英语语言学实用教程课件13unit市公开课一等奖百校联赛特等奖课件.pptx

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chen Xinren,cxr3354182,025-51983822,An Introduction to English,Linguistics,精品课程“英语语言学”,www.,/sfs,天空教室,第1页,Course objectives:,-,mastery of some linguistic concepts and theories in order to understand how language is constructed,how language operates,how language is used to do things,how language is acquired or learnt,how language varies according to the user or the situation,etc.;,-improvement of English proficiency in general and enhancement of the awareness of patterns and regularities in the English language;,-preparation for further study and research about language.,第2页,Textbook and reference books,陈新仁，,英语语言学实用教程,，苏州大学出版社，,。,戴炜栋、何兆熊、华钧，,新编简明英语语言学教程,（修订本），上海外语教育出版社，,。,丁言仁，郝克，,英语语言学纲要,，上海外语教育出版社，,。,胡壮麟主编，,语言学教程,，北京大学出版社，,。,Yule,G.,The Study of Language,语言研究,.,外语教学与研究出版社，,.,第3页,Course outline,Lecture 1:Introduction to the course,Lecture 2:Some preliminaries about language,Lecture 3:The sounds of English,Lecture 4:The units of English(1),Lecture 5:The structures of English(1),Lecture 6:The structures of English(2),Lecture 7:The meaning of English(1),Lecture 8:The meaning of English(2),第4页,Lecture 9:The use of English(1),Lecture 10:The use of English(2),Lecture 11:The varieties of English(1),Lecture 12:The varieties of English(2),Lecture 13:The acquisition of English,Lecture 14:Empirical research of English,Lecture 15-18 Research practice,第5页,Course components,Lectures,Discussions,Presentation,Assignments,Research,第6页,Course assessment,:,attendance(10%),participation in classroom discussion(20%),presentation(10%),assignments(20%),term paper(40%),第7页,Term paper,A-4/1.5 space/Times New Roman/10.5 font size/5 pages(including 5-10 references),First-hand data+analysis,第8页,Lecture 2 Some preliminaries about language,2.1 The definition of language,2.2 The functions of language,2.3 The origin of language,2.4 The defining features of language,2.5 The acquisition of language,第9页,2.1 The definition of language,The question“what is language?”is comparable with and,some would say,hardly less profound than “what is life?”,-John Lyons,How do you define language?,第10页,列宁(论民族自治)：,Language is the most important tool for human communication.,Chomsky(1957):a set of(finite or infinite)of sentences,each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.,Sapir(1921):Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions,and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.,第11页,Language is a,system,of,arbitrary,vocal symbols,used for,human,communication,.,-,胡壮麟,第12页,“language”used in various contexts,(pp.10-11,No.1),Chinese is a,language,Linguistics is the systematic study of,language,.,Both Jane and John like Shakespeares,language.,the,language,of bees,第13页,Language contributes to the success of our everyday life and the survival of human beings.,Discussion:,What functions does language serve for our life and survival?,2.2 The functions of language,第14页,Humans are said to be language animals.But what if we humans lived without language?,There are some 6,800 known languages spoken in the 200 countries of the world.In,the total number of languages in the world was estimated to be 6,809,of which 2,261 have writing systems(the others are only spoken).,What if there were only one language the world over?,(P.11 No.2),第15页,Some common functions of language,phatic:Hello!,directive:Get out of my way!,informative:The earth revolves around the sun.,interrogative:Do you know his hobby?,expressive:I hate her.,evocative:How do you like Jack?,performative:I hereby declare the meeting open.,interpersonal:Tommy,Dear Friend,recreational:humor;rhyming;puns,metalinguistic:what I mean is;in other words,第16页,Discussion:,PP.16-17 No.5,第17页,PP.12-13 No.6,2.3 The origin of language,第18页,2.4 The defining features of language,Also called design features(C.F.Hockett,A Course in Modern Linguistics,1958),a.creativity,“creativity”,sometimes also“productivity”,means the property which makes possible the construction and interpretation of new symbols,i.e.of signals that have not been previously encountered.,Of course,the property of creativity is,rule-governed,according to Chomsky.Thus,the creativity in linguistics is different from that in art,which means breaking rules.,第19页,b.,arbitrariness,The term“arbitrary”here means something inexplicable in terms of some more general principles.It is impossible to predict the meaning from the form,or vice versa.,word,form meaning,Discuss:P.12 No.5,第20页,Question,:,By this property do we mean that a person can use the language as freely as we like?,How about argot?How about onomatopeic words?PP.11-12 No.4,How about words like,flow,float,flood,fluent,etc.?,P.17 No.6,Other examples:,J-:joy,jovial,jubilate,joyous,joyful,jubilant,Gl-:glow,glisten,gleam,glare,glint,glimmer,glitter,第21页,c.duality of structure/double articulation,b-o-o-k(meaningless segments:lower level,secondary)-,Book(meaningful unit:higher level,primary),第22页,Question,:Why is this property generally assumed as central to language?Does animal language have this property?How is this related to communicative power?,第23页,d.displacement,This property give rise to the flexibility and versatility of language.Communication by means of language is constrained neither by time nor by space.,Question,:What advantages does this property of language yield?,How about the other communication systems?,第24页,e.cultural transmission,Animal call systems are genetically transmitted.,Language is passed on from one generation to another by teaching and learning,rather than by instinct.,Question,:Can we deny that human language has a genetic basis?What is the implication of the story about“wolf child”?What about those patients with neurological lesions in areas like Broca area(named after a French scientist)and Wernicke area(named after a German scientist),aphasia,?,第25页,What all languages seem to share,P.15 No.12,第26页,What do we mean by“knowing a language”?,*/bdek/,*enblack,*He me laugh at.,*The father of the orphan is in Beijing.,A:Sorry I broke your glass.,*B:,Thank you,.,第27页,2.5 The acquisition of language,L1 acquisition,is said to have the following features:,a.universally successful;,b.without explicit instruction(teacher,textbook,school,syllabus,etc.);,c.rapid(0-4 years old);,d.conditional(i.exposure;ii.critical period 1.5-4years old;iii.no mental deficiency).,第28页,L1 acquisition generally falls into some stages:,a.babbling period:birth-around 6 months,produce some sounds;,b.syllabic speech period:around 8 months,syllables replace babbled sounds,like mama;,c.single-word stage:around 1 year old,first words,no grammar;carry out simple commands;,d.onset of speech:18 months,more words(3-50 words);,第29页,e.two-word utterances stage:2 years old,can name most things around him;begin his own creation of two-word phrases(early stage of grammar),pivot words+open words,e.g.,Mummy sock,;,f.full-understanding stage:2.5 years old,e.g.,daddy kick ball,;,g.near adult-speech:3 years old;overgeneralization of inflections;,h.adult speech:4 years old.,第30页,Discuss,PP.13-14:No.7,8,9,第31页,Assignments,1.,Review the major points of this lecture.,2.,For the various functions of language discussed in class,use one example of your own to illustrate each.Submit your assignment to the e-class,第32页,Form“study and research”groups(4-5 persons for 1 group).Each group draws a topic out of the following:,a.Word formation in English Week 3,b.Interrogative sentences in English Week 4,c.Phatic communion in English and Chinese,寒暄,Week 5,d.The naming of people in English Week 6,e.Metonymy in English Week 7,f.Complimenting and responding to compliments in English Week 8,g.Strategies for doing face-threatening acts in English Week 9,h.Euphemisms in English Week 10,i.The change of English Week 11,j.Chinglish Week 12,第33页,The members of each group must work together when collecting materials,preparing the PPT,and presenting the report.,Each presentation is to last about 20 minutes.,Each PPT must be sent to the teacher for comments and advice ONE weak prior to the report.,第34页,Lecture 3 The sounds of English,第35页,Review,What are the major defining features that natural languages possess?,第36页,Major contents,3.1 Linguistics and its branches,3.2 Vowels and consonants,3.3 Phones,phonemes,and allophones,3.4 Phonological rules,3.5 English syllables,3.6 Stress,tone,and intonation,第37页,3.1 Linguistics and its branches,In 1916,Ferdinand de Saussures,Course in General Linguistics,was published,which marked the beginning of modern linguistics.,第38页,Summary,Traditional linguistics,Modern linguistics,parole langue,written language spoken language,diachronic synchronic,prescriptive descriptive,atomism structuralism,particularity universality,individuality,第39页,Branches of linguistics,Core branches:,phonetics,phonology,semantics,syntax,(pragmatics),Peripheral branches,(hyphenated ones),:,socio-linguistics,psycho-linguistics,neuro-linguistics,etc.,applied linguistics:,language testing,stylistics,discourse analysis,text linguistics,computation linguistics,etc.,第40页,Phonetics vs.phonology,The study of,sounds used in speech(i.e.speech sounds,),falls under the scope of both,phonetics,and,phonology,.,Phonetics deals mainly with the characteristics of human speech sounds and sound-making,provides methods for the,description,classification,and transcription of the speech sounds,.,Phonology is concerned with the exploration of the,patterns governing sound combinations,.,第41页,Branches of phonetics,a.,articulatory phonetics,which studies speech organs and how speech sounds are made(articulated)by the vocal organs.our major concern,b.,acoustic phonetics,which studies the physical properties of speech sounds.,c.,auditory phonetics,which studies the perception of speech sounds.,第42页,3.2 vowels and consonants,In pronouncing consonants,the airstream from the lungs through the mouth is totally or partially obstructed somewhere along the path.,In pronouncing vowels,the airstream is not obstructed anywhere along the path.,第43页,a.Functionally,vowels are the basis of syllables.,b.Physically,vowels are musical.,c.Articulatorily,for vowels,airstream is not obstructed,and speech organs are tense.,第44页,Discuss:,P.38 No.1,第45页,Classification of English vowels,Criteria,i)the height of tongue raising(high,mid,low),ii)the position of the highest part of the tongue(front,central,back),iii)the degree of lip-rounding(rounded,unrounded),iv)long or short,v)tense or lax,第46页,P.28 Figure 2.2,第47页,Vowel description,/,i:/:high,front,unrounded,long,tense,/i/:high,front,unrounded,short,lax,/,:/:low,back,unrounded,long,tense,/c:/:mid,back,rounded,long,tense,/,/:mid,central,unrounded,lax,/,:/:mid,central,unrounded,long,tense,Practice,:Describe the sound,/u:/and/,/.,第48页,/,u:/:high,back,rounded,tense,long,/,/:low,front,unrounded,lax,第49页,Classifying English consonants,criteria,i)manner of articulation(degree of obstruction:complete,partial or a mere narrowing),ii)place f articulation(the parts of vocal tongue involved in the production),第50页,P.29 Table 2.2,第51页,3.3 Phones,phonemes,and allophones,Phonology is the study of sound patterns of language(i.e.how sounds are arranged to form meaningful units)and the function of each sound.It reveals what are the possible combinations of sounds in a language and explains why certain words take the form they do.,第52页,Phone,音素,phone:the smallest perceptible discrete segment of sound in a stream of speech,i)phonetic unit,ii)not distinctive of meaning,iii)physical as heard or produced,iv)marked with ,第53页,Phon,eme,音位,the minimal unit in the sound system of a language.With phonemes,we establish the patterns of organization within the infinitely large number of sounds.Each language can be shown to operate with a relatively small number of phonemes(15-80).No two languages have the same phonemic system.,第54页,Phoneme,音位,i)phonological unit,ii)distinctive of meaning,iii)abstract,not physical,iv)marked with/.,Discuss:P.33 No.1,第55页,Three requirements for identifying minimal pairs:,1)different in meaning;,2)only one phoneme different;,3)the different phonemes occur in the same phonetic environment.,Minimal set:pat,mat,bat,fat,cat,hat,etc.,第56页,Allo,phone,音位变体,allophone:phonic variants/realizations of a phoneme,A phoneme is realized as allophone 1+allophone 2+.,e.g./p/=p,h,+p +p,(unreleased),/l/=l +,第57页,Discuss,PP.33-34,No.2 No.4,第58页,3.4 Phonological rules,Phonological patterning is rule-governed.blik and kilb,though not found in English,can be possible combinations,while kbil or lkib cannot.Sequential rules are those that account for the combination of sounds in a particular language.They are language-specific,as in the following cases:,*tlait iltrit,第59页,Sequential rule,If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word,the combination should follow the order/sequence below:,a.The first phoneme must be/s/,b.The second phoneme must be/p/,/t/or/k/,c.The third phoneme must be/l/,/r/,or/w/.spring,string,squirrel,split,screen,第60页,Consonant clusters in English at the initial position:,Question,:What about the consonant cluster in the final position?,第61页,Assimilation rule,A sound may change by assimilating/copying a feature of a sequential/neighboring sound,e.g.impossible,irresistible,illegal in-,PP.34-35 No.5,Question,:What other examples?,si,n,k/si,n,ce,pa,n,cake,su,n,glasses,fi,v,e past seven,ha,s,to,第62页,Deletion rule,A sound may be deleted even though it may be orthographically represented.,P.35 No.7,第63页,第64页,3.5 English Syllables,syllable,onset rime,nuclear coda,consonant(s)vowel consonant(s),第65页,3.6 Stress,tone,and intonation,Segmental phonology,Suprasegmental phonology,Suprasegmental phonemes:,stress,tone and intonation,第66页,Stress,Word stress/sentence stress,Primary stress/secondary stress,Stress of compounds:,blackbird /black,bird;,greenhouse /green,house,Sentence stress,Depending on the relative importance of the words;contrastive stress,第67页,Practice,Mark the stress pattern for the following two sentences:,a.Jane is a good student that everybody likes.,b.You use“the”,not“a”,before the name of a musical instrument.,第68页,Tone,(,声调）,Different rates of vibration produce different frequencies,which are termed as different pitches.Pitch variations are distinctive of meaning.,In some languages like Chinese,pitch variations are called tones.Languages using tones are tone languages.,第69页,Intonation,When pitch,stress and length variations are tied to the sentence,they combine to become known as intonation.,Three major types of English intonation:,a.falling tone/tune,b.rising tone/tune,c.fall-rise tone/tune,第70页,Practice,Read the following paragraph,using the right intonation.,Do you know how much college students sleep a night?Research finds that they sleep an average of six to seven hours a night.Last month,the University of Michigan held a national conference on sleep,stress,depression and college