国际物流网络.pptx

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国际物流网络,国际物流与报关实务,本章内容,国际物流网络概述,2.1,国际物流节点发展状况,2.2,国际运输通道发展状况,2.3,2.1,国际物流网络概述,2.1.1,国际物流网络的概念,国际物流网络一般是指由服务于各国进出口货物及其相关信息跨国流动的各类物流节点，以及将这些节点连接起来的各类运输通道所构成的全球性物流基础设施平台。,网络中的物流节点是完成除运输以外的各种物流活动的空间场所，例如进出口货物的集散、中转、储存、流通加工、信息处理等物流活动均在各类物流节点进行。,网络中的运输通道是指将各类分散的国际物流节点连接起来的运输线路，主要负责完成各国进出口货物的输送任务。根据运输方式的不同，运输通道可分为海运通道、空运通道、国际铁路联运通道、国际公路运输通道、国际管道运输通道等。,2.1.2,国际物流节点的主要类型,目前国际物流网络中存在着国际贸易港口、国际空港、无水港、边境口岸、国际物流园区（中心）、自由贸易区等诸多类型的物流节点。,2.1.2.1,国际贸易港口,国际贸易港口是国际物流网络中最为核心的一类物流节点类型。,一方面在于国际海运是国际贸易最主要的运输方式，三分之二以上的国际贸易总运量由海运完成，而重要的国际贸易港口对外通过远洋、近洋航线与世界各地相连，对内通过各种运输方式深入腹地，是一国对外贸易海运与其他运输方式之间的必经转运点；,另一方面还在于随着全球化和港口物流服务功能的不断拓展，国际贸易港口不再仅仅是国际物流运作中的必经转运点，而是正日益发展成为国际物流链的组织管理与增值服务中心，以及区域经济和产业发展的支柱。,国际贸易港口的分类,（,1,）国际贸易港口按坐落位置的不同，可分为海港、河口港和河港。,（,2,）按对外开放程度的不同，国际贸易港口还可分为一般的国际贸易港口和自由港。,（,3,）按经营特点分，可分为定期船港和不定期船港。,（,4,）在国际集装箱运输网络中，按港口在运输网络中的地位分，还可将港口分为集装箱枢纽港、干线港、支线港与喂给港。,2.1.2.2,国际机场,国际机场是供国际航线出入境并设有海关、边防检查（移民检查）、卫生检疫、动植物检疫和商品检验等联检机构的机场。,国际定期航班机场,国际定期航班备降机场,国际不定期航班机场,2.1.2.4,边境口岸,边境口岸是指在两个国家边境两侧，由双方法定机关实施监管的，用于人员、运输工具、货物和物品直接出入境的特定区域，是内陆国家以及沿海国家内陆地区开展双边贸易以及过境贸易的必不可少的物流节点。,边境口岸一般位于两个国家边境贸易的主要通道之上，而且必需是毗邻国家同时设置，两个国家的口岸彼此相对应，缺一不可，有严格的对应性。例如我国的丹东与朝鲜的新义州，我国的满洲里与俄罗斯的后贝加尔斯克等。,边境口岸根据开放程度的不同，主要分为双边性口岸和国际性口岸。,2.1.2.5,国际物流园区（中心）,国际物流园区是指多种物流设施和不同类型的物流企业在空间上集中布局，具有一定规模和综合国际物流服务功能的物流节点。,国际物流中心与物流园区基本类似，其与国际物流园区的主要区别体现在运营模式上。国际物流园区通常由多个经营主体运营，是政府在空间上提供的一个聚集区。国际物流中心则是由单一经营实体控制的一种地域空间。,国际物流园区（中心）一般在国际海港、空港、内陆无水港、边境口岸附近，或靠近外贸工业园区以及外贸商品集散中心的区域选址。与此同时，国际物流中心还可以在国际物流园区内选址，一个园区里可有多个物流中心。,国际物流园区（中心）能提供包括进出口货物运输、分拣包装、储存保管、集疏中转、信息服务、货物配载、业务受理等在内的多项物流功能。某些特殊类型的物流园区（中心）还能够提供一些特殊功能，如货物保税功能。,2.1.2.6,自由贸易区,广义的自由贸易区通常指签署,自由贸易协定,同意消除,关税,、贸易,配额,和,优先级别,的一些,国家,的组合，如北美自由贸易区、中日韩自由贸易区等。,作为国际物流节点的自由贸易区通常是指狭义的自由贸易区，即一国国内消除了关税和贸易配额、并且对经济的,行政干预,较小的区域，这些区域在不同国家根据主要功能、地理位置等的不同也被称为出口自由区、自由关税区、免税贸易区、自由边境区、保税区、保税港区及投资促进区等。,2.1.3,国际物流通道的主要类型,2.1.3.1,国际海运通道,海上运输承运人在可供通行的海运航路中，综合参照安全、货运、港口、技术、经济效益等几个方面的因素，选定各种跨国营运线路，即国际海运航线。,（,1,）按船舶营运方式分，可分为定期航线和不定期航线。,（,2,）按航程的远近分，可分为远洋航线和近洋航线。,（,3,）按航行的范围分，还可分为大西洋航线、太平洋航线、印度洋航线、环球航线。,2.1.3.2,国际空运通道,国际空运航线通常由始发点、经停点、目的点和以远点相连接的航迹构成。航空公司选择航线及其经停点是一个复杂的问题，首先要从政治上、经济上、技术上等诸因素结合起来，予以综合考虑和审慎确定；其次由于航线与航空运营权利紧密相连，其中间经停点和以远点又涉及到第三国，若要获得充分的运营权利，往往还要经过复杂的谈判。,2.1.3.3,国际铁路通道,国际铁路通道是顺应国际集装箱运输发展趋势，实现一体化运输，以及出于保障国家能源、原材料等战略物资进口运输安全的考虑，在铁路合作组织、国际铁路联盟、欧洲联盟等国际组织的推动下，由不同国家的铁路干线组成的跨国陆运通道。,国际铁路通道根据功能不同可分为区域性通道和过境通道。区域性通道指为一定区域内少数国家服务的运输通道，通常仅在相邻国家之间。,2.1.3.4,国际公路与管道运输通道,国际公路运输通道是由不同国家的公路干线组成的跨国陆运通道。国际公路运输是陆上邻国之间完成进出口及过境货物运输的最重要方式之一。,国际管道运输通道是指由跨国能源管道组成的运输通道。跨国管道主要运输石油和天然气，是很多能源生产国出口石油和天然气的重要渠道。,本章内容,国际物流网络概述,2.1,国际物流节点发展状况,2.2,国际运输通道发展状况,2.3,国际物流物理网络简图,主要内容,国际物流的运作模式,国际物流节点,口岸,港口,自由贸易区、保税区、出口加工区,国际物流中心、物流园区,1.,国际物流体系的运作模式,卖方（发货人）,国际货运代理人,海,关,海,关,承运人,承运人,买方（收货人）,交货,报关,交付,国际,运输,提货,送货,信息流,国际货运代理人,报关,出口,进口,国际货代在国际物流中的角色,货主,货运代理,承运人,纸运输合同,契约承运人,托运人,实际运输合同,实际承运人,托运人,Vendor,Maersk Logistics at origin,Carrier,Customs,Customs,Maersk Logistics at destination,Client,Goods,Documents,Goods,Documents,Goods,Documents,Goods,Documents,Goods,Documents,Goods,Documents,Sub-contrator,Main Steps,Communication&IT-support,Activities,Purchase order,Vendor Management,Vendor Booking,Cargo Recieving,Cargo to Carrier,Document Management,Inbound Planning,Cargo Release,Vendor check(also triangle trade),Receive booking from Vendor(Shipping order),Matching booking with purchase order(P/O),Preadvice to Client,Booking confirmation to vendor,Cargo checking,-discrepancy,-condition,Dock receipt to vendor,Information about cargo to carrier,Deliver cargo to carrier,Collect Bill of lading from carrier,Document checking and sorting,Document dispatch to Maersk Destination,Issuing Forwarders Cargo Receipt or House bill of lading to Vendor,Inbound cargo reports to client,-vessel manifest report,-container arrival lists,-incoming cargo receipt,Carrier coordination,Preparation for custom clearance,obtain delivery instructions from client(or third party),Import Custom clearance,Release request to Carrier,Delivery order to trucker,(Delivery to client),MODS/Log*IT,M*POWER,EDI/E-mail/Fax,MODS/Log*IT,M*POWER,Fax/E-mail/Phone,MODS/Log*IT,M*POWER,Fax/E-mail/Phone,M*POWER shipper,MODS/Log*IT,M*POWER,MODS,M*POWER,Fax/EDI/E-mail,Bank swift,Invoicing System,MODS,M*POWER,M*POWER shipper,EDI/E-mail/Fax,MiPS,M*POWER,Log*IT/Track*IT,Interface to customs,E-mail/Phone/EDI/Fax,Log*IT/Track*IT,EDI/E-mail/Fax/Phone,MiPS,Interface to customs,M*POWER,Order receiving,-manual,-automatically(PO-upload),Cargo Planning,Export custom clearance,Warehouse activites,Warehouse activities,Distribution,Container load planning,Carrier booking,Container stuffing instructions,MODS/Log*IT,M*POWER,Fax/E-mail,Prepare export customs(only if cartons),Export Customs clearance,Interface to Customs IT-system,MODS/Log*IT,M*POWER,Container pick-up,Container stuffing,WHS-activities,-Barcoding,-Garment on hangers,-Slipsheeting,-Shrinkwrapping,Deliver consolidated container,MODS/Log*IT,M*POWER,Unstuffing container and cargo checking,WHS activities,-Scanning,-Pick-and-pack,-Blow-up,(Delivery to client),E-mail,Fax,MiPS,M*POWER,Phone,Booking distributor,(Delivery to client),Log*IT/Track*IT,EDI/E-mail/Fax/Phone,MiPS,M*POWER,Supply Chain Management,Claims,Receive claim,Acknowledgement,Surveyor,Claim resolution,MODS,fax/E-mail,Reporting,Invoicing&,settlement,Supporting processes,Communication&IT-support,Activities,SOP writing,-Mandatory information,-Transmission frequency,-Business aliases,-Vendor list,-Client contact list,-Ship window,-Invoicing agreement,-Communication form,-etc.,Vessel Manifest Report,Container Arrival List,Incoming Cargo Report,Document Delay Notice,Discrepancy Communication,Visibility reports,Management Decision Reports,Other,customised,MODS/Track*IT/Log*IT,M*POWER,fax,E-mail,MiPS,Financial System,Invoicing,-3.party,-Client,Profit/loss,Settlement of:,-3.party,-Customs,-Carrier,Word,MODS/Track*IT/Log*IT,E-mail,SOP,Business Process Overview,1.Order to Vendor,2.Purchase order to Vendor,(EDI/E-mail/Fax),Purchase Order,Custom,Carrier,Client,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Client,Vendor,Custom,3.Register P/O details(aut.if EDI),MODS/Order Module,Full visibility(M*Power),Carrier/Terminal,Cargo,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),1.Order to Vendor,2.Purchase order to Vendor,(EDI/E-mail/Fax),Purchase Order,Custom,Carrier,Client,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Client,Vendor,Custom,3.Register P/O details(aut.if EDI),MODS/Order Module,Full visibility(M*Power),Carrier/Terminal,Cargo,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Vendor Management,4.Vendor check,(Fax/E-mail),8.Discrepancy communication,(E-mail/Fax/M*POWER),MODS/Vendor Management Report,6.Check SOP for Vendor Mgt.and communicate according to instructions,Carrier,Client,Custom,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Client,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Custom,Cargo,5.Reply,(Fax/E-mail),7.Discrepancy communication,(MODS),Full visibility(M*Power),Carrier/Terminal,Vendor Booking,9.Booking with shipping order form,(M*POWER shipper/Fax/Phone),12.Discrepancy Communication,(E-mail/Fax),13.Pre-advice,(E-mail/Fax),14.Booking confirmation,(FAX/E-mail),Carrier,Client,Custom,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Client,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Custom,Cargo,10.Register ship-ping order,(Aut.if M*POWER shipper),MODS,Carrier/Terminal,Full visibility(M*Power),11.Match shipping order with P/O,MODS/Booking panel,Cargo Planning,16.Carrier booking with shipping order form,(E-mail/Fax),17.Booking confirmation,(E-mail/Fax),19.Issue ASN-report from MODS,(mail),Carrier,Client,Custom,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Client,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Custom,Cargo,15.Container load Planning,MODS/Stuffing panel,Full visibility(M*Power),18.Update with tentative container no.and issue stuffing instructions,MODS,Carrier/Terminal,Export Custom Clearance,Carrier,Client,Custom,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Client,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Custom,Cargo,20.Customs clearance,(interface to custom IT-system),Carrier/Terminal,Cargo Receiving,Carrier,Client,Custom,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Client,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Custom,Cargo,Trucker,21.Deliver cargo,23.Dock receipt,MODS/Receipt menu,22.Update and check received cargo with system,Carrier/Terminal,Full visibility(M*Power),Warehouse Activities Origin,Carrier,Client,Custom,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Client,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Custom,Cargo,Trucker,24.Container pick-up from terminal,MODS/Stuffing Menu,25.Update MODS with container stuffing result,Carrier/Terminal,Full visibility(M*Power),Cargo to Carrier,Carrier,Client,Custom,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Client,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Custom,Cargo,26.Deliver container,Trucker,27.Bill of lading information,(EDI,),28.Payment,(bank swift),29.Collect carrier bill of lading,MODS/,B/L preparation menu,30.Update MODS with bill of lading no.,31.Container Load Result,(MODS),Carrier/Terminal,Full visibility(M*Power),32.Container Load Result,(M*POWER,EDI,E-mail,Fax),Invoicing System,33.Invoice,Document Management,Carrier,Client,Custom,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Client,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Custom,Cargo,34.Invoice,(mail,fax,EDI),35.Document Delay Notice,(Fax/E-mail),36.Document Delay Notice,(MODS),37.Document Delay Notice,(M*POWER,E-mail,fax),39.Forwarding document pouch,(courier),41.Create FCR or HB/L,MODS,38.Forwarders Cargo Receipt(FCR)or House Bill of Lading(HB/L)and shipping advice,Carrier/Terminal,40.Payment,Full visibility(M*Power),Full visibility(M*Power),Inbound Planning,Carrier,Client,Custom,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Client,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Custom,Cargo,43.Inbound Cargo reports,(M*POWER,E-mail,Fax),45.Deliver instructions,(Fax,Phone,E-mail),Carrier/Terminal,42.Check documents and verify data,M*POWER/MiPS,44.Delivery planning,M*POWER,Cargo Release,Carrier,Client,Custom,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Client,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Custom,46.Custom clearance,(Interface),47.Ref.no.,(Interface),49.Release request,(Fax,Phone,E-mail),50.Release request,(Fax,Phone,E-mail),MiPS,48.Load M*POWER data,Trucker,51.Delivery order,(E-mail,Fax,EDI),52.Final delivery,Carrier/Terminal,53.Delivery note,(Fax,E-mail),Cargo,Warehouse Activities,Carrier,Client,Custom,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Client,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Custom,Cargo,Trucker,54.Container delivery,56.Final delivery,Carrier/Terminal,MODS(Track*IT/Log*IT),55.Register“unstuffing”,57.Delivery note,(Fax,E-mail),Distribution,Carrier,Client,Custom,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Client,Vendor,Maersk Logistics(Origin),Maersk Logistics(Destination),Custom,Cargo,Trucker,58.Booking distributor,59.Delivery note,(Fax,E-mail),60.Final delivery,Carrier/Terminal,Vendor,Maersk Logistics at origin,Carrier,Customs,Customs,Maersk Logistics at destination,Client,Goods,Documents,Goods,Documents,Goods,Documents,Goods,Documents,Goods,Documents,Goods,Documents,Sub-contrator,Main Steps,Communication&IT-support,Activities,Purchase order,Vendor Management,Vendor Booking,Cargo Recieving,Cargo to Carrier,Document Management,Inbound Planning,Cargo Release,Vendor check(also triangle trade),Receive booking from Vendor(Shipping order),Matching booking with purchase order(P/O),Preadvice to Client,Booking confirmation to vendor,Cargo checking,-discrepancy,-condition,Dock receipt to vendor,Information about cargo to carrier,Deliver cargo to carrier,Collect Bill of lading from carrier,Document checking and sorting,Document dispatch to Maersk Destination,Issuing Forwarders Cargo Receipt or House bill of lading to Vendor,Inbound cargo reports to client,-vessel manifest report,-container arrival lists,-incoming cargo receipt,Carrier coordination,Preparation for custom clearance,obtain delivery instructions from client(or third party),Import Custom clearance,Release request to Carrier,Delivery order to trucker,(Delivery to client),MODS/Log*IT,M*POWER,EDI/E-mail/Fax,MODS/Log*IT,M*POWER,Fax/E-mail/Phone,MODS/Log*IT,M*POWER,Fax/E-mail/Phone,M*POWER shipper,MODS/Log*IT,M*POWER,MODS,M*POWER,Fax/EDI/E-mail,Bank swift,Invoicing System,MODS,M*POWER,M*POWER shipper,EDI/E-mail/Fax,MiPS,M*POWER,Log*IT/Track*IT,Interface to customs,E-mail/Phone/EDI/Fax,Log*IT/Track*IT,EDI/E-mail/Fax/Phone,MiPS,Interface to customs,M*POWER,Order receiving,-manual,-automatically(PO-upload),Cargo Planning,Export custom clearance,Warehouse activites,Warehouse activities,Distribution,Container load planning,Carrier booking,Container stuffing instructions,MODS/Log*IT,M*POWER,Fax/E-mail,Prepare export customs(only if cartons),Export Customs clearance,Interface to Customs IT-system,MODS/Log*IT,M*POWER,Container pick-up,Container stuffing,WHS-activities,-Barcoding,-Garment on hangers,-Slipsheeting,-Shrinkwrapping,Deliver consolidated container,MODS/Log*IT,M*POWER,Unstuffing container and cargo checking,WHS activities,-Scanning,-Pick-and-pack,-Blow-up,(Delivery to client),E-mail,Fax,MiPS,M*POWER,Phone,Booking distributor,(Delivery to client),Log*IT/Track*IT,EDI/E-mail/Fax/Phone,MiPS,M*POWER,Supply Chain Management,Claims,Receive claim,Acknowledgement,Surveyor,Claim resolution,MODS,fax/E-mail,Reporting,Invoicing&,settlement,Supporting processes,Communication&IT-support,Activities,SOP writing,-Mandatory information,-Transmission frequency,-Business aliases,-Vendor list,-Client contact list,-Ship window,-Invoicing agreement,-Communication form,-etc.,Vessel Manifest Report,Container Arrival List,Incoming Cargo Report,Document Delay Notice,Discrepancy Communication,Visibility reports,Management Decision Reports,Other,customised,MODS/Track*IT/Log*IT,M*POWER,fax,E-mail,MiPS,Financial System,Invoicing,-3.party,-Client,Profit/loss,Settlement of:,-3.party,-Customs,-Carrier,Word,MODS/Track*IT/Log*IT,E-mail,SOP,Business Process Overview,2.,国际物流结点,国际物流节点指的是那些从事与国际物流相关活动的物流节点。,如制造厂仓库、中间商仓库、国内外中转点仓库、流通加工配送中心、保税区仓库、物流中心、物流园区等。,国际物流节点的功能：,衔接功能,信息功能,管理功能,类型：,转运型,储存型,流通型,综合性,3.,口岸,3.1,口岸的概念,综合地讲，口岸是由国家指定对外经贸、政治、外交、科技、文化、旅游和移民等往来，并供往来人员、货物和交通工具出入国（边）境的港口、机场、车站和通道。,简单地讲，口岸是国家指定对外往来的门户。,现在口岸包括的范围：,除了对外开放的沿海港口之外，口岸还包括：,国际航线上的飞机场；,山脉国境线上对外开放的山口；,国际铁路、国际公路上对外开放的火车站、汽车站；,国界河流和内河上对外开放的水运港口。,关境与国境,关境是世界各国海关通用的概念，指适用于同一海关法或实行同一关税制度的领域。,在一般情况下，关境的范围等于国境，但对于关税同盟，其成员国之间货物进出国境不征收关税，只对于来自和运往非同盟国的货物在进出共同关境时征收关税，因而对于每个成员国来说，其关境大于国境，如欧盟。,若在国内设立自由港、自由贸易区等特定区域，因进出这些特定区域的货物都是免税的，因而该国的关境小于国境。,关境