词汇学练习.doc

Chapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4) I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. C 1. A word is the combination of form and _.A. spelling B. writing C. meaning D. denoting2. B_is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.A. Reference B. Concept C. Sense D. Context3. Sense denotes the relationships _D_the language. A. outside B. with C. beyond D. inside4. Most English words can be said to be _A_. A. non-motivated B. motivated C. connected D. related5. Trumpet is a(n) _C_motivated word. A. morphologically B. semantically C. onomatopoeically D. etymologically6. Hopeless is a _A_motivated word.A. morphologically B. onomatopoeically C. semantically D. etymologically7. In the sentence He is fond of pen , pen is a _C_ motivated word. A. morphologically B. onomatopoeically C. semantically D. etymologically8. Walkman is a _D_motivated word.A. onomatopoeically B. morphologically C. semantically D. etymologically9. Functional words possess strong _A_ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning in particular. A. grammatical meaning B. conceptual meaning C. associative meaning D. arbitrary meaning 10._B_is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.A. Stylistic meaning B. Connotative meaning C. Collocative meaning D. Affective meaning 11.Affective meaning indicates the speakers _C_towards the person or thing in question.A. feeling B. liking C. attitude D. understanding12. _B_ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.A. Prepositions B. Interjections C. Exclamations D. Explanations13. It is noticeable that D_overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.A. conceptual meaning B. grammatical meaning C. lexical meaning D. collocative meaning14.In the same language, the same concept can be expressed in _D_.A. only one word B. two words C. more than three D. different words 15.Reference is the relationship between language and the _C_.A. speakers B. listeners C. world D. specific country16. Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to _C_. A. English only B. Chinese only C. all natural languages D. some natural languages17. From the _B_ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word . A. linguistic B. diachronic C. synchronic D. traditional18. _A_ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A .Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection19. _D_ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning. A. Derivation B. Radiation C. Inflection D. Concatenation20. One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their _CA. spelling B. pronunciation C. etymology D. usage21. _B_refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning. A. Polysemants B. Synonyms C. Antonyms D. Hyponyms22. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _A_.A. hyponymy B. synonymy C. polysemy D. antonymy 23. _B_ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. bow/bau/; bow/beu/.A. Homophones B. Homographs C. Perfect homonyms D. Antonyms24. The antonyms: male and female are _A_.A. contradictory terms B. contrary terms C. relative terms D. connected terms 25. The antonyms big and small are _B_.A. contradictory terms B. contrary terms C. relative terms D. connected terms26. The antonyms husband and wife are _C_. A. contradictory terms B. contrary terms C. relative terms D. connected terms27. Composition and compounding in lexicology are words of A_.A. absolute synonyms B. relative synonyms C. relative antonyms D. contrary antonyms28. As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly _B_, they are often employed in a conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule. A. homographs B. homophones C. absolute homonyms D. antonyms 29. From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning . The first meaning is called _A_.A. primary meaning B. derived meaning C. central meaning D. basic meaning 30. Synchronically, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called_C_.A. primary meaning B. derived meaning C. central meaning D. secondary meaningII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1. In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their _2. Compounds and derived words are _ words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.3. _ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.4. The meanings of many words often relate directly to their _. In other words the history of the word explains the meaning of the word.5. Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _.6. One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their _, the second principal consideration is _.7. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one _whereas homonyms are listed as separate _.8. The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas : _, connotation ,and _.9. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. The general words are called the _terms and the more specific words are called the _ terms.III. Match the words or expression in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) discrimination of synonyms 2) types of antonyms 3) sources of synonyms. A B1. difference in denotation A. dead/alive 2. borrowing B. handy/ manual3. dialects and regional English C. old / young 4. contradictory terms D. answer the letter / reply to the letter5. figurative and euphemistic use of words E. jim6. contrary terms F. want/wish/desire7. difference in connotation G. dreamer /star-gazer8. coincidence with idiomatic expressions H. employer / employee9. difference in application I. help/ lend one a hand 10. relative terms J. foe / enemy IV. Define the following terms .1. motivation 2. hoponymy 4. semantic field V.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1. What is reference ? 2. What are sources of synonyms ?VI. Question:1. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.2. Write the following words into a tree-like graph: vegetable, meat, pork, beef, turnip, carrot, bread, food, cake, cornflakes, cereal.Key to exercises:I. 1. C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.C 16. C 17.B 18.A 19.D 20.C 21.B 22.A 23.B 24.A 25.B 26 .C 27.A 28.B 29. A 30.CII. 1. meanings 2.multi-morphemic 3.Semantic motivation 4.origins 5.associative meaning 6. etymology, semantic relatedness 7.headword, entries 8.denotation, application 9. superordinate, subordinateIII. 21. F 22.J 23.E 24.A 25.G 26.C 27.B 28.I 29. D 30.H 1. . Associative meaning comprises four types:(1) Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a female parent, is often associated with love, care, etc.(2) Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc., all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.(3) Affective meaning. It indicates the speakers attitude towards the person or thing in question. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones; notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.(4) Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we dont say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words. 2. food _meat vegetable cerealpork beef turnip carrot bread cake cornflakes