大学英语语法及练习.doc

大学英语语法及练习
大学英语语法与练习

第一讲 虚拟语气
I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习
虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以与在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。
虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有：
1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
动词形式
类型
虚拟时间
从句动词
主句动词
if条件句
现在
过去式
would/should/might/could+动词原形
过去
had+过去分词
would/should/might/could+
have +过去分词
将来
should/were to/
过去式
would/should/might/could+
动词原形
wish引导的宾从
现在
过去式

过去
had+过去分词/
could have done

将来
would/could/
might+动词原形

as if/though方式状语从句
同wish

其它动词引导的宾从

(should)+动词原形

主语从句

(should)+动词原形

表语从句

(should)+动词原形

同位语从句

(should)+动词原形

if only
同if条件句

lest, for fear that, in case

should+动词原形

would rather
/sooner that
现在/将来
过去式

过去
had+过去分词

It is high/about time that

过去式

2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。
例如：If I were invited, I would come.
If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things.
3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad.
Could I do it, I would surely do it.
Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）
4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时）

又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)；
If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)
5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.);
A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.)
6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
例如：Without electricity, there would be no modern industry.没有电就不会有现代工业。
But for your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment.没有你们的帮助，我们的实验时不可能成功的。
7.“Were it not for/Had it not been for+宾语”或“But that+从句”表示假设条件。
例如：Were it not for their assistance, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties.
Had it not been for the reservoir, we’d never have been able to beat the drought.
But that he saw it (=If he had not seen it), he could not have believed it.
8.providing, providing (that), on condition that, suppose, supposing引导的条件从句中，根据语意，可以用虚拟语气，有可以用陈述语气。
9.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词有：advice, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, direct（命令）insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge, move(提议，动议)等；例如：The United Nations urged that he (should) withdraw his troops. （联合国敦促他撤军。）
10．常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词有：advice, command, desire, determination, idea, motion, order, preference, recommendation, suggestion, insistence, proposals, request, requirement等；
例如：The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. (用于同位语从句)
邀请他的建议被否决了。
Their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%. (用于表语从句)
他们的要求是工资增加20%。
11．用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“It is/was + 形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）”，例如：It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion.你有必要参加讨论。
It was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane. 根据命令，那些药品必须空运到这儿。
常见的这类形容词、分词还有：advisable（合理的）, anxious(急切的), appropriate（合适的）, compulsory（强制的）, crucial(紧要关头的)，desirable（理想的）, eager, essential（必要的）, imperative(迫切的), important（重要的）, impossible（不可能的）, improper（不合适的）, natural（自然的）, obligatory(必须履行的)， preferable（更好的）, proper（合适的）, strange（奇怪的）urgent（紧迫的）, vital（至关重要的）, demanded（要求的）, required（要求的）, suggested（建议的）, desired（希望的）等。
II. 历届四级试题中的虚拟语气：
1. That tree looked as if it ______ for a long time. (93/1/52)
A) hasn’t watered B) didn’t water C) hadn’t been watered D) wasn’t watered
2. It’s necessary ______ the dictionary immediately. (93/1/68)
A) that he will return B) that he returned C) that he return D) that he has to return
3. We desire that the tour leader ______ us immediately of any change in plans. (93/6/48)
A) inform B) informs C) informed D) has informed
4. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ______ your advice. (93/6/70)
A) follow B) had followed C)would follow D) have followed
5.The manager of the hotel requests that their guests______ after 11:00 p.m. (94/1/65)
A) not to play loud music B) shouldn’t play loud music
C) don’t play loud music D) couldn’t play music
6.______for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (95/1/47)
A) Not being for B) Had it not been C) Without being D) Not having been
7.To be frank, I’d rather you______ in the case. (95/1/61)
A) will not be involved B) not involved C) not to be involved D) were not involved
8.It is recommended that the project _____until all the preparations have been made. (95/6/44)
A) is not started B) will not be started C) not be started D) is not to be started
9.I wish I _____longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. (95/6/45)
A) could have slept B) slept C) not be started D) have slept
10.Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she _____ a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often.(96/1/44)
A) has to get B) were to get C) had got D) could have got
11. It is politely requested by the total management that radio ______ after 11 o’clock at (96/1/28)
A) were not played B) not to play C) not be played D) did not play
12. ______ right now, she would get there on Sunday. (96/6/42)
A) Would she leave B) If she leaves C) Were she to leave D) If she had left
13. It’s already 5 o’clock now. Don’t you think it’s about time ______? (96/6/43)
A) we were going home B)we go home C) we went home D) we can go home
14. ______ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner (97/1/34)
A) Had they arrived B) Would they arrive C) Were they arriving D) Were they to arrive
15. Had he worked harder, he ______ the exams. (97/6/42)
A) must have got through B) would have got through
C) would get through D) could get through
16. I don’t think it advisable that Tim ______ to the job since he has no experience.(97/6/55)
A) is assigned B) will be assigned C) be assigned D) has been assigned
17. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ______ himself. (98/1/38)
A) injure B) had injured C) injured D) would injure
18. You don’t have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you______on business first. (98/1/59)
A) would go B) will go C) went D) have gone
19. I’d rather you______make any comment on the issue for the time being. (98/6/48)
A) don’t B) wouldn’t C) didn’t D) shouldn’t
20. We were all for your proposal that the discussion ______. (98/6/68)
A) be put off B) was put off C) should put off D) is to put off
21. “You are very selfish. It’s high time you ______ that you are not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily. (99/1/57)
A) realized B) have realized C) realize D) should realize
22. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _______ now. (99/1/60)
A) wouldn’t be smiling B) couldn’t have smiled C) won’t smile D) didn’t smile
23. Frankly speaking, I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being. (99/1/66)
A) didn’t do B) haven’t done C) don’t do D) have done
24. If the whole operation ______ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (99/6/43)
A) was not planned B) has not been C) were not planned D) had not been planned
25. As Commander-in-Chief on the armed forces, I have directed that all measures ______for our defense. (99/6/62)
A) be taken B) would be taken C) to be taken D) had been taken
26. Wouldn’t you rather your child ______ to bed early? (00/1/49)
A) went B) goes C) go D) would go
27. Mike’s uncle insists ______ in this hotel. (00/1/52)
A) that he not stay B) staying not C) that he would not stay D) not to stay
28. Sometimes I wish I_____ in a different time and a different place. (00/1/58)
A) were living B) would live C) would have lived D) be living
29. It is essential that these application forms ______ back as early as possible. (00/1/64)
A) must be sent B) will be sent C) be sent D) are sent
30. The suggestion that the mayor ______ the prizes was accepted by everyone. (00/6/32)
A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present
31. The manager would rather his daughter ______ in the same office. (00/6/48)
A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work
32. It is important that the hotel receptionist ______ that guests are registered correctly. (01/1/41)
A) make sure B) has made sure C) made sure D) must make sure
33.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______ all practical value by the time they were finished. (01/6/53 )
A) had lost B) would lose C) would have lost D) should have lost
34. Jack wishes that he ______ business instead of history when he was in university. (01/6/50)
A) had studied B) study C) studied D) had been studying
35. The article suggests that when a person ______ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet. (02/1/57)
A) be B) was C) is D) were
36. Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee ______ to investigate the incident. (02/1/58)
A) was set up B) were set up C) set up D) be set up
37. Things might have been much worse if the mother ______ on right to keep the baby. （02/1/59）
A) had insisted B) has been insisting C) insisted D) would insist
III. 答案与详解:
1. C) 题意：那棵树看上去好象很久没浇水了。
解析：as if 引导的方式状语从句，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时, 故选C。
2. C) 题意：他立刻归还字典是很有必要的。
解析：“it is/was + 形容词+主语从句”中的虚拟语气的动词形式用省略should的动词形式, 故选C。
3. A) 题意：我们希望旅游团的领队能立刻通知计划的一些改变。
解析：desire引导的宾语从句中动词应用虚拟形式should +动词原形或省略should，故选A。
4. B) 题意：瞧瞧我这糟糕的处境！要是我听从你的建议就好了。
解析：if only引导的句子如果与过去事实相反，动词就用过去完成时，即had + 过去分词，故选B。
5. B) 题意：酒店老板要求客人晚上11点之后不得播放嘈闹的音乐。
解析：request引导的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略，故选B。
6. B) 题意：要不是我病了的话，我会帮他一把的。
解析：“had not been for +宾语”表示假设条件，相当于“if it had not been for”，意思是“要不是…，如果不是…”，故选B。
7. D) 题意：说实话，我宁愿你不要卷入这起案件中。
解析：would rather +that从句的虚拟语气用过去式，故选D。
8. C) 题意：据建议这项工程在所有的准备工作就绪之前不应动工。
解析：“it is + 过去分词+ that从句”的虚拟语气形式用should+动词原形或省略should的动词原型，故选C。
9. A) 题意：我原希望我今早上能多睡会，但我不得不起床来上课。
解析：由“but I had to …”可知wish后的宾语从句是对过去的假设，故选A。
10. B) 题意：简不想现在就工作，因为她认为如果有了一份工作，她就不能常常与朋友们相见。
解析：if引导的与将来情况相反的假设的虚拟语气可用should或者were to + 动词原形的形式，故选B。
11. C) 题意：所有管理人员很有礼貌地请求晚上11点之后不要再播放收音机了。
解析：“it is + 过去分词+ that从句”的虚拟语气形式用should+动词原形或省略should的动词原型，故选C。
12. C) 题意：要使她能立刻动身，她会在星期日到达那儿的。
解析：if引导的与将来情况相反的假设的虚拟语气可用should或者were to + 动词原形的形式，故选C。
13. C) 题意：现在已经5点了，难道你不认为我们该回家了吗？
解析：it is (about) time + that从句中的虚拟语气用过去式，故选C。
14. D) 题意：要使他们能在后天我们出发之前赶到，我们会举行一场盛大的晚会。
解析：if引导的虚拟条件句中如果动词是had, should或were的话，可以省略if，把这些动词前置；又由the day after tomorrow（后天）可以判断假设的是将来情况，因此选项D是正确答案。
15. B) 题意：如果他学习努力一些的话，他会通过考试的。
解析：if引导的条件句的虚拟语气表示与过去情况相反时，从句用had + 过去分词的形式，主句用would +have +过去分词的形式，所以B是正确答案。
16. C) 题意：我认为分配蒂姆做这份工作是不合理的，因为他没有经验。
解析：含有advisable作宾补的宾语从句也须用虚拟语气，形式同它作表语的虚拟语气，因此，省略了should的选项C 是答案。
17. A) 题意：这名疯男子被关进铺了软垫的囚室，以免他伤害自己。
解析：lest引导的状语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略。
18. C) 题意：你无须这么匆忙。我宁愿你先出差去。
解析：would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选C.
19. C) 题意：我宁愿你暂时对此问题不做任何评价。
解析：would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选C。
20. A) 题意：我们都赞成你的提议，即推迟讨论。
解析：proposal引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用should + 动词原形或者省略should,该句应用被动语态，故选A。
21. A) 题意：“你非常自私。到了你该意识到你并不是世界上最重要的人物。”埃德加气愤地对老板说。
解析：it is high time + that从句中的虚拟语气用过去式，故选A。
22. A) 题意：如果你掉落时我没有站在梯子下接住你，那你现在就不会在这儿微笑了。
解析：本句是错综时间的虚拟句，从句虚拟的是过去的情况，用过去完成时，主句虚拟的现在的情况，用过去将来时，又由于now这个表示进行时的时间副词，所以选项A) wouldn’t be smiling是正确答案。
23. A) 题意：坦白地讲，我宁愿你暂时对此什么也没做。
解析：would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选A。
24. D) 题意：如果整个操作没有提前计划的，那大量的时间和财力就会被浪费掉。
解析：if引导的与过去情况相反的假设，从句用过去完成时(had + 过去分词)，主句用过去将来完成时（would + have + 过去分词），故选项D是正确答案。
25. A) 题意：做为武装部队的总司令，我已经命令采取一切措施有利于我们的措施。
解析：direct后的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略，故选A) be taken。
26. A) 题意：难道你不原意你的孩子早点上床睡觉？
解析：would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选A。
27. A) 题意：迈克的叔叔坚持让他呆在这家旅店。
解析：insist后的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略，故选A) that he not stay。
28. A) 题意：有时候我希望自己生活在一个不同的时代和不同的地方。
解析：wish引导一个与现在情况相反的宾语从句时，动词用过去时，并且用were代替 was，所以A) were living是正确答案。
29. C) 题意：这些申请表尽可能早地送回来是很必要的。
解析：“it is essential + that从句 ”的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略。所以选项C是正确答案。
30. B) 题意：由市长颁发奖品的建议得到了所有人的认可。
解析：suggestion引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用should + 动词原形或者省略should,故选B。
31. D) 题意：经理宁愿其女儿不在同一个办公室工作。
解析：would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选D。
32. A) 题意：酒店招待确保客人登记无误是很重要的。
解析：“it is important + that从句 ”的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略。所以选项A是正确答案。
33. C) 题意：如果涉与到的上百万的计算用人工完成，那么等算完时早已失去其实用价值。
解析：if引导的虚拟从句与过去事实相反，从句用“had +过去分词”形式，if省略，had提前，并以插入语的方式置于句中，主句用“would + have +过去分词”形式，所以选项C为正确答案。
34. A) 题意：杰克常希望他上大学时学的是商业而不是历史。
解析：wish引导的宾语从句的虚拟语气如表示对过去情况的假设，动词形式用过去完成式（had +过去分词）或could + have +过去分词的形式，所以选项A)had studied是正确答案。
35. C) 题意：这篇文章建议，当一个人处于不寻常的压力下时，他应该尤其注意自己的饮食平衡。
解析：suggest引出的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形或省略should的形式，但本句的考查点却不是宾语从句的主句（he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet）,而是宾语从句中一个由when引导的时间状语从句，不需用虚拟语气，因此选项C) is是正确答案。
36. D) 题意：许多代表都赞成他的提议即设立一个专门委员会来调查此事故。
解析：proposal引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用should + 动词原形或者省略should,该句是被动语态，故选D。
37. A) 题意：如果那位母亲坚持不放弃抚养婴儿的权利，那事情可能还要糟糕的多。
解析：if引导的与过去情况相反的假设，从句用had + 过去分词的形式，主句用would/could+ have + 过去分词，故选项A是正确答案。
第二讲 非谓语动词
I．考点分析
非谓语动词包括现在分词、过去分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词既是四级考试的重点也是四级考试的的难点。因为非谓语动词的用法很复杂，它既含有时态语态的变化、又有否定形式。例如：
He see