牛津上海八年级下句型专题教案.doc

牛津上海八年级下句型专题教案
八年级下句型专题教案

简单句、并列句和复合句
英语句子按结构可以分为3类：简单句（simple sentence）、并列句（compound sentence）、主从复合句（complex sentence）
简单句（simple sentence）
定义：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子叫简单句。
简单句只有一个主谓关系。
Eg. Things change. (一个主语，一个谓语)
Eg. Both he and his brother are good swimmers. (两个主语，一个谓语)
Eg. She took her son, ran out of the house, put him in the car and drove quickly to the nearest hospital. (一个主语，多个谓语)
简单句分为四类：陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句。
1. 陈述句：用来陈述一件事情或表示一种看法。
1） 肯定句
Eg. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
2） 否定句
Eg. He is not a student. (be动词的否定)
Eg. You can’t have it both ways. (情态动词的否定)
Eg. I don’t want to do that. (行为动词的否定)
Eg. He can hardly speak an English word. (否定词表否定)
Eg. Neither of them knows French. (两者的全部否定)
Eg. None of these answers is right. (三者及以上的全部否定)
2. 疑问句
1） 一般疑问句
Eg. Do you have any English books?/ Have you got any English books?
2） 特殊疑问句
Eg. Who is in the classroom? (疑问词作主语， 与陈述句语序相同)
Eg. Where do you come from?(疑问词+一般疑问句)
3） 反意疑问句
Eg. There is a radio on the table, isn’t there?
Eg. He didn’t get good grades in the exams, did he?
4） 选择疑问句
Eg. Do you go to work by bus or by bike?
3. 祈使句：用以表示命令、建议、劝告或请求。祈使句用动词原形，不能带情态动词。祈使句一般没有主语，如果有必要指出谁是特定的受话者，也可以加主语。
1） 肯定式
Eg. Be careful!
Eg. Let’s play basketball!
2） 否定式
Eg. Don’t make so much noise!
Eg. Don’t you do that again! (祈使句中保留主语，为引起重视或者表达不耐烦，主语you重读。)
Eg. No smoking here!
4. 感叹句：用以表达快乐，痛苦，惊讶，哀叹，遗憾等强烈感情。
1） 以副词how引导的感叹句
How + adj./ adv. + S + V
Eg. How beautiful an oil painting it is!
How + S +V
Eg. How the wind blows!
2） 以代词what 引导的感叹句
What + (a/an) +n. + S + V
What a lovely oil painting it is!
What good news this is!
What strange ideas you have!

并列句（Compound Sentence）
定义：并列句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。这些主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的。从语法上讲，所谓“”并列“、对等”是指任何一个主谓结构都能独立地表达意思，谁也不从属于谁。尽管如此，这些主谓结构在意思或逻辑上有一定程度的内在联系。否则，它们就可能被分别写成简单句，而没有必要写在一起构成并列句了。在并列句中，要使两个或几个主谓结构（或者说，分句）连接在一起，就要用并列连词。并列连词用来连接平行对等（即互不从属）的分句。其基本结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。
并列连词的用法
And, or, but, yet, for,和so 均可以用作并列连词
1. and的用法
1） 表示增补关系
Eg. She has lent me one of her new books, and the latest one in her collection.
2） “祈使句+and+陈述句”表示条件和结果，意为“”如果…就…“, ”只要…就…”
Eg. Press the button and the door opens by itself.
3） 表示转折或让步
She has wronged me, and (yet) I wish to do her justice.
2. Or的用法
1） 表示选择，连接两个并列句，指二者必须选择其一。
Eg. The children can go with us, or they can stay at home.
2） 表示否定的条件和结果，意为“否则”，“不然”
Eg. Hurry up, or you’ll be late for school.
3） 表示同位关系，意为“即”，“就是”
Eg. He arrived very late last night, or rather in the early hours this morning.
3. but 的用法
1） 表示转折
Eg. You may take a horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink.
2） 表示对照
Eg. Western medicine has developed a lot, but Chinese traditional medicine is still helpful to people’s health.
3） 用于表示歉意的话后引导一个分句
Eg. Excuse me, but can you tell me the way to the station?
注意：however是连接副词， 一般不能与but 一样连接两个句子，在句子中位置也比较灵活。请注意下面例子中but, however的用法，并注意标点的使用。
The man is old, but he works like a young man.
The man is old; however, he works like a young man.
The man is old. However, he works like a young man.
The man is old. He, however, works like a young man.
The man is old. He works like a young man, however.
4. Yet的用法
连接两个分句表示转折，与but用法基本相同，但是也可以与and或but连用。
Eg. He said he was our friend, yet he wouldn’t help us.
Eg. She’s foolish, and yet people like her.
Eg. He is funny, but yet you can’t help liking him.
5. For的用法：表原因
1） 所表示的因果关系多属于推断性的， 此时不能与because互换使用。
Eg. He must be ill today, for he didn’t come to school.
2） 所表示的原因是直接原因，此时可以与because互换使用。
Eg. We must set off early, for we have a long way to go.
注意：for引导的句子不能位于句首。
6. So的用法：表结果
Eg. He told me to do it, so I did it.
注意：so和because不能同时用于同一句中。
Therefore是连接副词，一般不能与so一样连接两个句子。可以与and连用。注意标点的使用。
Eg. Muscle cells need lots of fuel and therefore burn lots of calories.
Eg. It rained; therefore, the game was called off.
Eg. It rained. Therefore, the game was called off.
其他结构的用法：
1. both A and B: 连接两个并列成分， 但不连接句子。
eg. Both my parents and my friends are pleased with my job.
2. not only A but (also) B, B as well as A; 不但…而且…
not only A but (also) B…侧重后者，而as well as侧重前者
eg. She can not only sing but also dance.
eg. She can dance as well as sing.
3. neither A nor B 既不…也不…
eg. The railway station is neither large nor modern.
注意：可以转换成not… either
eg. The railway station is not large. It is not modern, either.
4. either A or B或是…或是…, 不是…就是…
eg. You may take either this one or that one. They are the same.
复合句（Complex Sentence）
定义： 复合句明显地不同于简单句， 因为它有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。从表面上看，它与并列句相似。其实不然， 并列句的几个主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的；而复合句的主谓结构之间的关系不是并列的，对等的， 其中只有一个主谓结构是主要的，其他的主谓结构都从属于那个主要的主谓结构。那个主要的主谓结构称作句子的主句（Main Clause）; 其他的主谓结构称作句子的从句或子句。（Subordinate Clause）
复合句类型：
1. 名词性从句
1） 主语从句
Eg. That she was able to come made us very happy.
Eg. It is still unknown which team will win the match.
2） 宾语从句
Eg. There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.
Eg. We find it necessary that we practice speaking every day.
3） 表语从句
Eg. China is not what it used to be.
Eg. The question is who can complete the difficult task.
4） 同位语从句
Eg. Is there any proof that the food of plant differs from that of animals、
Eg. An idea occurred to him that he might do the experiment in another way.
2. 定语从句
eg. The building that stands near the river is our school.
eg. Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government.
3. 状语从句
eg. If you work hard, you will surely succeed.
eg. He was eating his breakfast when he heard the bell ring.

练习
1. ________ it with me and I will see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave
2. The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, ________ they will save us money in the long run.
A. or B. since C. for D. but
3. All the preparations for the task ________, and we’re ready to start.
A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been completed
4. ________ at the door before entering please.
A. Knocked B. To knock C. Knocking D. Knock
5. We are going to the bookstore in John’s car. You can come with us ________ you can meet us there later.
A. but B. and C. or D. then
6. I hope you don’t mind me asking, ________ where did you buy those shoes?
A. so B. and C. yet D. but
7. The shop doesn’t open until 11 a.m., ________ it loses a lot of business.
A. for B. or C. but D. so
8. Stand over there ________ you will be able to see it better.
A. or B. and C. but D. while
9. At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and ________ down to eat our picnic lunch.
A. sat B. to sit C. Having sat D. Sitting
10. Lose one hour in the morning ________ you will be looking for it the rest of the day.
A. but B. and C. or D. so
11. Unlike watching TV, reading is a highly active process ________ it requires attention as well as memory and imagination.
A. until B. for C. unless D. but
12. She won the first prize in the speech contest and ________ surprised us.
A. which B. it C. as D. who
13. She is American, ________ she knows little about American history.
A. so B. yet C. and D. therefore
14. Information technology is taught in most schools, ________ we have entered the information society.
A. so B. while C. still D. for
15. ________ the text a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.
A. Read B. Reading C. If reading D. When you read
16. ________, so he didn’t come to school last week.
A. Though he was ill B. Being ill C. Having been ill D. He was ill
17. They appeared to have done well in the contest, ________ they all came out of the hall, chatting happily.
A. so B. but C. for D. when
18. ________ for a long time, so I wrote to my friend again.
A. Having not heard from him B. Not having heard from him
C. I hadn’t heard from him D. Not having been received her letter
19. Tom took the first prize, ________ was a wonderful achievement for a small child.
A. and it B. this C. that D. and which
20. Nowadays many people long for an adventure to a place where few people, ________ at least no one they know, have gone before.
A. whom B. or C. and D. for

1-5 DDDDC 6-10 DDBAB 11-15 BBBDD 16-20 DCCAB

课后作业

单选题
1．You’d better take a taxi,____you’ll miss the train.
A．and B．or C．but D．though
2．Look at the man over there. _____he is!
A．How tall
B．How high
C．What a tall
3．­­____picture books in class, please.
A．Not read B．No read
C．Not reading D．Don’t read
4．I don’t think she will agree with me,______?

A．won’t she B．will she
C．does she D．isn’t she
5．There is little milk in the bottle, ______?
A．isn’t it B．is it
C．isn’t there D．is there
6．—____will the foreign students be back from Qufu?
—In two days, I think.
A．How soon B．How often
C．How far D．How fast
7．—____is it from here to the nearest post office?
—It’s 20 minutes on foot.
A．How long B．How soon
C．How often D．How far
8．He found it increasingly difficult to read, ______ his eyesight was beginning to fail.
A．though B．for C．but D．so
9．Stand over there, ______ you’ll be able to see the oil painting better.
A．but B．till C．and D．or
10．Mr. Brown knows little Japanese,       he can't understand the instructions on the bottle of the pills.
A．so B．or C．but D．for
11．—Can you play football?
—Yes, I can,         I can't play very well.
A．or B．and C．so D．but
12．The war was over about three months ago, _____the American soldiers in Iraq are still having a lot of trouble to deal with.
A．or B．and C．but D．so
13．You must work hard, _____ you will fall behind.
A．and B．but C．so D．or
14．Work hard,       you're sure to be successful in this exam.
A．and B．or C．but D．so
15．— Will you come on Monday or Tuesday?
— I'm afraid       day is possible. I'll be busy next week.
A．either
B．neither
C．both
16．        Lily     Lucy may go with you because one of them must stay at home.
A．Not only; but also B．Neither; nor
C．Both; and D．Either; or
17．Be careful with your machine,      you'll be hurt.
A．and B．but C．or D．so
18．— Didn't you give roses to your father on Father's Day?
— Oh, not only my father,      my grandpa got red roses.
A．or B．and C．but D．until
19．— How do you like the two pairs of shoes?
— They don't fit me well. They are     too big    too small.
A．not only; but also B．both; and
C．neither; nor D．either; or
20．We bought her a birthday present, _____ she liked it very much.
A．so
B．or
21．— Didn’t you give roses to your father on Father’s Day?
— Oh, not only my father, _____ my grandpa got red roses.
A．or
B．and
C．but D. until
22．— Would you like to go to the concert with me?
— I’d love to, _____ I can’t. I have a lot of homework to do.
A．or B．but C．so D．and
23．The doctors tried their best to save the patient’s life, _____ failed.
A．or B．so
C．but D．because
24．_____ Lily _____ Lucy may go with you because one of them must stay at home.
A．Not only; but also B．Neither; nor
C．Both; and D．Either; or
25．None of the shoes in the shops are the right size. They are _____ too big _____ too small.
A．both; and B．neither; nor
C．either; or D．not only; but also
26．“Are you going to eat here ____ take it away?” asked the waiter..
A．and
B．so
C．or D. but
27．—Da-Fa is cleaning the house
—_____ some of his friends are coming for dinner.
A．because
B．but
C．if D. so
28．Mother was ill, _____ Father cooked for us instead.

A．but B．or C．so D．and

1-5 BADBD 6-10 ADBCA 11-15 DCDAB 16-20 DCCDC
21-25 CBCDC 26-28 CAC

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