2022年星火英语四级模拟试卷样题及解析.doc

Model Test
Part Ⅰ Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Decrease of Public Transportation Ticket Fare. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:
1. 近来某些都市政府实行多项举措减少公共交通票价，大力发展公共交通；
2. 此措施带来旳好处；
3. 作为市民应如何响应政府旳号召。
The Decrease of Public Transportation Ticket Fare

The Debate Over Genetically Modified Foods
For thousands of years farmers have used a process of selection and cross breeding to continually improve the quality of crops. Traditional breeding methods are slow, requiring intensive labor: while trying to get a desirable trait in a bred species, undesirable traits will appear and farmers must continue the process over and over again until all the undesirables are bred out. In contrast, organisms acquire one specific gene or a few genes together through genetic modification, without other traits included and within a single generation. However, this technology too is inherently unpredictable and some scientists believe it can produce potentially dangerous results unless better testing methods are developed. Traditional breeding is based on sexual reproduction between like organisms. The transferred genes are similar to genes in the cell they join. They are conveyed in complete groups and in a fixed sequence that harmonizes with the sequence of genes in the partner cell. In contrast, bioengineers isolate a gene from one type of organism and collect it randomly into the DNA of a dissimilar species, disrupting its natural sequence. One of the main differences between conventional and genetically modified crops is that the former involves crosses either within species or between very closely related species. However, GM crops can have genes from closely related species or even from bacteria and viruses. Benefits: one side of the debate Economical? GM supporters tell farmers that they stand to reap enormous profits from growing GM crops. It takes a shorter time to produce the desired product. It is precise and there are no unwanted genes. To produce the GM crops, modern biotechnology is used which requires highly skilled people and sophisticated and expensive equipment. Large companies need considerable investments in laboratories, equipment and human resources, hence the reason why GM crops are more expensive for farmers than traditional crops. Herbicide-resistant crops So what other advantages do GM crops hold for farmers? GM crops can be produced to be herbicide (除草剂) resistant. This means that farmers could spray these crops with herbicide and kill the weeds, without affecting the crop. In effect, the amount of herbicide used in one season would be reduced, with a subsequent reduction in costs for farmers and consumers. Biotechnology companies are even experimenting with crops that can be genetically modified to be drought and salt-tolerant, or less reliant on fertilizer, opening up new areas to be farmed and leading to increased productivity. However, the claims of less herbicide usage with GM crops have till now not been independently supported by facts. Better quality foods Even animals can be genetically modified to be leaner, grow faster, and need less food. They could be modified to have special characteristics, such as greater milk production in cows. These modifications again lead to improved productivity for farmers and finally lower costs for the consumers. Modified crops could perhaps prevent outbreaks such as foot and mouth disease, which has badly influenced many farmers and local economies. No such products have been released to date; however, some are under consideration for release. For example, GM salmon, capable of growing almost 30 times faster than natural salmon, may soon be approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in the U.S. for release into open waters without a single study on the impact on human health or the environment. Risks: the other side of the debate Environmental damage The problem with GM crops is that there is little known about what effect they will have in, say, 20 years time. The genetic structure of any living organism is complex and GM crop tests focus on short-term effects. Not all the effects of introducing a foreign gene into the complex genetic structure of an organism are tested. Will the pests that a crop was created to resist eventually become resistant to this crop? Then there is always the possibility that we may not be able to destroy GM crops once they spread into the environment. Risk to food web. A further complication is that the pesticide produced in the crop may unintentionally harm creatures. GM crops may also pose a health risk to native animals that eat them. The animals may be poisoned by the built-in pesticides. Tests in the U.S. showed that 44% of caterpillars (毛虫) of the monarch butterfly died when fed large amounts of pollen（花粉）from GM corn. Disease. Another concern is disease. Since some crops are modified using the DNA from viruses and bacteria, will we see new diseases emerge? What about the GM crops that have antibiotic-resistant marker genes? Marker genes are used by scientists to determine whether their genetic modification of a plant was successful. Will these antibiotic-resistant genes be transferred to microorganisms that cause disease? We already have a problem with ineffective antibiotics. How can we develop new drugs to fight these new bugs? Until further studies can show that GM foods and crops do not pose serious threats to human health or the world's ecosystems, the debate over their release will continue. Living organisms are complex and tampering with their genes may have unintended effects. It is in our common interest to support concerned scientists and organizations, such as Friends of the Earth who demand required labeling of these food products and independent testing for safety and environmental impacts.
1. What is the main difference between conventional breeding and genetic breeding?
A) The former is based on sexual reproduction between like organisms while the latter can have genes even from bacteria and viruses.
B) The former is unpredictable while the latter is predictable.
C) The former is applied by farmers while the latter by scientists.
D) The former has a long history while the latter a short one.
2. Which of the following is the possible benefit of GM crops?
A) They can be herbicide-resistant. B) They can fertilize the field.
C) They can produce salt. D) They can be more delicious.
3. What will probably happen to the genetically modified animals?
A) They may grow slower. B) They may improve the production.
C) They may digest more food. D) They may spread disease quickly.
4. What can we learn from GM salmon according to the passage?
A) It can grow very slowly. B) It will eat less.
C) It won't do harm to environment. D) It may cause some disease.
5. The reason why GM crops will probably lead to environmental damage is that .
A) GM crop tests do not focus on far-reaching effects
B) there are no GM crop tests before they are being approved of
C) there is no single study on the impact of GM crops on the environment
D) GM crops may bring out foot or mouth disease
6. This article has mentioned risks about GM crops.
A) six B) five C) four D) three
7. The author's attitude towards GM crops is .
A) objective B) biased C) affirmative D) negative
8. The native animals that eat GM crops might be poisoned by__________.
9. Scientists relied on Marker genes to test the results of __________.
10. Friends of the Earth claim that all GM food should be tested for__________.

Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
More than forty women have been killed in the war in Iraq. Hundreds of others have been ___ 47___.The war began in March of .Two___ 48___published books tell two different stories of women who served in Iraq. One is by Janis Karpinski. She was the Army general who ___ 49___military police at prisons in Iraq. These included the Army Reserve soldiers who ___ 50___ the Abu Ghraib Prison near Baghdad. Some have received prison ___51_for mistreating prisoners at Abu Ghraib. Miz Karpinski became the highest-level officer to be punished in connection with the ___ 52___.She left the service in July after being reduced from a brigadier general(准将) to a colonel(上校).Her book is called “One Woman's Army: The Commanding General of Abu Ghraib Tells Her Story.” Miz Karpinski says she was unfairly blamed for conditions beyond her control. She also tells of her difficulties as a rising woman ___ 53___in the Army. Another former member of the Army, Kayla Williams, wrote a book called “Love My Rifle More Than You.” The name is taken from a ___ 54___ song. Miz Williams was an Arabic translator in Iraq. She says her book describes what it is like to be young and ___ 55__ in the Army. One famous 56 called it “a frank, hocking and honest look at life in the military.”
A) abused F) case K) marching
B) female G) commanded L) simply
C) wounded H) soldier M) guarded
D) officer I) reviewer N) beautiful
E) treatments J) recently O) sentences
Section
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal (木炭) for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults (拱顶),and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it was now possible to make cast-iron beams and columns. During the nineteenth century further advances were made, notably Bessemer's process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more commercially feasible.
Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far greater than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings had been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.
Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types produced by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition halls, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vaults of medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton's Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851,covered an area of 1848 feet by 408 feet in assembled units of glass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artists of Paris as expensive and ugly foolishness. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic (审美旳) status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.
52. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A) Advances in iron processing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
B) The effects of the Industrial Revolution on traditional architectural styles.
C) Advantages of stone and timber over steel as building materials.
D) The evolution of the use of iron in architecture.
53. Iron replaced stone and timber in the building of bridges because iron was considered_________.
A) more beautiful
B) new and modern
C) much stronger
D) easier to transport
54. According to Paragraph 3,the architectural significance of the Halle des Machines was its ________.
A) wide span
B) great height
C) unequaled beauty
D) assembled units of glass
55. How did the artists react to the buildings at the Paris Exhibition?
A) They tried to copy them.
B) They laughed at them.
C) They praised them.
D) They refused to pay to see them.
56. It can be inferred that the delayed use of exposed iron structures in traditional styles of architecture is best explained by________.
A) the impracticality of using iron for small, noncommercial buildings
B) the association of iron architecture with the problems of the Industrial Revolution
C) the general belief that iron offered less resistance to fire and harsh weather than traditional materials
D) the general perception that iron structures were not beautiful in appearance
Passage Two
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Four months before Crown Prince Felipe says “si” ( “yes” in Spanish) to television journalist Letizia Ortiz,royal wedding fever is gripping Spain.
Shops are offering the biggest variety of wedding souvenirs (纪念品),from plates and bottle-openers to copies of the couple's engagement ring.
The couple have made only a few carefully staged public appearances to reduce the scrutiny (仔细检查).
Spanish people waited for more than a decade for the 36-year-old son of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofia to find a suitable bride. And more important, the May 22 wedding will be a landmark event in other ways.
Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano,31,is the daughter of a nurse and a journalist. So, she will be the first commoner on a throne once occupied by Queen Isabella, who sent Christopher Columbus to the Americas.
The pretty, elegant former news anchor (主持人)will also become Spain's first home-grown queen in more than a century. The lively and professionally accomplished Letizia has been welcomed by Spanish people as a new type of queen for a modern monarchy.
Spanish people were accustomed to seeing her in television news broadcasts and she arouses tremendous curiosity. Journalists are investigating even the most ordinary aspects of her past which resembles that of so many other young Spanish professional women.
Spanish people have also taken