英语语法大全.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,English Grammar,Unit Two,Noun,1,、可数,(countable),与不可数,(uncountable),名词的转换；,2,、名词的单,(singular),、复数,(plural form),；,3,、名词作定语,(,复合名词,),；,4,、名词的搭配,;,5,、名词的属格；,6,、词语辨析。,Importance,专有名词,(Proper Nouns),普通名词,(Common Nouns),个体名词,(Individual Nouns),集体名词,(Collective Nouns),物质名词,(Material Nouns,),抽象名词,(Abstract Nouns),不可数名词,(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词,(Countable Nouns),名词的种类,可数名词与不可数名词,countabl and uncountable,Q 1,：,He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers.,A.wealth;work B.,wealths,;works,C.,wealths,;work D.wealth;works,抽象名词和物质名词被称为不可数名词。本题中,wealth,为不可数名词，,works,作“作品”解，属单复数同形的可数名词。,other un.,（,consult C on P.13,）,Then do Ex.A,on P 14.,名词的可数与不可数之间的转化,1.I need_ cloth,for Im hoping to make _clothes.,A.a lot of;many B.much;much C.many;many D.many;a lot 2.We waited _ for the bus.,A.long time B.a long time C.the long time D.some long time3._work has been done to improve the peoples living standard.A.,Many,B.A great many,C.A large number of D.A great deal of4.The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that,we took _pictures of them.A.many of B.masses of C.the number of D.a large amount of5.We have only a sofa,a table and a bed in our new apartment.We need to,buy _ more furniture.A.any B.many C.little D.some,A,B,D,B,D,6.I hear_ boys in your school like playing football in their spare time,though others prefer basketball.,A.quite a lot B.quite a few C.quite a bit D.quite a little7.We always keep _ spare paper,in case we ran out.A.too much B.a number of C.plenty of D.a good many8.Many people agree that _of English is a must in international trade today.,A.a knowledge B.,knowledges,C.knowledge D.the knowledge,B,C,1,.,有些物质名词表示不同种类时可以有复数形式。如，,fishes,fruits,teas,all,weathers,。,2.,有些抽象名词表示具体的事物时，是可数名词。如,shame/pity(,憾事,),interest(,乐事,),pleasure(,乐事,),surprise(,意外事,),disappointment(,令人失望的,人或事,),success(,成功的人或事,),difficulty(,难事,),help(,帮手,),等。,A,不可数名词与可数名词的转换,3.,表示“一场,/,段,/,件,/,种,”,时，要用,a,或,an,，此时多有形容词或,of,短语修饰。,如，,a fine rain(,一阵细雨,),a heavy snow(,一场大雪,),a long time(,很长一段时间,),。,4.,表示“一杯,/,罐,/,瓶”的,tea,coffee,drink,beer,等，可以用,a(n,),或数词修饰，也,有复数形式。如,two teas and a coffee(,两杯茶和一杯咖啡,),；,5.,有的名词可数与否由意思而定。如：,paper glass time exercise experience room,见下页,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass(,玻璃,),copper(,铜,),tin(,锡,),paper(,纸,),iron(,铁,),wood(,木头,),gold(,金子,),youth(,青春,),power(,力量,),beauty(,美,),pleasure(,愉快,),relation(,关系）,a glass(,玻璃杯,),a copper(,铜币板,),a tin(,罐头,),a paper(,报纸，证件，论文,),an iron(,熨斗,),a wood(,树林,),a gold(,金牌,),a youth(,年青人,),a power(,大国,),a beauty(,美人，美的东西,),a pleasure(,使人感到愉快的事,),a relation(,亲戚）,英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。,a poem(,一首诗,),a machine(,一台机器,),a job(,一件工作,),a laugh(,一个笑声,),a permit(,许可证,),a garment(,一件衣裳,),a,bag(case,)(,一件行李,),a loaf(,一只面包,),a hair(,一根头发,),poetry(,诗歌总称,),machinery(,机器总称,),work(,工作,),laughter(,笑声,),permission(,允许,),clothing(,衣裳总称,),luggage,baggage(,行李,),bread(,面包,),hair(,头发,),Do Ex 2 on P16,名词的单复数,singular and plural,Question,1,：,-How many,does a cow have?,-Four.,A,stomaches,B,stomach,C,stomachsD,stomachies,以,s,sh,ch,x,等结尾的名词变复数时加,es,；但如果以,ch,结尾的名词发音为,k,时，只加,s,。,另外，以辅音字母,+y,结尾的名词变复数时，需将,y,变成,i,，再加,-,es,；以元音字母,+y,结尾的则直接加,-s,。以辅音字母加,y,结尾的专有名词变复数时，也直接加,-s,。,Question,2,：,The _ of the building are covered with lots of _.,A,roofs;leavesB,rooves,;leafs,C,roof;leafD,roofs;leafs,以,f,或,fe,结尾的名词变复数时：,a.,加,s,，如：,serf-serfs belief-beliefs roof-roofs,chief-chiefs safe-safes,gulf-gulfs,；,b.,去,f,fe,加,ves,，如：,half-halves,knife-knives,leaf-leaves,wolf-wolves wife-wives,life-lives,thief-thieves,；,c.,均可,如：,handkerchief-,handkerchiefs/,handkerchieves,Question 3,：,When the farmer returned home he found three _ missing.,A,sheeps,B,sheepes,C,sheep D,sheepies,当,sheep;deer;fish,表示数量时，单复数同形；如果表示不同种类，则需加,s,或,es,。单复数同形的名词有：,deer,，,sheep,，,fish,，,Chinese,，,Japanese,Swiss,works,means,head,Question,4,：,Some _ visited our school last Wednesday.,A,GermanB,Germen,C,GermansD,Germens,国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：,1,、单复数同形：,Chinese;Japanese;Swiss,2,、需要变形：,English-Englishman,3,、加,s,或,-,es,：,German Germans,详见下表。,6.,不同国家的人的单复数,名称 总称,(,谓语用复数）一个人 两个人,中国人,the Chinese,a Chinese,two Chinese,瑞士人,the Swiss,a Swiss,two Swiss,澳大利亚人,the Australians,an Australian two Australians,俄国人,the Russians,a Russian,two Russians,意大利人,the Italians,an Italian,two Italians,希腊人,the Greek,a Greek,two Greeks,法国人,the French,a Frenchman,two Frenchmen,日本人,the Japanese,a Japanese,two Japanese,美国人,the Americans,an American,two Americans,印度人,the Indians,an Indian,two Indians,加拿大人,the Canadians,a Canadian,two Canadians,德国人,the Germans,a Germans,two Germans,英国人,the English,an Englishman,two Englishmen,瑞典人,the Swedish,a Swede,two Swedes,Question,5,：,1.The particular cattle _ visited by our school last Wednesday.,A,isB.are,C,Was D,were,2.This _ must be taken immediately.,A,means B.mean C,meaning D,meanings,3.,单复数同形的名称：,antelope,羚羊，,bison,野牛，,buffalo,水牛，,crab,螃蟹，,deer,，,fish,鱼，,reindeer,驯鹿，,sheep,绵羊；,Burmese,缅甸人，,Cantonese,广东人，,Chinese,中国人，,counsel,法律顾问，,kin,亲属，,Japanese,日本人，,Swiss,瑞士人；,aircraft,飞机，,craft,飞机，,spacecraft,太船；,score,二十；,series,系列；,species,种类；,means,方法,brace(,双；对,),head(,牛羊等的头数,),prcis(,文章梗概,),series(,丛书；系列,),species(,物种,),works,（工厂,工事）,bellows(,风箱,),等。,Read the related contents on P.16-18.,Then do Ex.3 and A,Ex.4.,4.,只有复数形式的名词,trousers,，,pants,裤子，,shorts,短裤，,glasses,，,compasses,圆规，,scales,天平，,pliers,钳子，,clips,剪子,trafficlights,交通灯，,sports,people,police,cattle,fireworks,goods,belongings,earnings,savings,surroundings,valuables,outskirts.,5.,单数形式和复数形式的词义不同的名词,如：,air(,空气,)-airs(,气派,架势,)arm(,手臂,)-arms(,武器,),ash(,灰,)-ashes(,骨灰；废墟,)authority,(,权利,)-,authorities,（当局,）,cloth(,织物,)-clothes(,衣服,)content(,含量,)-contents(,目录,),custom(,习惯,)-customs(,海关；关税,)damage(,损害,)-damages,（赔偿金）,force(,力量,)-forces(,武装部队,)glass(,玻璃,)-glasses(,眼镜,),good(,利益,)-goods(,货物,)green(,绿色,)-greens(,青菜,),letter(,字母,)-letters(,文学,)manner(,方式,)-manners,（举止，仪态）,minute(,分钟,)-minutes(,记录,)pain(,痛苦,)-pains(,劳苦,),paper(,纸,)-papers(,文件,)quarter(1/4)-quarters,（住处，岗位）,spectacle(,光景,)-spectacles(,眼镜,)spirit(,精神,)-spirits(,烈性酒,),Do B,Ex 6 on P 20.,名词作定语,Compound Nouns,复合名词,Look at,2),复合名词的复数,on P 21,and then do,The following exercise:,复合名词的复数：,1.forget-me-not,2.dinning-room,3.grown-up,mander-in-chief,5.woman driver,Q 1:,The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it.,A.bicycles shop B.bicycle shop,C.bicycles shop D.bicycles shop,名词作定语一般用单数，,但也有以下例外,。,1),用复数作定语。如：,sports meeting,运动会,students reading-room,学生阅览室,talks table,谈判桌,the foreign languages department,外语系,2),有些原有,s,结尾的名词，作定语时，,s,保留。如：,goods train(,货车,)arms produce,武器生产,customs papers,海关文件,clothes brush,衣刷,Q 2:,It took us quite a long time to get here.It was _ journey.,A.three-hour B.a three hour,C.a three-hour D.three hours,“,数词,+,名词”构成的合成词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。,如：,a ten-mile walk,；,a five-year plan,但是如果不用连字符，就需用复数的所有格。,The village is far away from here indeed.Its _ walk.,A.a four hour B.a four hours,C.a four-hours D.a four hours,名词的属格,Genitive Case,1.Miss Smith is a friend of_.A.Marys mothers B.Marys mother,C.Mothers of Mary D.Mary mothers,2.,Wheres your brother?,At _.,A.Mr.Greens B.Mr.Green C.the Mr.Greens D.the Mr.Green,3.I wonder whose bicycle it is.It might be my_ A.,neighbours,B.dear,neighbour,C.,neighbour,D.,neighbours,名词的所有格,A,A,A,名词的所有格有两种形式：,s,式和,of,式。一般说来，表示有生命,的名词和表示时间、国家、距离等的名词的所有格用,s,，如,Marys mother,todays news;,表示无生命的事物名词的所有格用,of,如,the cover of the book,。但还须注意以下几点：,一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：,This is not my pen,but,Marys,.,有时某些,s,结尾的所有格形式可以表示地点，如某人的家或店铺、教堂等：,We can meet at,Marys,.,He went to,his sisters,for dinner yesterday.,I had the dress made at,the tailors,at the corner of the street.,Last week we visited,St.Pauls,.,属格,形式,应用场合,举例,用在表示有生命的名词后,Tom and Mikes room(,两人共有,),Toms and Mikes rooms(,两人分别所有,),用在时间名词后,three weeks leave,todays paper,s,属格,用在距离,长度名词后,twenty miles journey,用在地点名词后,Chinas industry,用在天体名词后,the earths surface,用在价格名词后,a dollars worth,详见,2,）,on P.23 and do Ex.8,of,属格,用在表无生命事物名词后,the door of our classroom,双重,属格,名词前有,a,some,any,few,no,several,等词修饰时,a friend of my brothers,several classmates of his,注,1,：“,of,名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能,表示事物,。,a friend of my wifes,（,我妻子的一个朋友）,a novel of the writers,（那位作者的一部小说）,注：该名词必须是特指的，不能是泛指的,注2,：,双重,所有格与,of,所有格的区别,如果双重所有格中,of,前面的名词是,portrait,picture,printing,statue,photograph,等时,是指有关的人所收藏的肖像或照片等,而不是他本人的肖像或照片。,eg,：,a picture,of,Mary,s,玛丽（所拥有）的一张照片,a picture of Mary,玛丽,的一张照片,注,3,：双重所有格若用,this,that,these,those,修饰,of,短语前面的名词，以表示爱憎、褒贬等情感,Eg,:Look at those dirty hands of yours!,I really appreciate this idea of Henrys.,Turn to P.26,and do Ex.10.,名词所有格,(The Possessive Case of Nouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk,for friendships sake.,She was,at her wits end,.,Now they could sing,at their hearts content,.,We should get the children,out of harms way,.,We had best keep them,at arms length,.,For goodness,sake,stop,arguing.,Jane got,the moneys worth,out of the coat.,(,为了友谊）,（黔驴技穷）,（尽情地）,（不受损害）,（保持距离,）,（看在上帝的份上）,（很合算）,历年四级考试,名词词语辨析选,1.These books,which you can get at any bookshop,，,will give you _ you need.,A)all,the information,B)all,the,informations,C)all,of information,D)all,of the,informations,1.,译文,这些书会提供你所需要的所有信息，它们可以在任何书店买到。,解析,information,是不可数名词，没有复数形式，故,B),、,D),本身是错误的。又因为,all of,后面接不可数名词时，名词前须有定冠词，,C),也不可选。只能选,A),。,2,The clothes a person wears may express his _ or social position.,A)Curiosity,B)status,C)determination,D)significance,2.,译文,一个人的衣着可以表示他的身份或社会地位。,解析,A)curiosity,好奇心，求知欲；,B)status,身份，地位；,C)determination,决心；,D)significance,意义，重要性。根据题意应选,B),。另外，,or,后面的,social position,实际上是对前面并列的,status,的解释，也是一个重要的选项线索。,3.Niagara Falls is a great tourist _,drawing millions of visitors every year.,A)attention,B)attraction,C)appointment,D)arrangement,3,译文,尼亚加拉瀑布是一个令人向往 的旅游胜地，每年都吸引数以百万的游客。,解析,A)attraction,意为,“,注意；,B)at traction,意思是,“,具有吸引力的人或物,”,，可引申为,“,胜地,”,；,c)appointment,意为,“,约会；,D)arrangement,意为,“,安排,”,。根据句意，正确的答案是,B),。尼亚加拉瀑布是一处,“,旅游点,”,，而不是一种,“,出游安排,”,。故不能选,D),4,A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen.They are a thorough _.,A)nuisance,B)trouble,C)Worry,D)anxiety,4,译文,大量的蚂蚁老是进入我的厨房，蚂蚁是非常令人讨厌的东西。,解析,A)nuisance,意为“令人讨厌的人（东西，情况等）”（,a person,，,thing or situation that annoys you or causes problems,）；,B,）,trouble,意为“麻烦，苦恼”（,problems that make something difficult,spoil your plan,make you worry,，,etc,),；,C)worry,意为“担心，发愁”；,D)anxiety,意为“焦虑”，与,worry,意义相近。蚂蚁是“令人讨厌的东西”，而不是“问题，难题,(problem)”,，更不是“担忧”，“焦虑”等。故,A),是正确答案。,5,When people become unemployed,it is_ often worse than lack of wages.,A)laziness,B)poverty,C)idleness,D)inability,5,译文,当人们失业时，无所事事比失去工资更糟糕。,答案,C)idleness,解析,A)laziness,懒惰；,B)poverty,贫穷；,C)idleness,无事可干，闲待；,Dinability,无能力，无办法。失业引起的什么状况比失去工资更糟糕呢？不可能是,poverty,，更不可能是,laziness,或,inability,，因为失业本身就可能意味着贫穷，而懒惰和无能是某些人的本性，不是失业引起的。所以是,C)idleness,。,6,Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _ in the market.,A)batteries,B)bargains,C)baskets,D)barrels,6,译文,有些人喜欢星期天去购物，因为他们希望在市场买到物美价廉的货物。,解析,A)batteries,电池；,B)bargains,便宜的东西，廉价货；,C)baskets,篮子，筐；,D)barrels,桶。根据句意：“人们喜欢星期天去购物，”自然是希望买到好的、便宜的东西，便宜的东西是泛指。,A),、,C),、,D),均指具体的物品，与原句句意不符。正确答案是,B),。,7,单句改错,1,Everyoneofusisworkinghardinthefactory.,2,.IhavecaughtabadcoldforaweekandI,cant,get,rid ofit.,3.Thisisthesteelplantwherewevisitedlastweek.,4.Followingtheroadandyouwillfindthestore.,5.ThisisallwhatDr.Smithsaidatthemeeting.,6.Hepromisedtocomeandseeusafterthesupper.,7.Johnhadbeenheretoseeyou,butheleftfive,minutesago.,8.Mymotherisbusypreparing,for,supper.,9.,Ive,heardhimbutIneverknowhim.,10.Wegotontheschoolbusandwhichtookusstraight,tothePeoplesPark,.,1.Everyone-Everyone/each 2.caught-had,3.where-which/that 4.Following-Follow,5.what-that;ordrop“all”6.drop“the”,.had,beencame,8.drop“for”9.heardof10.which-it,7,作文,AnEye-WitnessAccountofaTrafficAccident,假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点,：1）车祸发生的时间及地点2）你所见到的车祸情况3）你对车祸原因的分析,要求：字数,150,个左右。,7,作文,AnEye-WitnessAccountofaTrafficAccident（2003年6月）,假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点,：1）车祸发生的时间及地点2）你所见到的车祸情况3）你对车祸原因的分析,1MynameisLiMing.2IamanEnglishmajoratPekingUniversity.3Aweekago,Isawatrafficaccidentonarainyday,whichstillsticksinmymind.4Itwasatabout9:00onSaturday,morning,June15th.5Iwastalkingtomyfriendsonthesidewalknearouruniversity,whenIheardasuddennoiseofclashofmetal,onmetal.6Ithappenedjustatthecrossing,nearby.7Amotorbikewashitbyataxi.8Iwentupandfoundthatthemotorbikewas,badlydamaged.9Thedriverwasgroaningontheground,blooding.10Thestreetturnedchaotic.11Fromthestoppingtrackontheroad,itisclearthatthemotorcyclistfailedtosee,thecarcomingfrombehindatruck.12On,theotherhand,thetaxidriverwasdrivingtoofastonsucharainyday.13Anyway,Ibelieveaccidentsmaybereducedoravoidedifeveryonedrivesslowly.,Grammar,Pronoun,代 词,1,、人称代词的替代和转换,;,2,、物主代词；,3,、反身代词；,4,、不定代词的用法,;,5,、,else,的用法；,6,、,it,的用法。,Importance,人称代词和物主代词,Personal and Possessive Pronoun,人称代词的指代问题,Q 1,：,It was _ who did it,but it was _ that we are talking about.,A.he she B.him her C.him she D.he her,解析：,人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或表语，例如：,John waited a while but eventually,he,went home.,约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作表语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如：,I saw,her,with,them,at least,I thought it was,her,.,问题中前后两个分句都是强调句，前面的代词作,did it,的主语，而后面的代词作,talking about,的宾语。,D,2,）在使用人称代词时，要注意其人称、数和格的一致。如：,Jim and,I,saw the man passing by.,Between you and,me,he stole a lot of money from somewhere.,(,私下跟你说吧，不知他从哪里偷了一大笔钱呢。,),He asked three of us,John,Joan and me,to have dinner with,him.,Meat and fish are more expensive than,they,used to be.,不定代词,anybody,，,everybody,，,nobody,，,anyone,，,someone,，,everyone,，,no one,，在正式场合使用时，可用,he,his,him,代替。,Nobody,came,did,he,?,谁也没来，是吗,?,3,）人称代词的次序,1._ all sat silent under the tree.,A.You,he and I B.I,he and you C.He,you and I D.He,I and you,2._ are to blame.,You and I B,B.I and you,连续使用两个以上的人称代词时，通常单数,you,放在第一位，,I,放在最后；复数,we,放在第一，,they,放在最后。如果表示责备，则把第一人称放在句首。,A,B,2.,人称代词之主、宾格的替换,Q 2,：,Susan,go and join your sister cleaning the yard.,Why,?John is sitting there doing nothing.,A,himB,heC,I D,me,解析：,在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在,not,后，,多用宾格。,-I like English.,-,我喜欢英语。,-,Me,too.,-,我也喜欢。,-Have more wine?,-,再来点酒喝吗,?,-Not,me,.,-,我可不要了。,D,Q 3,：,-May I speak to John?-This is _ speaking.,A.heB.hisC.himD.himself,解析：,a.,在介词,but,，,except,后，有时可用主格代替宾格。,All but _ to the concert tomorrow.,A.he and I am going B.he and I are going,C.he and me are goingD.his and me am going,b.,在电话用语中常用主格。,-I wish to speak to Mary.-,我想和玛丽通话。,-This is she.,-,我就是玛丽。,Do Ex.2 on P.30.,A,B,3.,物主代词的性,Q 4,：,-Is this camera like Bills and Anns?,-No,but its almost the same as _.,A.her B.yours C.them D.their,B,解析：,形容词性的物主代词修饰名词，不能独用,;,名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的,-s,所有格结构，例如：,That is my book.That book is mine.,Theirs is a very large university.,另外，在动名词前常加上形容词性的物主代词构成动名词的复合结构。如：,Would you mind my opening the window?,反身代词,(Reflexive Pronoun),人称,分类,第一人称,第二人称,第三人称,单数,复数,myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselves,himself,themselves,herself,itself,反身代词用法口诀,：,反身代词表自身，句中可作三成分：,表示强调同位语，宾语表语回自身。,反身代词通常作宾语、表语和同位语。,a.,作宾语：有些动词需有反身代词,absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behave,help,dress,We enjoyed,ourselves,very much last night.,Please help,yourself,to some fish.,b.,作表语；,be oneself:,I am not myself today.,我今天不舒服。,c.,作同位语,The thing itself is not important.,事情本身并不重要。,反身代词构成的词组,反身代词在实际运