1),The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist,a bunch of flowers in his hands.(,广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花，迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。,),2),Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house,a vast load of firewood on her back.(,每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间东倒西歪的房屋前蹒跚着走过。,),1/29/2026,37,2.,名词,+,形容词（短语）,1),The Trojans asleep,the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.(,特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。,),2),The wretched boy,who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks,is now sweeping away the snow,his hands numb with cold.(,那个可怜的小男孩最近刚刚从森林中被抓进兵营里打扫地板，现在他正在扫雪，手都冻麻了。,),1/29/2026,38,3.,名词,+,副词,1),This little excitement over,nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion.(,一阵小小的兴奋过后，除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外，别无它事可干了。,),2),This intermezzo over,he found himself surrounded by several stunning,porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos.(,这曲子过后，他发现自己身处几位穿着和服并且有着娇好面容的日本女人的包围之中。,),1/29/2026,39,4.,由,with,引导,1),With a revolver in his right hand,Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door and smashed it down with a crash.(,约翰尼右手拿着左轮手枪，健壮的身体猛扑在门上，轰隆一声把门撞开了。,),2),The traffic inched along,with horns honking.(,汽车缓慢地向前挪着，喇叭声不断响着。,),1/29/2026,40,三、用法,独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示：,1.,时间,2.,条件,3.,原因,4.,伴随状况,1/29/2026,41,1.,作时间状语,1),My shoes removed,I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft,tatami matting.,After my shoes were removed,I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft,tatami matting.(,我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。,),2),The governor pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path.,While the governor was pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path.(,总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。,),1/29/2026,42,2.,作条件状语,1),Weather permitting,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.,If weather permits,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.(,如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。,),2),Such being the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.,If such is the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.(,如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。,),1/29/2026,43,3.,作原因状语,1)The storm drawing near,the navy decided to call it a day.,Since the storm was drawing near,the navy decided to call it a day.(,由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。,),2),The Cossack being intent on his stalking,his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.,Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking,his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.(,这位哥萨克人只顾专心致志地朝前大步走着，所以一只脚踩上了伸出地面的树枝，那是一个机关的起动装置。,),1/29/2026,44,4.,作伴随状语,1)I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,the people falling back respectfully on either side.,I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,and the people fell back respectfully on either side.(,我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。,),2),He would appear in the doorway,gray fedora pulled low over his face,his eyes sweeping the room for any sign of trouble.,He would appear in the doorway.A gray fedora was pulled low over his face,and his eyes swept the room for any sign of trouble.(,他常常出现在门廊里，一顶灰色浅顶软呢帽遮住大半个脸，眼睛扫过整个房屋，寻找滋事的迹象。,),1/29/2026,45,四、常见出题形式及解题策略,此类题型的解题策略可以概括为,“,结构分析法,”,，即首先分析句子结构，判断句子缺少的成分，同时注意主句与其他部分之间有无连接词，是否用逗号隔开。若有逗号而无连接词，则可对选项部分作如下初步判断：,1),选项部分可能会构成状语从句或非限制性定语从句,(,但二者必须由从属连词或关系代词、关系副词引导,),；,2),选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的非谓语动词短语,(,但非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语通常为主句的主语,),；,3),选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的独立主格结构,(,独立主格结构有自己的主语，并可扩展为状语从句或独立句子,),。初步判断后，即可联系句子，对照选项，作出选择。,1/29/2026,46,