自考英语语法简答题.docx

1. What are the two major types of alternative questions?华夏大地教育网"SFi0A5J{{D
They are the type of YES-NO questions, e.g.
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A: Would you like tea or coffee?华夏大地教育网/F }.wO2eG*^
B: Tea, please.华夏大地教育网,F.cn/_I
And the type of WH-questions, e.g.华夏大地教育网h"_"w-ZPkp)M/T"O
A: What do you like, tea or coffee?
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B: Tea, please.
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2. Why do we need to go beyond the sentence and study the text?华夏大地教育网b.K iw8?r*ni|
Because to express a clear and complete idea or thought, we need more than one sentence. It is quite rare that we only use one sentence to express our idea. When an idea or thought is expressed in more than one sentence, we have a text, which relates sentences together. In other words, sentences in text are coherent so that they help each other in expressing a complete idea. The study of the text is to know how sentences can be joined together coherently so that they can best express ideas.华夏大地教育网zPAa%Pa%R u
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3. Explain the syntactic distinction between the predicative and non-predictive use of modal auxiliary with example.
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The syntactic distinction between the predictive and non-predictive use of modal auxiliary is clear in the following two sentences:华夏大地教育网6C,G3WdMm
!> He can’t have been there yesterday.华夏大地教育网7k~7mg~"ET
2>He couldn’t be there yesterday.

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The two sentences reveal two quite different uses of the modal auxiliary. The first sentence, where the predictive can’t relates to impossibility and the main verb is marked for past time reference, refers to the speaker’s present denial of possibility of past event. In the second, the modal auxiliary itself, in non-predictive use, is marked for past tense, referring to lack of ability in the past.华夏大地教育网#hJhS sc6F'`Nz7jE
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4. What’s the function of relative pronoun?
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The relative pronoun serves as a “link” between the relative clause and its antecedent. It performs two functions: showing concord with its antecedent and indicating its function within the relative clause.
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5. Provide example to illustrate nominal, verbal and causal ellipsis.华夏大地教育网Y1}-mhX
1> Nominal ellipsis: Why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one.华夏大地教育网._~z`Q
2> Verbal ellipsis: -- Have you seen him before?
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-- Yes, I have (seen him before).
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3> Clausal ellipsis: -- Are you OK?华夏大地教育网?PT0y2M ^x
-- Yes (I am OK).华夏大地教育网/T*pUS$KP

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6. If tense is related to time, what is aspect related to?
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When tense points to the temporal location of an event or a state of affairs, aspect “reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time”.华夏大地教育网3S
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7. Apart from querying the truth of a statement, what other potential functions can a NO question perform?
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They may be regarded as the speaker’s invitations or suggestions, made in a tentative way as they often are, rather than his negative assumptions. They are like imperatives. For examples:

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Won’t you come in?华夏大地教育网9^|,w];W;n
Won’t you sit down?
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They can also be like exclamations:
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Isn’t it lovely?华夏大地教育网%|/uZ v0EL
Aren’t you silly?
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8. List the type of antecedents?华夏大地教育网.t;a;wX Y,U}
The antecedent is divided into nominal antecedent. Nominal antecedents fall into different subclasses: they may be common nouns or proper nouns, personal pronouns or demonstrative pronouns. Non-nominal antecedent can be subdivided into three types: clause, verb phrase, predictive adjective.华夏大地教育网$nV7]eMQ
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9. Provide examples to illustrate result-adjuncts and purpose-adjuncts that are introduced by so that.华夏大地教育网FB8r;m A?
He worked harder, so that he managed to pass the examinations. (result)
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He worked harder so that he could pass the examinations. (purpose)
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10. Provide example to illustrate the three degree of comparison.华夏大地教育网@I2Jsg6}d |`
My bother is as tall as me. (positive degree)华夏大地教育网6}4B/XT#^?
My bother is taller than my father. (comparative degree)
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My bother is the tallest in the family. (superlative degree
11. When the simple present refers to the present time, what are its characteristic uses?
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When the simple present refers to the present time, it is suitable for the general timeless statements or the expression of so-called “eternal truths”. At the same time, it also denotes the present existence or state of affairs. Besides, it can express regular recurrence such as a habit, and it is also found in the presentation of an event that happens simultaneously with speech.
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12. Under what general circumstances do we prefer genitive to of-phrase and vice versa.
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When nouns refer to people, and the relation between the nouns is one of definition, classification, etc., genitives are preferred. When nouns refer to inanimate, lifeless objects, and the head words of noun phrases are classifying adjective, of-phrase are preferred.华夏大地教育网}~6R@*Xfa[W!r'T*F

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13. What is the primary of a WH-question?
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The primary function of a WH-question is to ask for information concerning what, when, why, whose, which and how.华夏大地教育网D&v/zsK UO#\

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14. What are contingency adjuncts? How many types of contingency adjuncts have we recognized?华夏大地教育网p#m FxHG/L0@i
Contingency adjuncts are an adverbial category that includes adjunts denoting some kind of cause-effect relation. They can be divided into subclasses: reason-adjuncts, result-adjunts, purpose-adjunts, concession-adjuncts and condition-adjunts.
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15. Explain the difference between a double relative clause and an embedded relative clause.
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In double relative clauses, there are two relatives, one enclosing the other, whereas in embedded relative clause there is only one relative clause which itself is embedded in a clause.华夏大地教育网OV~B,r5g/Q\|/u||

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16. Provide examples to illustrate some different types of time adjuncts.华夏大地教育网Ytm8b%zi
1> when- adjuncts: soon, on Friday morning, now, etc.
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2> duration-adjuncts: for ten years, very long, since we met, etc.华夏大地教育网r&Q6cfr5n/nV
3> frequency-adjuncts: daily, weekly, often, etc.
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17. What kind of relative clause do we normally use to modify a non-nominal antecedent? Give some examples.华夏大地教育网2P"Cu/L1Sv
We normally use non-relative clause to modify a non-nominal antecedent.
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e.g. 1> Her husband is my brother and my wife is her sister, which makes us double in-laws.华夏大地教育网cb
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2> She dance well, which I don’t.华夏大地教育网Y^&Y0w#QV3J;L
3> Nick is tall, which I will never be.华夏大地教育网]D,UfeO'P1_m5I#r
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18. Where are given information and the new information located in the sentence.
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Generally speaking, the given information is offered at the beginning in each sentence while the new information in consistently found in the predicate which normally constitutes the latter half of a sentence.
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19. Explain the relationship between tense and time.华夏大地教育网4d'Nu9W w/j$Dz/w
Time and tense are not the same thing: time is concept and tense is a grammatical device. Different tenses can express the same period of time, such as the present.
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20. What are the two major types of exclamations?
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The two major types of exclamations are WHAT-exclamations and HOW-exclamations. The former is followed by a noun phrase, the latter is followed by an adjective or adverb.
21. What is the pseudo-passive?华夏大地教育网{MFi vgS
A pseudo-passive sentences is form. but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectival zed so that it becomes a subject complement in the SVC structure. As an adjective, therefore, it can occur in a comparative construction, with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase, and with other link verbs besides be and get.华夏大地教育网5@6M}{8o([q
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22. Explain the conditions in which we need to use non-assertive words in positive statements and assertive words in question.华夏大地教育网`
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When a positive answer expected, assertive words can be used in question, such as: Is there some news for me? Is somebody waiting for me? And in affirmative sentences in which there are if clauses, putative should-clauses, and comparative clauses, non-assertive words can be used, such as: If anyone calls me, it must be John. It’s odd that he should say anything like that. He is better than anyone else in this class.华夏大地教育网2` BCG?

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23. List the major types of postponement.华夏大地教育网9[/BZW I
Postponement is generally realized by active-to-passive transformation, by extra position of a clause element, by discontinuity of adjacent elements.华夏大地教育网@:o%e;xp(PM7RT-}

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24. Provide example to illustrate reference as realized by pronouns, demonstratives and comparison.
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1> Reference by pronouns: Look at the man, I think he’s the person wanted by the police.华夏大地教育网%}\:y!tq`Q
2>Reference by demonstratives: They finally arrived at an agreement to stop fire. That agreement saved by the country from war.华夏大地教育网@h#A#[1Xq;Ng
3> Reference by comparison: John is both stupid and lazy. His brother is no better.
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25. Provide examples to illustrate nominal, verbal and clausal substitution.
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1> Nominal substitution: I know I need a good car, but I can’t afford one.华夏大地教育网
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2> Verbal substitution: -- Have you finished all the essays?
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--I have done one.华夏大地教育网V5TbD \2w&rr
3> Clausal substitution: --Is he the right person for the job?华夏大地教育网~qS&T3a&M@
-- I suppose so.华夏大地教育网#xd{-[:Wu+]0W*PJ

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26. What’s the major function of preposition? And list the two types of preposition.
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The major function of preposition is connect words of nouns verbs and adjectives to other part of the sentence. We divide preposition into two types: simple preposition and complex preposition.
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27. Provide examples of partial inversion and complete inversion.
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Partial inversion: Under no circumstances can you underestimate you rival.
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Complete inversion: The door burst open and in rushed a large angry crowed.
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28. What is a unified text?华夏大地教育网J(]2C#yLLa&MY)d4g"j,j
The unified text is one that is not only structurally well-integrated but also semantically coherent.华夏大地教育网y%W(^@7p%h`+o+LK
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29. As a future time expression, what special meaning does the simple presents impart?华夏大地教育网6W S1f!_mal.w:P
When there is something we conceive as unalterable and we can be as confident of as we are of the given facts, we use the simple present to refer to the future time. Something that happens on calendar or timetable falls into this category.华夏大地教育网jX0I;i;},M\
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30. What are the verbs which transferred negation often occurs with? What is their shared semantic feature?
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The verbs which transferred negation often occurs with are: think, believe, suppose, imagine and expect. They are the verbs that express “opinion”.华夏大地教育网%G\SUMA3x|z
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