语言学-超音段特征课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,welcome to our class,1,2.5 Suprasegmentals,Suprasegmental features,are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments,.,2,语音单位在语流中有前后的顺序,它们的组合呈线形的,称,线性组合,。,据线性组合的先后顺序切分出来的语音单位,各占一定的时间段落,所以也称,音段,。,语流中最小的音段是,音位,因此音位也称音段音位(segmental phonemes),即,元音(vowels),和,辅音(consonants),。,但是,在实际语流中,语音成素还有一种非线性的共时组合。当音位前后连缀组合成较大的音段时,往往具有原来所没有的某种语音成素作为它的特征及组成部分。这种较大音段所具有的语音成素超越了原来的较小音段的线性组合,因而具有超音段的性质。因此我们在这里要研究,超音段特征,。,3,For example,instinct instikt(本能),television teli,vin（电视）,4,2.5.1 The Syllable Structure,monosyllable,:with one syllable,like,cat,and,dog,Polysyllable:,with more than one syllable,like,transplant,or,festival,5,A syllable must have a,nucleus,or,peak,Usually,a,vowel,plays the part of a nucleus,Sometimes,a,consonant,plays the part of a nucleus,Table teibl,/tei/bl/,m,n bottom btm,cotton ktn,6,Syllable(cracked),O(nset),R(hyme),N(ucleus),Co(da),k,r,k,t,Syllable structure,7,A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable,A syllable with coda is a closed syllable,Open syllable and closed syllable,8,In English,the onset position may be,empty,or filled by a cluster of as many as,three consonants,while the coda position may be filled by as many as,four consonants,.,aim eim spread spred,sixthssikss,English,(C)C)C)V(C)C)C)C),Chinese(C)v(C),9,Maximal onset principle,When there is a choice as to where to place a consonant,it is put into the onset rather than the coda.,National nnl,10,2.5.2 stress,Stress,refers to the degree of force,used in producing a syllable.,In transcription,a raised vertical line ()is often used before the syllable it relates to.,11,Stress relative notion,stressed syllables vs unstressed syllables,At the word level,At the sentence level,12,At the word level,it only applies to the words with at least,two syllables,.For long words,there are often two stressed syllables,primary stressed,and,secondary stressed,syllables,.,eg.,communication k,mju:nikein,epiphenomenal,epifnminl,13,At the sentence level,In general situation,notional,words are normally stressed while,structural,words are unstressed.,eg,.I was thinking of you all the time,.,In principle,stress may fall on,any word or any syllable,to express,emphasis,surprise,ect,.,eg,.John bought a red bicycle.,14,John,bought a red bicycle.,John,bought,a red bicycle.,John bought a,red,bicycle.,John bought a red,bicycle,.,15,2.5.3 Intonation,*Intonation refers to the total pattern of,pitch changes,i.e.,the rising and falling of the voice when a person is speaking,within an utterance.,Types of intonation patterns:,rising,falling,and,falling-rising,16,The rising tone at the end is often used for asking yes-no questions and showing politeness or surprise.,e.g.,Are you sure?,Excuse me?,17,The falling tone is often used for complete sentence.,I am very pleased with it,.(,陈述句,),What are you reading?,（特殊疑问句）,Hands up,please.,（祈使句）,Do you want a cup of coffee or tea?,（选择疑问句）,But the falling tone sometimes leads to rudeness and abruptness.,18,The fall-rise tone in English typically involves the meaning of a contrast within a limited set of items stated explicitly or implicitly.,e.g.,She is beautiful.,-isnt her name Mary?,-No,Jenny.,19,2.5.4 Tone,Chinese is a kind of tone language,20,In Chinese tone changes are used in a different way,affecting the meanings of individual words.,e.g.,ying 同音异形字,21,Bye-bye,thank you,22,