初中英语语法全表格型模板.doc

一．名词
I. 名词种类:
专有名词
一般名词
国名地名人名, 团体机构名称
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
抽象名词
物质名词

II. 名词数:
1. 规则名词复数形式:
名词复数形式, 通常在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将组成方法与读音规则列表以下:
规则
例词
1
通常情况在词尾加-s
map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2
以s, x, ch, sh结尾名词后加-es
class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes
3
以-f或-fe结尾词
变-f和-fe为v再加-es
leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives
加-s
belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs
4
以辅音字母加y结尾名词, 变y为i加-es
party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5
以元音字母加y结尾名词, 或专有名词以y结尾, 加-s
toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
6
以辅音字母加-o结尾名词
通常加-es
hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
不少外来词加-s
piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos
二者皆可
zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
7
以元音字母加-o结尾名词加-s
radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8
以-th结尾名词加-s
truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,
2. 不规则名词复数:
英语里有些名词复数形式是不规则, 现归纳以下:
规则
例词
1
改变名词中元音字母或其她形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2
单复数相同
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,
3
只有复数形式
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4
部分集体名词总是用作复数
people, police, cattle, staff
5
部分集体名词既能够作单数（整体）也能够作复数（组员）
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6
复数形式表示尤其含义
customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7
表示“某国人”
加-s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
单复数同形
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾改为-men,-women
Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8
合成名词
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
无主体名词时将最终一部分变为复数
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
将两部分变为复数
women singers, men servants
III. 名词全部格:
名词在句中表示全部关系语法形式叫做名词全部格。全部格分两种: 一是名词词尾加’s组成, 二是由介词of加名词组成。前者多表示有生命东西, 后者多表示无生命东西。
1. ’s全部格组成:
单数名词在末尾加’s
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,
复数名词
通常在末尾加’
the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother,
不规则复数名词后加’s
the children’s toys, women’s rights,
以s结尾人名全部格加’s或者’
Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house
表示各自全部关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s
Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有全部关系时在最终一词末加’s
Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father
表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂, 全部格后名词省略
the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s
2. ’s全部格使用方法:
１
表示时间
today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday
2
表示自然现象
the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches
3
表示国家城市等地方名词
the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry
4
表示工作群体
the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory
5
表示度量衡及价值
a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples
6
与人类活动有特殊关系名词
the life’s time, the play’s plot
7
一些固定词组
a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)
3. of全部格使用方法:
 用于无生命东西: the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命东西, 尤其是有较长定语时: the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化词: the struggle of the oppressed
二．冠词
冠词分为不定冠词（a, an）, 定冠词（the）, 和零冠词。
I. 不定冠词使用方法:
1
指一类人或事, 相当于a kind of
A plane is a machine that can fly.
2
第一次提及某人某物, 非特指
A boy is waiting for you.
3
表示“每一”相当于every, one
We study eight hours a day.
4
表示“相同”相当于the same
We are nearly of an age.
5
用于人名前, 表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质人或事
A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.
6
用于固定词组中
A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7
用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such以后
This room is rather a big one.
8
用于so(as, too, how)+形容词以后
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
II. 定冠词使用方法:
1
表示某一类人或物
The horse is a useful animal.
2
用于世上独一无二事物名词前
the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3
表示说话双方都了解或上文提到过人或事
Would you mind opening the door?
4
用于乐器前面
play the violin, play the guitar
5
用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
the reach, the living, the wounded
6
表示“一家人”或“夫妇”
the Greens, the Wangs
7
用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前
He is the taller of the two children.
8
用于国家党派等以及江河湖海, 山川群岛名词前
the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
9
用于表示发明物单数名词前
The compass was invented in China.
10
在逢十复数数词之前, 指世纪某个年代
in the 1990’s
11
用于表示单位名词前
I hired the car by the hour.
12
用于方位名词, 身体部位名词, 及表示时间词组前
He patted me on the shoulder.
III. 零冠词使用方法:
1
专有名词, 物质名词, 抽象名词, 人名地名等名词前
Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
2
名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制
I want this book, not that one. /  Whose purse is this?
3
季节, 月份, 星期, 节假日, 一日三餐前
March, Sunday, National Day, spring
4
表示职位, 身份, 头衔名词前
Lincoln was made President of America.
5
学科, 语言, 球类, 棋类名词前
He likes playing football/chess.
6
与by连用表示交通工具名词前
by train, by air, by land
7
以and连接两个相对名词并用时
husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
8
表示泛指复数名词前
Horses are useful animals.
   三．代词:
I. 代词能够分为以下七大类:
1
人称代词
主格
I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格
me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
2
物主代词
形容词性
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
名词性
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
3
反身代词
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
4
指示代词
this, that, these, those, such, some
5
疑问代词
who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
6
关系代词
that, which, who, whom, whose, as
7
不定代词
one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
II. 不定代词使用方法注意点:
1. one, some与any:
1) one能够泛指任何人, 也可特指, 复数为ones。some多用于肯定句, any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑问句中, 表示期望得到肯定回复, 或者表示提议, 请求等。
Would you like some bananas?    Could you give me some money?
3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时, some表示某个, any表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some magazine.    Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4) some和数词连用表示“大约”, any可与比较级连用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school.    Do you feel any better today?
2. each和every:
each强调部分, 代表数能够是两个或两个以上, 而every强调整体, 所指数必需是三个或三个以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.
3. none和no:
no等于not any, 作定语。none作主语或宾语, 替换不可数名词, 谓语用单数, 替换可数名词, 谓语单复数皆能够。
There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
4. other和another:
  1) other泛指“另外, 别”常与其她词连用, 如: the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指二者中另外一个, 复数为the others。如:
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
  2) another指“又一个, 另一个”无所指, 复数形式是others, 泛指“他人或事”如:
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one). 
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.
Some like football, while others like basketball.
5. all和both, neither和either
  all表示不可数名词时, 其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定, 全部否定用neither和none.
  All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.
  Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.
 四．形容词和副词
I. 形容词:
1. 形容词位置:
1) 形容词作定语通常前置, 但在下列情况后置:
1
修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等组成复合不定代词时
nobody absent, everything possible
2
以-able, -ible结尾形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰名词以后
the best book available, the only solution possible
3
alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等能够后置
the only person awake
4
和空间、 时间、 单位连用时
a bridge 50 meters long
5
成对形容词能够后置
a huge room simple and beautiful
6
形容词短语通常后置
a man difficult to get on with
2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词次序:
代词
数词
性状形容词
冠词前形容词
冠词
指示代词
不定代词
代词全部格
序数词
基数词
性质
状态
大小
长短
形状
新旧
温度
颜色
国籍
产地
材料
质地
名词
all
both
such
the
a
this
another
your
second
next
one
four
beautiful
good
poor
large
short
square
new
cool
black
yellow
Chinese
London
silk
stone
3) 复合形容词组成:
1
形容词+名词+ed
kind-hearted
6
名词+形容词
world-famous
2
形容词+形容词
dark-blue
7
名词+现在分词
peace-loving
3
形容词+现在分词
ordinary-looking
8
名词+过去分词
snow-covered
4
副词+现在分词
hard-working
9
数词+名词+ed
three-egged
5
副词+过去分词
newly-built
10
数词+名词
twenty-year
II. 副词
副词分类:
1
时间副词
soon, now, early, finally, once, recently
5
频度副词
always, often, frequently, seldom, never
2
地点副词
here, nearby, outside, upwards, above
6
疑问副词
how, where, when, why
3
方法副词
hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really
7
连接副词
how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
4
程度副词
almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather
8
关系副词
when, where, why
III. 形容词和副词比较等级:
形容词和副词比较等级分为原级, 比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级组成通常是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est, 多音节和部分双音节词前加more 和most。
1. 同级比较时常常见 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如: I am not so good a player as you are.
2. 能够修饰比较级词有: much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方改变时用“the more…the more…”句型。如: The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表示最高级意思。如: I have never spent a more worrying day.
5. 表示倍数比较级有以下多个句型:
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“形容词没有最高级和比较级。如: favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
 五．介词
I. 介词分类:
1
简单介词
about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on
2
合成介词
inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without
3
短语介词
according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to
4
双重介词
from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between
5
分词转化成介词
considering(就而论), including
6
形容词转化成介词
like, unlike, near, next, opposite
II. 常见介词区分:
1
表示时间in, on, at
at表示片刻时间, in表示一段时间, on总是与日子相关
2
表示时间since, from
since 指从过去到现在一段时间, 和完成时连用, from指从时间某一点开始
3
表示时间in, after
in指在一段时间以后, after表示某一具体时间点以后或用在过去时一段时间中
4
表示地理位置in, on, to
in表示在某范围内, on指与什么毗邻, to指在某环境范围之外
5
表示“在…上”on, in
on只表示在某物表面上, in表示占去某物一部分
6
表示“穿过”through, across
through表示从内部经过, 与in相关, across表示在表面上经过, 与on相关
7
表示“相关”about, on
about指包含到, on指专门叙述
8
between与among区分
between表示在二者之间, among用于三者或三者以上中间
9
besides与except区分
besides指“除了…还有再加上”, except指“除了, 减去什么”, 不放在句首
10
表示“用”in, with
with表示具体工具, in表示材料, 方法, 方法, 度量, 单位, 语言, 声音
11
as与like区分
as意为“作为, 以…地位或身份”, like为“象…一样”, 指情形相同
12
in与into区分
in通常表示位置（静态）, into表示动向, 不表示目地或位置
 六．动词
I. 动词时态:
1. 动词时态一共有16种, 以ask为例, 将其多种时态组成形式列表以下:

现在时
过去时
未来时
过去未来时
通常
ask / asks
asked
shall/will ask
should/would ask
进行
am/is/are asking
was/were asking
shall/will be asking
should/would be asking
完成
have/has asked
had asked
shall/will have asked
should/would have asked
完成进行
have/has been asking
had been asking
shall/will have been asking
should/would have been asking
2. 现在完成时与通常过去时区分:
1) 现在完成时表示过去发生动作或存在情况, 但和现在有联络, 强调是对现在造成影响或结果, 它不能同表示过去时间状语连用, 汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之, 利用过去, 说明现在。如:
I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过, 且了解这本书内容)
2) 通常过去时只表示过去发生动作或状态, 和现在无关, 它可和表示过去时间状语连用, 汉译英时可加“过”, “了”等词。简言之, 仅谈过去, 不关现在。如:
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了, 不包含现在是否记住)
I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年, 与现在无关）
3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时区分:
二者都能够表示“从过去开始一直连续到现在”, 在含义上如着重表示动作结果时, 多用现在完成时, 如着重表示动作一直在进行, 即动作延续性时, 则多用现在完成进行时。通常不能用于进行时动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。
4. 通常未来时表示方法:

未来时
使用方法
例句
1
will/shall+动词原形
表示未来发生动作或存在状态
My sister will be ten next year.
2
be going to+动词原形
含有“计划, 计划, 立即”做某事, 或表示很有可能要发生某事
It’s going to clear up.
We’re going to have a party tonight.
3
be + doing 进行时表示未来
go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划立即发生动作
He is moving to the south.
Are they leaving for Europe?
4
be about to + 动词原形
表示安排或计划中立即就要发生动作, 后面通常不跟时间状语
I was about to leave when the bell rang.
The meeting is about to close.
5
be to + 动词原形
表示按计划进行或征求对方意见
We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
6
通常现在时表示未来
时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好事情, 可用通常现在时表示未来
The meeting starts at five o’clock.
The plane leaves at ten this evening.
II. 动词被动语态:

常见被动语态
组成

常见被动语态
组成
1
通常现在时
am/is/are asked
6
过去进行时
was/were being asked
2
通常过去时
was/were asked
7
现在完成时
have/has been asked
3
通常未来时
shall/will be asked
8
过去完成时
had been asked
4
过去未来时
should/would be asked
9
未来完成时
will/would have been asked
5
现在进行时
am/is/are being asked
10
含有情态动词
can/must/may be asked
注

意

事

项
被动语态否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not, 短语动词被动态不可遗漏其中介副词。固定结构be
going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时, 只需将其后动词变为被动态。 如:
Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.
Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语, 在英语中通常可用被动结构表示。如:
It is believed that…            It is generally considered that…           It is said that…
It is well known that…         It must be pointed out that…              It is supposed that…
It is reported that…            It must be admitted that…                It is hoped that…
下面主动形式常表示被动意义: 如:
The window wants/needs/requires repairing.          The book is worth reading twice.
The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act.            The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.
The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.
下面词或短语没有被动态:
leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
 七．情态动词
I. 情态动词基础使用方法:
情态动词
使用方法
否定式
疑问式与简答
can
能力（体力, 智力, 技能）
许可或许可（口语中常见）
可能性（表猜测, 用于否定句或疑问句中）
can not / cannot /can’t do
Can…do…?
Yes,…can.
No,…can’t.
could
couldn’t do
may
能够（问句中表示请求）
可能, 或许（表推测）
祝福（用于倒装句中）
may not do
May…do…? Yes,…may.
No,…mustn’t/can’t.
might
might not do
Might…do…? Yes,…might
No,…might not.
must
必需, 应该（表主观要求）
肯定, 想必（肯定句中表推测）
must not/mustn’t do
Must…do…? Yes,…must.
No,…needn’t/don’t have to.
have to
只好, 不得不（客观必需, 有时态人称改变）
don’t have to do
Do…have to do…?
Yes,…do.  No,…don’t.
ought to
应该（表示义务责任, 口语中多用should
ought not to/oughtn’t to do
Ought…to do…?
Yes,…o