美国政治制度.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,美国政治制度ppt,American Politics,American Eagle-National Emblem,self-protection,the pursuit of peace and prosperity,one out of many,合众为一,Objectives,By being exposed to facts and reviews of American politics in this unit,students are supposed to have an overall understanding of:,the birth and perfection of the U.S.Constitution;,a political system featured by a written constitution and federalism;,the three branches of the federal government;,party politics in the U.S.,Contents,The Constitution and Federalism,宪法和联邦制,The Executive Branch of the Federal Government,联邦政府的行政部门,The Legislative Branch of the Federal government,联邦政府的立法部门,The Judicial Branch of the Federal Government,Political Parties,I.The Constitution and Federalism,I.The Constitution and Federalism,Articles of Confederation,联邦条款,Constitution of the United States,美利坚合众国宪法,Bill of Rights,人权法案,Federalism,联邦制,Checks and Balances,政府机关彼此之间的相互制衡,I.The Constitution and Federalism,1.Articles of Confederation,联邦条款,The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union-the first constitution-like official document,联邦和永久联盟的章程,-,第一部宪法，如官方文件,drafted in June 1776,proposed to the States for ratification in 1777,and completed in 1781,起草于六月,1776,，向美国提出的,1777,个批准，并完成了,1781,failed and was replaced by the US Constitution in 1788,失败了，被美国宪法所取代,1788,The former 13 British colonies became 13 states of the new nation.,They were not very,clear about the future,political system of the,United States and,about the relationships,between the states and,the government of the,new nation.,A document drafted to,make them like a,one country,Each new state had its own government and was organized very much like an independent nation,Congress,a weak central government stipulated by Articles of Confederation,国会，一个由联邦政府规定的力量弱小的中央政府,failed to govern the states in a good way.,The Article of Confederation failed because the states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other.,The Congress asked each state to send delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia to discuss the changes which would be necessary to strengthen the Articles of Confederation.,The Articles were,replaced by the US,Constitution on,June 21,1788.,I.The Constitution and Federalism,2.,Constitution of the United States,美国宪法,the supreme law of the United States and the foundation for politics in the U.S.,adopted by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,宾夕法尼亚,and later ratified,（被批准）,by conventions in each state,Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States by Howard Chandler Christy(1873-1952),The Constitutional Convention began in May of 1787.In the course of it,the delegates designed a new form of government for the United States.,The plan for the government was written in very simple language in a document called the Constitution of the United States.,The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government.A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts,with some rights reserved to each.,In writing the Constitution,the delegates had to deal with,two main fears,shared by most Americans,.,Power tends to corrupt,and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”-Lord Acton(1834-1902),English Catholic historian,politician,and writer,One fear,was that one person or group,including the majority,might become too powerful or be able to seize control of the country and create a tyranny.To guard against this possibility,the delegates set up a government consisting of three parts,or branches,the executive,the legislative and the judicial.Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by another branch.,Another fear,was that the new central government might weaken or take away the power of the state governments to run their own affairs.To deal with this the Constitution specified exactly what power the central government had and which power was reserved for the states.The states were allowed to run their own governments as they wished,provided that their governments were republican.,For Fear 1,:one person or group,including the majority,might become to powerful or be able to seize control of the country and create a tyranny.,Three branches,Separation of Powers,the executive-the legislative -the judicial,Each branch has powers that the others do not have,Each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting,any wrongful action by another branch,The membership and powers of congress,House of representatives,senate,Number of people,435,100,Serves year,2 year,6 year,leader,The speaker,Vice president,power,Smaller,bigger,qualification,2,5 year old,American citizen,3,0 year old,American citizen,Leadership and committees in congress,(senate),Vice president,President pro tempore,Other member,临时主席,Leadership and committees in congress,(house of representatives),The speaker,The majority leader,Other member,The power of congress,The right to collect taxes,Regulate foreign and domestic commerce,Coin money,Declare,war,Support an army and navy,Estabish lower federal courts,Quality to elected to congress,The party strength in the area,Personal character and appeal,First-term or,incumbent,status,Occasional national tides,Campaign strategies and,fundraising,abilities,Four types of committees,四种委员会,standing,select,conference,joint,Permanent,fixed power,Temporary,examine specific issues,Deal with the differences in,legislation,between,Two house,The issues concern to congress,and investigate,problems,How a bill becomes a law,The President and the Judiciary,The president and his powers,1,The organization of executive branch,2,3,The state court system,4,The federal court system,American president,Because the United States is a,presidential system,the president fulfills the roles of,head of state,and,head of government,.,The power of American president,Executive powers,Powers related to,Legislation,Powers of Appointment,委任的权利,Executive clemency,行政赦免,Foreign affairs,Emergency Powers,The organization of executive branch,（行政分支）,Four,agency,White house,Office,白宫,National security,Council,美国国家,安全委员会,Council of,Economic,advisors,经济顾问委员会,Office of,management,and budget,行政管理,预算局,The federal court systems,The supreme court(final jurisdiction),Two systems,The state courts,Federal courts system,appeal,district,supreme,Main function,Both trial and appellate courts,The district courts,Bring to federal courts of appeal,The courts of appeal,Highest court in the federal system,The supreme court,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Superior courts,a state,supreme court,Appellate courts,A,hierarchy,of three levels,The state court system,Political Parities and,Elections,The United states has two-party system.Only the two major parties,Democrats,and,Republicans,have the chance to win the general election and control of Congress.,Contents,4,The development of political parties,1,2,3,5,The structure and function of political parties,Differences:Democrats and Republicans,Voting and elections,Electing President,The development of political parties,18,世纪,90,年代初,1824,年 第一个重要时期,1824,年,内战前 第二个重要时期,内战时期 重要转折点,美国两党制形成的奠基时期，在此期间，美国政党政治开创了两党轮流执政的局面，两党各自也确立了全国代表大会制度。,内战结束以后，美国的两党政治进入一个新的历史时期，即民主党与共和党长期垄断国家政权的历史时期。在这一时期，两大政党已经完全拜托了近代政党的组织模式和观念，发展成为现代的政党。,之后美国的两党政治发展起来，存在着一些不平衡，直到,1952,年两党才均衡地交替执政,The development,美国两党政治兴起的历史时期，对以后美国两党政治的发展具有重要的影响。,The structure of political parties,Have the chance to win the general election,Two major parties,Have the chance to control of congress,Democratic,party,Republican,party,C o m p a r e,Democrats,“,左派,”“,自由派,”,代表中产阶层和贫民阶层,城市力量较强,主要支持者是工会和知识分子,及社会边缘化势力,The differences,Republicans,“,右派,”“,保守派,”,代表资产阶层和社会保守势力,主要支持者有宗教组织,大企业,退伍军人,白人等,.,共和党,(,Republican Party,):,又称为老大党,简称,GOP,(Grand Old Party),象征是大象,是所谓的,鹰派,代表色为红色,民主党,(,Democratic Party,):,象征是驴,是所谓的,“,鸽派,”,代表色为蓝色,驴 象 之 争,Voting and elections,美国总统选举实行间接选举制。首先由各州选民投票选出本州选举人（人数与本州国会议员人数相等），再由各州选举人同时在各州首府投票选举正、副总统。议员选举实行直接选举制。众议员由各州选民直接选举,参议员也由各州选民直接选举。州长、议员和某些州的法官、重要行政官员都由选民选举产生。,Electing President,美国是标准的总统制国家。美国的总统既是国家元首又是政府行政首脑，由全民直接选举产生,。四年一度的美国总统选举过程漫长而复杂，主要包括预选、各党召开全国代表大会确定总统候选人、总统候选人竞选、全国选举、选举人团投票表决和当选总统就职。,US ELECTIONS 2008,美国大选,The structure of political parties,Have the chance to win the general election,Two major parties,Have the chance to control of congress,Democratic,party,Republican,party,Two major parties,共和党,Republican Party,民主党,Democratic Party,两党四人 驴象,PK,竞选副手,拜登,年龄：,66,岁,人格特质：,拥有丰富的外交、国防和法律事务经验,学历：,毕业于特拉华大学,总统侯选人,奥巴马,年龄：,47,岁,人格特质：,首位非洲裔的主要党派总统候选人,学历：,哈佛大学法学博士学位,竞选副手,佩林,年龄：,44,岁,人格特质：,共和党保守派、政治新星、漂亮能干,学历：,爱达荷大学新闻系学位,总统侯选人,麦凯恩,年龄：,71,岁,人格特质：,性子太直、狂妄自大、漫不经心,学历：,美国海军军官学校,演讲现场,200,万人的现场,奥巴马总统和夫人向人群挥手示意,就职典礼现场的美国妇女,奥巴马总统的就职典礼高潮迭起，场面激动人心。,面对冒着严寒和风雪前来观礼的美国民众，奥巴马发表了振奋人心的讲话。,选举投票,