四级段落翻译练习.docx

中译英练习题:

1．当代社会的民族文化不可能在自我封闭(isolation)的状态下得到发展。在我看来，不同的文化应该互相学习，取长补短(learn from each other’s strengths to offset their own weaknesses )。当然，在广泛的文化交流中，一个民族的文化必须保持本民族的鲜明(distinctive )特色。我认为，文化交流（cultural exchange）不是让外来文化吞没自己的文化(lose one’s own culture to a foreign culture)，而是为了丰富各个民族的文化。

2.说起中餐(Chinese food)，人们都知道中餐烹饪(cuisine)以其“色，香，味，形” (color, aroma, taste and appearance)俱全著称于世。中国悠久的历史、广袤的疆土(vast territory)、好客的习俗，这些都孕育了中餐烹饪的(culinary)独特艺术。中餐烹饪讲究原料的选配、食物的质地、佐料的调制(the blending of seasonings)、切菜的刀功、实时的烹饪，以及装盘艺术。最负盛名的中餐菜系有南方的粤菜、北方的鲁菜、东部的淮扬菜和西部的川菜，素有“南淡北咸，东甜西辣”(the high flavor of the south, the salty flavor of the north, the sweet flavor of the east and spicy-hot flavor of the east)的特点。

3.中国历史上有很长的饮茶记录，已经无法确切地查明到底是在什么年代了，但是大致的时代(the approximate time)是有说法的，并且也可以找到证据显示，确实在世界上的很多地方饮茶的习惯是从中国传过去的。所以，很多人认为饮茶就是中国人首创的，世界上其他地方的饮茶习惯、种植茶叶的习惯都是直接或间接地(directly and indirectly)从中国传过去的。

4.唐朝(Tang Dynasty)时，一名日本和尚(monk)把茶树种子(tea seeds)从浙江带回了日本。在南宋(the Southern Song Dynasty)后期，禅宗和尚把泡茶的技术及茶具从中国带到了日本，日本茶道由此产生。宋朝(the Song Dynasty)时，阿拉伯商人从福建省泉州进口茶叶。明代(the Ming Dynasty)时，茶叶卖到了东南亚及南部非洲的国家。1610年，茶叶经澳门运往欧洲，从此茶便成了一种国际性的饮料。

5.故宫(The Palace Museum)也称紫禁城(the Forbidden City)，位于北京市中心，是明清两代的皇宫，500年中曾居住过24个皇帝。故宫占地面积72万平方米，共有800多座建筑，9,999间房屋，是明清时代无与伦比的杰作，是中华民族文明的结晶。它是中国最大、最完整的宫殿群(relics)，是中国文化遗产宝库。

6.一个国家必须首先把其所有重要的文化和自然遗产编列成目标(take an inventory )，这就是所谓的暂定名单(tentative list)。这样做是重要的，因为一个国家不可能提名(nominate)尚未被列入初步名单的遗产(heritage)。其次，可以从该名单中挑选出一项遗产把其放入到提名文档(Nomination File)中去。世界遗产中心可为准备这一文档提供咨询和帮助，该文档须尽可能全面详尽化(comprehensive)。

7.位于苏州东北街的拙政园(The Humble Administrator’s Garden)是苏州园林中最大的一座。它是中国四大园林之一，同时也是私家古典园林(the private classic garden)的代表作(masterpiece)。该园的五分之三为水域，主要建筑大多建于水边，简洁而优雅(simple and elegant)。园内有十二个不同风格的亭子(pavilion)。该园分成东、中、西三部分，其中中部最能体现该园之特色。

8.南方私家园林中的溪、桥、山、亭(the streams, bridges, rockeries and pavilions)，小巧玲珑，布局精明，尽显其自然美，令人赏心悦目。桥大多为石桥，有直桥、曲桥、拱桥(straight, winding and arched bridges.)。直桥其实是一块不加装饰的石板(stone slab)，通常与河岸或河水齐高，给人一种临水的感觉。曲桥(the arch bridge)设有低栏杆，西湖上的九曲桥(the Jiuqu Zigzag Bridge)就属此桥。拱桥可以分为单拱桥和双拱桥两种。园内的小溪虽占地不多，却与小桥和石屿(islets)相得益彰，浑然一体。

9.长城东起山海关(Shanhaiguan Pass)即天下第一关，西到甘肃省，全长1,2700里，这就是我们称其为万里长城的原因。古代人民在战国(the Warring States)就开始修长城，一直到十五世纪的明朝(the Ming Dynasty)，总共花了2,000多年。古代人民修长城是为了抵抗(defend)敌人的进攻(invasion)。

10.中国的刺绣(embroidery)究竟源于何时？由于刺绣作品不易保存，因此极难说清这个问题。我们现在所能见到的最早的刺绣恐怕要算殷商(the Shang Dynasty)和西周(Western Zhou Dynasty)的了，从那个时期的出土文物(cultural relics)来看，粘附在泥土上的丝织物的纹路(the lines of the skill fabrics)和刺绣的花纹(the patterns of the embroidery)依稀可见。特别是在1982年湖北一座楚墓(Chu tomb )中出土了一些衣被，上面绣着龙、凤(phoenix)、虎和花卉等，形神兼备，绮丽多变。

11.中国是世界上最早出现丝绸织物的国家。早在5,000多年前人们就已开始养蚕(Silkworms)。丝线和织物制造的发展使得刺绣(embroidery)艺术应运而生。至今出土最早的刺绣作品是于1958年在战国时代（公元前475-前221年）楚国的古墓中被发现的，这是一幅有龙凤图案的丝质刺绣(silk embroidered with a dragon and phoenix)，已有2，000多年的历史。刺绣在汉代（公元前206年-公元220年）广泛流行，目前考古中发掘的很多刺绣源于那个时期。

12.京剧(Beijing Opera)舞台艺术包括文学、表演、音乐、唱腔(aria)、锣鼓(drums and gongs)、服装、脸谱(facial make-ups)等诸多方面。通过无数艺人的长期舞台实践，它们已形成了一套互相制约、相得益彰(all factors restrain and complement each other)的规范化的程式(formula)。它作为创造舞台形象的艺术手段是十分丰富的，而用法又是十分严格的。不能驾驭这些程式，就无法完成京剧舞台艺术的创造。

13.有着五千年文明史的中国不仅向世界输出了指南针(the compass,)、火药(gun-powder)、造纸术(paper-making)和活字印刷(movable-type printing)等四大发明，而且还传播了传统保健(traditional health care)知识和方法，例如太极拳(taiji shadow boxing)、气功(static qigong breathing)和按摩(therapeutic massage )。这些保健方法不仅对人体健康有效，而且还对心脑健康和减肥，都有十分显著地疗效。

14.东汉(the Eastern Han Dynasty)末年（25-220），“神灭论”(heaven is dead)盛行，儒家道德观和价值观(Confucian moral concepts and values)日渐衰落，社会经历着大动荡(turbulence)。那时的哲学家用形而上学(metaphysical)来讨论儒教(Confucianism)和道教(Taoism)的关系，以解释儒教和自然的关系等一系列的重要问题。该时期的理论建树是空前的(unprecedented)。

15.汽车排放(the vehicle emissions)是指从废气中排出的CO（一氧化碳）、HC+NOx（碳氢化合物和氮氧化物）、PM（微粒，碳烟）等有害气体。为了抑制(suppress)这些有害气体(noxious gases)的产生，促使汽车生产厂家改进产品已降低这些有害气体的产生源头，欧洲和美国都制定了相关的排放标准。其中欧洲标准是我国借鉴的汽车排放标准，目前国产新车都会标明发动机废气排放达到的欧洲标准。

16．即使两个人认为他们会说对方的语言，出错的机会还是很大的。不同文化中语言的用法和对上下文的推理方式可能是完全不同的。因此，即使一个人已经学习了另一个人的语言的词汇，在他考虑如何恰当地参与话题讨论的时候，选择最合适的词汇(selecting the most appropriate words)、正确的语调(the correct intonation )、恰当的眼神交流，站在合适的位置并与对方保持一定的距离等都是必须要考虑的。

17．2004年中国取消了对自行车的注册(bicycle-registration)，《中国日报》报道说；这“标志着中国作为世界‘自行车王国’(bicycle kingdom)形象的结束，新涌现的中产阶级在抛弃这种清洁而节能的交通工具转而青睐于汽车。” 在诸如北京这样的城市，自行车不再被看作是“交通工具”(transportation tool)。汽车和自行车在争夺道路空间，首都的宽阔的大道(wide boulevards)、天桥(overpasses)和环城路(ring roads)都说明，交通已经成为中国优先要解决的问题。据说每天大约都有1,000辆新车驶上北京的大街。

18．我社安排的“丝绸之路”游(The Silk Road Tour)，始于古城西安，止于新疆首府乌鲁木齐，期间我们还要游览兰州、敦煌以及吐鲁番。沿线您可以领略自然景观的魅力，欣赏古代艺术家高超的工艺，品尝地方风味小吃(enjoy local delicacies)，结识当地居民。这次游览一定会给您留下可与家人和朋友共享的美好回忆(sweet memories)。

19．中国幅员辽阔，拥有众多民族(many ethnic groups)，因此也就有了多种多样令人神奇也令人垂涎(fantastic and mouthwatering flavor)的中国食品风味。由于中国地方菜肴具有各自的典型特征，因此中国菜大致可以分为八大菜系(cuisine)：川、闽、浙、鲁、粤、苏、徽、湘。这一划分已广为人们接受。当然，还有许多其他著名地方菜系，如京菜(Beijing cuisine)和沪菜(Shanghai cuisine)。

20．中国是生物多样性(biodiversity)最丰富的国家之一。一直以来，中国把保护生物多样性作为实现可持续发展战略(sustainable development strategy)的重要组成部分，如积极参与了《生物多样性公约》(Convention on Biological Diversity)的起草、修订和谈判，是该公约的最早的缔约国之一。同时还参加了如《濒危动植物国际贸易公约》(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)、《国际重要湿地特别是水禽栖息地公约》(Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfall Habitat)等一系列国际公约。中国与世界各有关组织进行了广泛的合作，承担起保护生物多样性的责任，使生物资源的开发走上可持续发展的道路(a sustainable way)。

中译英练习题参考答案：
1. In this modern world, the culture of any nation cannot develop in isolation. And I believe that different cultures should learn from each other’s strengths to offset their own weaknesses. Of course, the culture of a nation must withhold its own distinctive national characteristics in its extensive exchange with other cultures. Cultural exchange, I think, is by no means a process of losing one’s own culture to a foreign culture, but a process of enriching each other’s national cultures.

2. In terms of Chinese food, it is popularly recognized that Chinese cuisine is world-famous for its perfect combination of “color, aroma, taste and appearance.”China’s unique culinary art owns itself to the country’s long history, vast territory and hospital tradition. Chinese cuisine gives emphasis to election of raw materials, the texture of food, the blending of seasonings, slicing techniques, the perfect timing cooking and the art of laying out the food on the plate. Among the best-known schools of Chinese culinary tradition are the Cantonese cuisine of the south, the Shandong cuisine of the north, the Huai-Yang cuisine of the east and the Sichuan cuisine of the west. These four major varieties of Chinese food have been traditionally noted as “the high flavor of the south, the salty flavor of the north, the sweet flavor of the east and spicy-hot flavor of the east.”

3．Tea drinking dates back to ancient times, but it is hard to find out the exact time. Anyway, there is some agreement on the approximate time. The found evidence shows that the habit of tea-drinking did spread out from China. Therefore, it is widely believed that the Chinese first began to drink tea. The habit of drinking and planting tea spread to the rest of the world from China directly and indirectly.

4. During the Tang Dynasty, a Japanese monk brought tea seeds from Zhejiang Province to Japan. Later in the Southern Song Dynasty, Zen masters brought tea procedures and tea wares from China to Japan, promoting the initiation of the Japanese tea ceremony. In the Song Dynasty, Arabic merchants exported tea from Quanzhou, Fujian Province. In the Ming Dynasty tea was sold to Southeast Asian and South African countries. In 1610 tea went to Europe via Macau. Thus tea became an international drink.

5. The Palace Museum, known as the Forbidden City, was the home to 24 Ming and Qing emperors, off-limits for 500years. It stands in the center of Beijing, covering 720,000 square meters, owing 800 buildings and 9,999 rooms, constituting a priceless testimony to Chinese civilization during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It is the largest and most magnificent group of places existing in China and a treasure house of various relics. It is also perfectly maintained.
6. A country must first take an inventory of all its significant cultural and natural properties. This is called Tentative List, and is important because a country may not nominate properties that have not already been included on the Tentative List. Next, it can select a property from this list to place into a Nomination File. The world Heritage Centre offers advice and help in preparing this file, which needs to be as comprehensive as possible.

7. The Humble Administrator’s Garden on Northeast Street in Suzhou is the largest of its kind in the area. It is one of china’s four major gardens and a masterpiece of the private classic garden. About three-fifths of the garden is a water area and most of the major buildings were built beside water, they are simple and elegant. There are a dozen pavilions built in different styles and the garden is divided into three parts: east, middle and west. The middle part features the essential qualities of the garden.

8. Small and delicate, cleverly laid out and pleasing to the eye, the streams, bridges, rockeries and pavilions of a private Chinese garden revealed a natural beauty of their own. Most of the bridges in these gardens are of stone, including straight, winding and arched bridges. The straight bridge consists of just stone slab without any decoration, and is usually level with the riverbank or with the river to make the visitors feel as if they are surrounded by water. The winding bridge has low balustrades. The Jiuqu Zigzag Bridge on the West Lake is one of them. The arch bridges can be divided into the single-arch and the multi-arch varieties. Streams in these gardens do not cover a large area, but fit in well with bridges and islets to yield a uniformed effect.

9. The Great Wall runs east from Shanhaiguan Pass, the First pass Under Heaven, to Gansu Province with a length of 12,700 Chinese Li, and that’s why we call it Ten Thousand Li Long Wall. The ancient people built the Wall during the Warring States period till the Ming Dynasty in the 15th century, and they spent over 2,000 years altogether. The ancient people built the Wall to defend against enemy invasion.

10. When can Chinese embroidery find its origin? As it is hard to preserve, it is rather hard to give a clear answer. The earliest embroidery pieces that have been unearthed date back to the Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty. From those cultural relics, the lines of the skill fabrics and the patterns of the embroidery clinging to the earth can be vaguely identified. A particular case is the quilt and clothing discovered in one Chu tomb in Hubei in 1982. Dragons, phoenix, tigers, and flowers were embroidered on them, each with vivid movement and splendid colors.

11. China was the first country in the world to weave silk. Silkworms were domesticated as early as 5,000 years ago. The production of silk threads and fabrics give rise to the art of embroidery. In 1958, a piece of silk embroidered with a dragon and phoenix was discovered in a state of Chu tomb of the Warring States (475BC-221BC).More than 2,000years old, it is the earliest piece of Chinese embroidery ever unearthed. Embroidery became widespread during the Han Dynasty (206BC-AD220) and many embroidered pieces discovered date back to that period.

12. Literature, performance, music, aria, drums and gongs, costumes and facial make-ups are all the important elements in Beijing Opera. Throughout the practice of the numerous artists, they have evolved into a formula in which all factors restrain and complement each other. As a means to create stage image, this formula is quite colorful but strictly applied. If this formula is not well managed, the state art of Beijing Opera will not be well displayed.

13. China, a country with a civilization of 5,000 years, has contributed to the world its four major inventions, namely, the compass, gun-powder, paper-making and movable-type printing. Meanwhile, China has spread across the world its knowledge and methods of traditional health care, for example, taiji shadow boxing, static qigong breathing and therapeutic massage. These health care methods are very effective not only in preserving physical health, but also in improving mental health and weight reduction.

14. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220), the notion that “heaven is dead” prevailed; Confucian moral concepts and values waned; and the society experienced major turbulence. Philosophers at the time used metaphysical discussions on the interrelation between Confucianism and Taoism to explain a number of important topics like the relationship between Confucianism and nature. Theoretical hypotheses were unprecedented during this time.

15. The vehicle emissions refers to the noxious gases which discharge from the waste gases such as CO(carbon monoxide0，HC+NOX(hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide)，PM(particle, carbon smoke) and so on. In order to suppress the production of these noxious gases and urged the vehicle manufacturer to improve their products to reduce producing source of the noxious gases, Europe and the US has formulated the related vehicle emission standards. The European standards are the vehicle emission standards which our country uses for reference, at present the domestically produced new cars will mark the European standards that has been met by the engine emission.

16. Even when two people think they can speak each other’s language, the chance of error is high. Usages and contextual inferences may be completely different between cultures. So even though one speaker may have learned the vocabulary of the other’s language, selecting the most appropriate words, with the correct intonation, spoken with appropriate eye contact while standing a proper distance from the other are all critical even before one considers the propriety of the topic to be discussed.

17. China cancelled bicycle-registration requirements in 2004, China Daily reported, “signaling the beginning of the end of its status as the world’s ‘bicycle kingdom’ as an emerging middle class increasingly forgoes the clean and energy-efficient transport in favour of the car.” In cities such as Beijing, the bicycle is no longer viewed as a “transportation tool”. Cars and bikes compete for road space, and the capital’s wide boulevards, overpasses and ring roads reflect China’s new transportation priority .Each day, it is said, about 1,000 new cars take to the streets of Beijing.

18. The Silk Road Tour ----our travel agency offers----starts from the ancient city of Xi’an and ends at Urumqi, the capital city of Xinjiang. The tour will also cover Lanzhou, Dunhuang and Turpan. All along the route, you will take pleasure in the charms of the natural landscape, appreciate the superior workmanship of ancient artists, enjoy local delicacies and meet local people. The trip will certainly leave you sweet memories that you will share with your family and friends.

19. China covers a vast territory and has many ethnic groups, hen