2016-美国文学复习资料.doc

美国文学复习资料

Ⅰ. Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (1分 x 20题 = 20 分)
II. Fill in the blanks. (1分 x 10题 = 10 分)

1. The colonial history of the United States refers to the history of the land from the start of European settlement to the time of __________________from Europe, and especially to the history of the thirteen colonies of Britain which declared themselves independent in 1776.
independence
2. The first writings that we call American were the narratives叙xu\事\作\品and ______________of the early settlements移民.   journal日记       
3. The first English permanent settlement---______________ --- in North America was set up in 1607. Jamestown
4. The May Flower 五月花 (the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620 ) arrived in December 1620 with 102 Puritan pilgrims on board 在船上 who came to the New World in search of religious freedom. The ship headed for Jamestown, but strong wind drove her to what is now Princeton Harbor and another settlement the ______________ was established. Plymouth Colony 1620年12月,“五月花号”承载着102名清教徒来到了这片新大陆寻找宗教自由。"五月花号"的目的地是詹姆斯敦,但强风使她偏离了航线, 最后来到了今天的普林斯顿港口,在此清教徒们建立了第二个殖民点:普利茅斯殖民点。
5. The war between the English government and the colonies broke out in September, 1775, and came to an end in October, 1781, with Gornwallis's encircled army surrendering to General Washington. The triumph of the war by the colonists brought into being an ______________, the United States, in 1783. independent nation
6. Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in ______  and   Thoreau. Emerson  
7. The May Flower arrived in December 1620 with 102 Puritan pilgrims on board who came to the New World in search of religious freedom. The ship headed for Jamestown but strong wind drove her to what is now Princeton Harbor and another settlement ______________ was established. the Plymouth Colony
8. The most influential religious thought of this period was the Puritanism which is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. During the reign of Elizabeth I , one of the sects教派 of Puritans separated from the Protestants 新教徒 and after much persecution they took refuge in the Netherlands. They finally determined to immigrate to the New World in search of ______________. religious freedom
9. Writers of the colonial period were mostly ______________. They wrote about their voyages to the New World, about adapting to the new circumstances, about farming and hunting, and about their dealing with the Indians. They also wrote about political and religious matters, and about their dreams of the vast land which stretched before them. In their writings, the history of early America, especially in New England, was filled with references to The Bible and God's will. Everything could be explained from the religious perspective: storms and sickness might represent God's wrath; a good harvest might signify God's blessing. European immigrants
10. Thomas Jefferson is remembered as the author of The Declaration of Independence (1776). He is considered a true_________________ and one of the founders of the United States. He is the third President of the United States (1801 -1809). Enlightenment thinker
11. The English colonies殖民地人民in North America rose in arms against their parent country and the continental congress adopted批准_________________in 1776. The Declaration of Independence
12. Thomas Paine was very active in the cause of American Revolution and gained the title of __________________________, which showed his contribution. The Father of American Revolution
13. In American literature, the 18th century was the age of Enlightenment. ________________was the dominant. Rationalism
14. John Smith (1580-1631) was remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at________________, Virginia. With the greater part of his letter being published in 1608, John Smith was regarded as the first American writer. Jamestown
15. William Bradford was on the Mayflower, landed at Plymouth at the age of 30 and was elected the first governor of the colony. He is chiefly remembered as the author of ________________. The History of Plymouth Plantation
16. John Winthrop was elected governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony before they arrived there and he became a leader of the settlers throughout the remaining years of his life. The journals that he kept as the colonial official were published as ________________. The History of New England
17. Anne Dudley Bradstreet, an American poet, came from England with her husband Simon Bradstreet to the Massachusetts Bay Colony of North America at the age of eighteen in 1630. As the mother of eight children, she was kept busy by house-keeping, but she was not contented and tried her hand at poetry. In 1650, her first collection of poems was published, which was entitled _____________________. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America在1650年，约翰·伍德布里奇牧师替安妮用“美国的一位淑女”的名字出版了名为《出现在美国的第十个缪斯》的诗集，这使得安妮成为了英国和美国第一位出版诗作的女诗人。
18. _______ is father of the detective story 侦探小说and of psychoanalytic 心理分析批评criticism. Edgar Allan Poe
19. What did Fitzgerald call the 1920s? ________. The Jazz Age
20. Mark Twain was a representative of ________ in American literature. local colorism
21. _____________ is a novel about how a group of people on a whaling ship 捕bu鲸船 kill a great whale but themselves are killed by the whale, with the conflict between man and his fate. Moby-Dick
22. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more ____________. Pessimistic
23. The short story “Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔(美国作家欧文所写一篇故事名及其主人公) ” reveals the _______________ attitude of its author. Conservative
24. Which of the following statements about O. Henry is NOT right? _______________ The plots are usually clumsy 情节复杂难懂、文体臃肿.
25. William Faulkner’s works mainly concern the American______________. South 
26. The colonial literature is rich ______________. The reason is self-evident if we bear in mind that they were almost all religious people --- Puritans. in religious color
27. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that was originated from France. The movement attracted widespread support from all progressive forces of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. The Enlightenment advocates hold that man need not wait for God's grace to perfect him in heaven, but can attain the perfection on earth by trusting reason and scientific experiments. Therefore, the Enlightenment is sometimes called ______________. the Age of Reason
28. ______________ is NOT a fictional虚构人物 character in The Scarlet Letter. Santiago
29. During the period after the Civil War, the American society entered in what Mark Twain referred to as ___________. the Gilded Age （1873年，马克·吐温出版了小说《镀金时代》。从此，人们用这个词来形容，从南北战争结束到20世纪初的那一段美国历史。南北战争为美国资本主义发展扫清了道路，加上不断涌入的移民和西部新发现的矿藏，这一切使得美国的工业化极速发展，国家财富迅速增长。到20世纪初，美国已经是世界上最强的工业国之一了。）
30. In Leaves of Grass, ____________ is all that concerned Whitman. individualism, freedom,  democracy 
31. In American literature the first important writer who earned an international fame on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean is_______________. Washington Irving
32. “Two roads diverged in yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both…” In the above two lines of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, the poet, by implication, was referring to _________. one’s course of life
33. Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. He was one of the most important American thinkers during the revolutionary period. He stood as the epitome (缩影) of the Enlightenment(美国启蒙运动) and as the versatile embodiment of rational man of the period. His Poor Richard's Almanac《穷理查年鉴》contains a large number of _______________ about life. It was a particularly influential book in the early American literature. His The Autobiography《自传》: It records the author's rising from poverty or humble beginnings to success. It is an early example of the American dream. It could be seen as the representative work of Franklin. practical sayings
34. Thomas Paine's greatest contribution to the Enlightenment Movement is his The Age of Reason, a deistic declaration 自然神的宣言 advocating a rationalistic view of religion主张一种理性的宗教观点. His Common Sense 《常识》 is his most famous political pamphlet and is regarded as the greatest of the Revolutionary pamphlets. It had great impact on American Revolution. His _______________: It inspired the residents of colonial lands to resist the British Army. (本书鼓励殖民地人民抵抗英国军队。) His The Rights of Man 《人的权利》supported the French Revolution. The American Crisis 《美国危机》
35. Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊 (1743-1826) is remembered as the author of _______________ (1776). He is considered a true Enlightenment thinker and one of the founders of the United States.He is the third President of the United States (1801 -1809). The Declaration of Independence
36. American writers after World War I self-consciously acknowledged that they were “______________,” devoid of 缺乏自信faith and alienated from the Western civilization疏离西方文明．Lost Generation
37. American Romanticism stretches from the end of the ________ century through the outbreak of ______. 18th, the Civil War
38. In his poems, Walt Whitman is innovative 创新in the terms of the form of his poetry, which is called “____________________.”　 free verse自由诗体
39. From 1732 to 1758，Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous ______, an annual collection of proverbs. Poor Richard’s Almanac 本杰明 ·富兰克林:穷理查年鉴
40. Transcendentalists recognized ______as the “highest power of the soul”. Intuition直/觉/
41. Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”? The American Scholar   
42. For Melville, as well as for the reader and _________, the narrator, Moby Dick 白鲸is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery终极奥秘of the universe. Ishmael伊希梅尔
43. ______ is called by Hemingway the one from which “all modern American literature comes.” The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  
44. Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire德莱塞的“欲望三部曲includes three novels. They are The Financier, The Titan and_____ . The Stoic 德莱塞(1871～1945)，美国小说家。生于印第安纳州特雷霍特镇。父亲是贫苦的德国移民。他在公立学校接受了早期教育，以后进印第安纳大学学习。一生的大部分时间从事新闻工作。走遍芝加哥、匹兹堡、纽约等大城市，广泛深入地观察了解社会，为日后的文学创作积累了丰富的素材。第一部小说为《嘉莉妹\妹》(1900)，通过农村姑娘嘉莉到芝加哥谋生而成为名演员的故事，揭露了资本主义社会繁荣外衣掩盖下的生存斗争，对美国贫富对立的社会作了深刻的描写。这部小说因被指控“有破坏性”而长期禁止发行，但一些散发出去的赠阅本却引起了许多重要作家的注意。1911年，《珍妮姑娘》问世，接着又发表了《欲望三部曲》的前两部《金融家》(1912)和《巨人》(1914) ,《斯多噶》(1947), 奠定了德莱塞在美国文学界的地位。《天才 》(1915)是德莱塞自己最满意的一部长篇小说。它通过一青年画家的堕落控诉了资本主义社会对艺术的摧残。以真实的犯罪案件为题材的《美国的悲剧》(1925)是德莱塞的代表作。他的艺术特色——广阔的社会画面，丰富曲折的情节，深入细致的心理描述，不同情景的对比手法及独具个性的语言——统统体现在这部杰作中。1944年，德莱塞被美国文学艺术学会授予荣誉奖。《堡垒》(1946)和《斯多噶》两部长篇小说是在作家死后出版的。这两本书都反映了德莱塞晚年对宗教哲学的兴趣。1945年，他加入美国共产党。同年12月28日逝世。
45. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) was the head of the __________________. Transcendentalist movement
46. Emerson was a liberator from old _____________ and a leader in experimentation and self-reliance. Conventions
47. Emerson believed in the limitless____________ and dignity of man and pointed out that" man is everything" and man can master his own destiny. potential
48. One of Emerson’s most important works is Nature, which was regarded as “the manifesto of American ____________”. Transcendentalism
49. Emerson firmly believed in the transcendence of ____________. “over-soul”
50. Emerson regarded nature as the purest, the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a___________ of spiritual and immanent God in nature. direct intuition
51. Emerson held that everyone should understand that he makes himself making the world, and he makes the world by___________. making himself
52. Emerson held asserts that each individual is a manifestation of creation and as such holds the key to unlocking the___________________. mysteries of the universe
53. In 1862, President Lincoln exclaimed: “So you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war!” Who is this woman referred to? ______. Mrs. Stowe  
54. Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by____________. highly refined language
55. “I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.”Who could have written these lines? _____________.Walt Whitman 我\/赞\美\/我\/自\己\/, 歌唱\我\/自\己\/, 我\/承/担的\你\/也\/将承/担, 因为属\/于/我的每\/一个原/子\/也\/同/样\属\/于/你\/. 惠\特\曼\《草\/叶\集/》《自\己\/之歌》本诗1855年出版的《草叶集》Leaves of Grass中首次发表时没有诗题.后来用Poem of Walt Whitman,an American(1856),Walt Whitman(1860),等不同名陆续发表,最后才用Song of Myself的,诗中表明了两信仰：普遍性信仰；人类个别性和平等性.
56. In__________________, Robert Frost compares life to a journey, and he is doubtful whether he will regret his choice or not when he is old, because the choice has made all the difference. “The Road Not Taken”
57. The short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” is taken from Irving’s work named ______________. The Sketch Book《见\闻/札zha/记\》）[The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.1819-1820]）——其中收录　 《睡谷的传说》（The legend of the Sleepy Hollow）和《瑞普．凡．温克尔》（Rip Van Winkle）等名篇 （《见闻札记》开创了美国短篇小说的传统）
58. With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene, ______became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19th century．Realism
59. Mark Twain wrote most of his literary works with a ____ language. vernacular  白话的、方言的     
60. According to Hawthorne, the scarlet Letter “A” which originally stands for “_____”, finally obtains the meaning of “able” or “angel” through Hester’s efforts. adultery  通奸     
61. Shortly after his graduation from Harvard, Thoreau established a close friendship with the Transcendentalist writer Ralph Waldo Emerson, who became his literary mentor. And Thoreau’s friendship with Emerson led to his involvement with the ______________ Club. Transcendentalist
62. Henry David Thoreau’s Transcendental philosophy and his scientific knowledge contributed to his love of ___________. nature
63. In 1845, Thoreau built himself a cabin in the woods by ___________and lived there alone for two years. He raised his own food and spent very little money, devoting most of his time to study and reflection. Later he wrote a famous book Walden to illustrate his philosophy and observations of life. Walden Pond
64. Walden is one of the best-known non-fiction books written by Henry David Thoreau, a famous American writer. Published in 1854, it details Thoreau's living in a cabin near Walden Pond, amidst woodland owned by his friend and mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson, near Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau lived at Walden for two years, two months, and two days with expressed seasonal divisions. Thoreau hoped to isolate himself from society in order to gain a more objective 客观的 u