新西兰能源市场2023.pdf

Comprehensive information on and analysis of NewZealands energy supply and demand2022 CALENDAR YEAR EDITION23ENERGY IN NEWZEALANDMARKETS EVIDENCE AND INSIGHTSCrown CopyrightThe material contained in this report is subject to Crown copyright protection unless otherwise indicated.The Crown copyright protected material may be reproduced free of charge in any format or media without requiring specific permission.This is subject to the material being reproduced accurately and not being used in a derogatory manner or in a misleading context.Where the material is being published or issued to others,the source and copyright status should be acknowledged.The permission to reproduce Crown copyright protected material does not extend to any material in this report that is identified as being the copyright of a third party.Authorisation to reproduce such material should be obtained from the copyright holders.Print:ISSN 2537-9372 Online:ISSN 2324-5913August 2023AcknowledgementsThe authors are grateful to the individuals,companies and organisations that provided information and gave generously their time to assist with the work reported here.AuthorshipThis publication was prepared by the Markets team within the Evidence and Insights Branch of the Ministry of Business,Innovation and Employment.AvailabilityA free electronic version of this publication can be downloaded from:https:/www.mbie.govt.nz/building-and-energy/energy-and-natural-resources/energy-statistics-and-modelling/energy-publications-and-technical-papers/energy-in-new-zealand/ImportantUse of this publication in paper or electronic form implies acceptance of the conditions of its release,which are that if the information is made available to others,its source must be acknowledged as the Ministry of Business,Innovation&Employment 2023 or by reference to the publication title and date.Although every attempt has been made to ensure the information is accurate,neither the Crown nor any Minister,employee or agent of the Crown:warrants the accuracy,completeness or usefulness for any particular purpose of the information contained in this publication in paper or electronic form;or accepts any liability for any loss or damage,however caused,from the reliance on or use of that information,or arising from the absence of information or any particular information in this publication in paper or electronic form.Prepared by:MarketsEvidence and InsightsMinistry of Business,Innovation&EmploymentPO Box 1473,Wellington 6140New ZealandEmail:energyinfombie.govt.nzThis work is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.Full data tables may be downloaded from the Energy in New Zealand webpage:www.mbie.govt.nz/building-and-energy/energy-and-natural-resources/energy-statistics-and-modelling/energy-publications-and-technical-papers/energy-in-new-zealand/Energy in New Zealand 2023 provides annual information on and analysis of New Zealands energy sector.It is part of the suite of publications produced by the Markets team in the Ministry of Business,Innovation&Employment(MBIE).The 2023 edition includes information up to the end of the 2022 calendar year.H Glossary PAGE 53G Coal PAGE 47F Oil PAGE 39E Natural Gas PAGE 33D Renewables PAGE 25C Electricity PAGE 13B Energy Balances PAGE 7A Energy Overview PAGE 1ContentsHigh hydro inflows led to a record high renewable share of electricity generationWind turbines generated enough electricity to power the Auckland region for around4 monthsNatural gas use in the chemical sector has decreased 31%since 2019Jet fuel consumption was49%lower than in 2019We imported less thanhalf as much coal as in 2021Diesel prices were higher than petrol for 2 months6%of new cars were full electric vehiclesThe renewable share of total energy consumption reached an all-time high Quick facts for 2022MINISTRY OF BUSINESS,INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENTENERGY IN NEW ZEALAND 2023A.Energy OverviewThis report presents comprehensive information on and analysis of NewZealands energy supply and demand for the 2022 calendar year.OverviewAt a glanceNational self-sufficiency74%1.4 pp on 2021 1.5 pp on 2019Share of electricity generated from renewable sources87%5.0 pp on 2021 4.4 pp on 2019Share of primary energy supply from renewable sources44%2.7 pp on 2021 3.8 pp on 2019Share of final energy consumption from renewable sources30%1.8 pp on 2021 2.7 pp on 2019National energy consumption543 PJ 0.15%on 2021 6.5%on 2019National average energy intensity1.96 MJ/$2.7%on 2021 13%on 2019High hydro inflows increased our renewable electricity generationThe share of renewable electricity generation in 2022 was one of the highest in recent decades,as autumn and winter rain ensured hydro inflows remained high.Renewable sources generated 95percent of electricity in the fourth quarter of 2022 the highest quarterly share from renewables since 1980.Overall,87percent of electricity generated in 2022 came from renewable sources.Hydroelectric generation accounted for 60percent of all electricity for 2022(up 4.4percentagepoints on 2021),while coal-fired electricity accounted for only 2.9percent(down 4.1percentagepoints on 2021).As a result,the amount of coal imported for the year was 61percent lower than in 2021,as electricity generation is one of the main uses of imported coal.Closing Marsden Point Oil Refinery changed the mix of imported oil The Marsden Point Oil Refinery stopped refining operations on 31 March 2022,transitioning to a dedicated fuel import terminal.As part of this change,Refining NewZealand rebranded as Channel Infrastructure.With the closure of refining operations in NewZealand,the amount of imported crude oil decreased to zero from April 2022.Crude oil is refined into oil products such as petrol,diesel and aviation fuel.This is the first time that New Zealand has not imported any crude oil for more than a quarter since statistical records began in 1974.As a result,the country switched to importing mainly refined oil products,which were previously produced by the refinery.This saw the amount of imported refined oil products more than double from 2021 levels.While closing the refinery changed the type of oil that NewZealand imports,it did not significantly change the amount of oil imported.New Zealand has always relied on imported oil,even if the refining was done in NewZealand,as the Marsden Point Oil Refinery was designed to run on heavier,foreign crude oil.NewZealands self-sufficiency increased from 2021,but continues to trend downwards NewZealand relies on a combination of domestically produced and imported fuels to meet its energy needs.We can measure this reliance using a self-sufficiency indicator1,which shows how well we can meet our own energy supply needs through domestic production.NewZealands energy self sufficiency for 2022 was 74percent(FigureA.1).This means that NewZealand was able to meet 74percent of its energy supply requirements for the year through domestic production.This continues a trend of decreasing energy self-sufficiency over time as domestic production is decreasing while demand increases,leading to a steady increase in the total primary supply required.1 For more information about NewZealands energy indicators,see https:/www.mbie.govt.nz/building-and-energy/energy-and-natural-resources/energy-statistics-and-modelling/energy-statistics/energy-indicators/3MINISTRY OF BUSINESS,INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENTENERGY IN NEW ZEALAND 2023Figure A.1 NewZealands energy self-sufficiency,from 1990 to 2022The key contributors to NewZealands energy self-sufficiency are coal and oil the two fuels which New Zealand trades internationally.New Zealand has historically been a net exporter of coal(that is,we produce more than we need),and a net importer of oil.This means that our coal self-sufficiency tends to be greater than 100percent,while our oil self-sufficiency tends to be less than 100percent.Our coal self-sufficiency increased to 154percent in 2022 due to a decrease in the amount imported,but oil self-sufficiency decreased to 12percent,a record low(FigureA.2).Figure A.2 NewZealands energy self-sufficiency for coal and oil,from 1990 to 20224MINISTRY OF BUSINESS,INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENTENERGY IN NEW ZEALAND 2023Our energy consumption remains lower than levels measured before COVID-19Total energy consumption for 2022 was 543petajoules(PJ),about the same as observed for 2020 and 2021.Historically,energy consumption has gradually increased year-on-year,peaking at 581PJ in 2019.However,restrictions on activity and movement as part of the response to the coronavirus(COVID-19)pandemic resulted in a dip in energy consumption in 2020.We are yet to see energy consumption return to the levels measured before COVID-19.Consumption by sector has changed slightly since last year(FigureA.3).Energy use in the agriculture,forestry and fishing sector fell by 8.3percent compared to 2021,driven mainly by a decrease in the use of electricity and natural gas.In contrast,energy consumption in the commercial sector increased by 3.7percent,driven by increasing petrol and diesel use.While overall energy consumption in the industrial sector has stayed relatively constant,the use of natural gas dropped by 9.0percent compared to 2021 levels.This can be attributed to the following sectors:wood,pulp and paper;food processing;and chemical product.This resulted in a drop in overall energy consumption in the food processing and chemical product sectors.In contrast,overall consumption in the wood,pulp and paper sector increased,with solid biofuel use increasing by 17percent to cover the reduction in natural gas use.Energy consumed from renewable sources accounted for 30percent of the total final consumption in 2022,the highest value ever recorded.The share of renewable energy in the total final consumption has steadily increased across most sectors,helped by the large share of renewable electricity generation for the year.The exceptions are the agriculture and transport sectors two sectors which rely heavily on oil for their energy needs.Figure A.3 New Zealands energy consumption by sector,from 1990 to 20225MINISTRY OF BUSINESS,INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENTENERGY IN NEW ZEALAND 2023NewZealands energy intensity continues to improveEnergy intensity gives an indication of the relationship between energy use and economic growth.It is calculated as energy use divided by gross domestic product(GDP)and tells us the amount of energy required to produce each dollar of GDP.A fall in the indicator where less energy is required to produce each dollar of GDP is viewed as an improvement.If energy intensity decreases,it is usually for one of two reasons.1.Energy users within a sector are finding ways to use energy more efficiently,increasing the energy efficiency of the sector.2.Activity shifts from more energy-intensive sectors to less energy-intensive sectors,resulting in a lower overall energy intensity.National energy intensity dropped to a record low of 1.96 megajoules per dollar(MJ/$)this year,a 2.7percent decrease on 2021 values(FigureA.4).Energy intensity has improved by an average of 1.7percent every year between 1990 and 2022.This years decrease has been driven by changes in energy use in key sectors.Energy consumption decreased in the agriculture sector(which is relatively energy-intensive),while consumption increased in the commercial sector(which is relatively less energy-intensive).Figure A.4 NewZealands national energy intensity,from 1990 to 20226MINISTRY OF BUSINESS,INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENTENERGY IN NEW ZEALAND 2023B.Energy Balances NewZealands energy production comes from both renewable and non-renewable sources.The energy balance tables show how energy supply and demand by sector varies by energy type.Domestic energy supply is derived from either indigenous production or imported from overseas sources.In turn,energy types can be transformed into different forms of energy at the cost of losses and inefficiencies,which vary by the transformation process used.Supply,demand,losses,and inefficiencies are reflected in balanced energy supply and demand tables.Both the energy supply and demand sections of the energy balance tables are calculated from surveys that span different sources.An imbalance exists between demand calculated from reported supply data,and demand observed from reported consumption data.Energy supply Total primary energy supply(TPES)is the amount of energy available for use in NewZealand.Much of it is converted into other forms of energy before it is used.By convention,fuel used for international transport is excluded from TPES.International transport includes international sea and air transport but excludes coastal shipping,national air transport,and all land transport.Indigenous natural gas production does not include natural gas that is flared,reinjected,or extracted as liquefied petroleum gas(LPG).The primary energy figures presented are actual data,except for some that go into electricity generation as detailed under energy transformation.Energy transformation Energy transformation includes:generation of electricity,including cogeneration oil production,including refining operations and the manufacture of synthetic fuel from natural gas(Methanex stopped the production of methanol to petrol in April 1999)other transformation,primarily steel production.In the Energy Transformation section of the balance tables,energy in is shown as negative values and energy out as positive values in the appropriate columns.Transformation of energy from one form to another always results in conversion losses,particularly in thermal electricity generation,as much energy is lost as heat.Conversion losses in electricity generation are calculated using the net electricity generated,with the actual input being used where available.The efficiency factors shown in Table B.1 are used otherwise.Input to electricity generation from biogas,hydro,wind,and waste heat are fully estimated.Quarterly figures for electricity generation are made up of actual data from major generators and the Electricity Authority.Estimates are made where actual data are unavailable at the time of publishing.Table B.1 Default electrical transformation efficiency factorsFuelDefault efficiencyBiogas30%Coal30%Natural gas(combined cycle)55%Natural gas(single cycle)30%Geothermal15%Hydro100%Oil30%Waste heat15%Wind100%Wood25%Liquid biofuel production(bioethanol and biodiesel)appears as renewable energy supply in the energy balance tables.As bioethanol and biodiesel are generally blended with motor petrol and diesel before consumption,liquid biofuel also appears in Energy Transformation under Fuel Production.8MINISTRY OF BUSINESS,INNOVATION AND EMPLOYMENTENERGY IN NEW ZEALAND 2023Losses and own use in the energy balances include:losses before and after transformation losses and own use in production transmission and distribution losses electricity industry own useelectricity used on-site at power stations oil industry losses and own