3Arthrology.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,Arthrology,关节学,Classification,There are two major types of articulations or joint.,Continuous joints,直接连结,Fibrous joints,纤维连结,:bones are,united by fibrous connective tissue,Syndesmosis,韧带连结,Suture,缝,Cartilaginous joints,软骨连结,:,bones are united by cartilage,Synchondrosis,透明软骨结合,:,bones are united by hyaline cartilage,Symphysis,纤维软骨联合,:,bones are united by fibrocartilage,Synosteosis,骨性结合,Discontinuous joints,间接连结,synovial joints,滑膜关节,Synovial joints,滑膜关节,Basic structures,Articular surface,关节面,:covered by,articular cartilage,关节软骨,Articular capsule,关节囊,Fibrous membrane,纤维膜,Synovial membrane,滑膜,Articular cavity,关节腔,:containing a trace of synovial fluid;subatmospheric pressure in it,Accessory structures,Ligaments,韧带,(lig.),:extra-and intracapsular ligaments,囊外,(,内,),韧带,Articular disc,关节盘,and,articular labrum,关节唇,:,Synovial fold,滑膜襞,and,synovial bursa,滑膜囊,Terms movements of joints,关节运动术语,Translation,移动,Flexion and extension,屈和伸,Adduction and abduction,收和展,Rotation,旋转,Medial and lateral rotation,旋内和旋外,Pronation and supination,旋前和旋后,Inversion and eversion,足内翻和足外翻,Circumduction,环转,Classification of synovial joints,关节的分类,Uniaxial joints,单轴关节,:,hinge joints,屈戍关节,trochoid(pivot)joints,车轴关节,Biaxial joints,双轴关节,:,ellipsoid joints,椭圆关节,saddle joints,鞍状关节,Multiaxial joints,多轴关节,:,ball-and-socket joint,球窝关节,plane joints,平面关节,Articulations of Bones of Trunk,躯干骨的连结,The vertebral column,脊柱,consists of 24 vertebrae,the sacrum,and the coccyx.,Joints of the vertebral bodies,椎体间的连结,Intervertebral discs,椎间盘,between bodies of adjacent vertebrae,composed of:,Nucleus pulposus,髓核,an inner soft,pulpy,highly elastic structure(gelatinous core),Annulus fibrosus,纤维环,an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage,Hemiated of nucleus pulposus,髓核脱出,Anterior longitudinal ligament,前纵韧带,Strong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1S2,Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension,伸展过度,of the vertebral column,Posterior longitudinal ligament,后纵韧带,Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacrum,Prevents hyperflexion,屈曲过度,of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion,突出,of the discs,Joints of the vertebral arches,椎弓间的连结,Ligamenta flava,黄韧带,elastic ligament,unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae,and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal;tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column,Interspinal ligament,棘间韧带,Supraspinal ligament,棘上韧带,Ligamentum nuchae,项韧带,Intertransverse ligament,横突间韧带,Zygapophysial joint,关节突关节,Atlantooccipital joint,寰枕关节,Between superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condyles,Supported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlas,Action nodding of head,lateral tilting of head,Atlantoaxial joint,寰枢关节,Three synovial joints between atlas and axis,Laterally,paired joints between articulating facets,Median joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas,Supported by ligaments,apical ligament of dens,齿突尖韧带,alar ligament,翼状韧带,transverse ligament of atlas,寰椎横韧带,tectorial membrane,覆膜,Action allow atlas(and head)to pivot on the axis and vertebral column,Normal Curves of vertebral column,Cervical curvature,颈曲,convex forward,Thoracic curvature,胸曲,convex backward,Lumbar curvature,腰曲,convex forward,Sacral curvature,骶曲,convex backward,Movement of the vertebral column,flexion,extension,lateral flexion,rotation,Spina bifida,脊柱裂,Thoracic cage,胸廓,Composition,Bones,consists of twelve thoracic vertebrae,twelve pairs of ribs and costal cartilages,and sternum,Joints,Costovertebral joints,肋椎关节,Joints of costal head,肋头关节,Costotransverse joints,肋横突关节,Sternocostal joints,胸肋关节,Sternocostal synchondrosis of first rib,第一胸肋结合,Sternocostal joints,胸肋关节,:,Interchondral joints,肋软骨连结,:between costal cartilages 8,9,and 10 to form the costal arch,肋弓,General features of thoracic cage,Roughly cone-shape,narrow above and broad below,flattened from before-backwards,longer behind than in front,Inlet of thorax,胸廓上口,:bounded by upper border of manubrium,first rib,and vertebra T1,Outlet of thorax,胸廓下口,:bounded by vertebra T12,12th and 11th ribs,costal arch and xiphoid process,Infrasternal angle,胸骨下角,:formed by the costal arch of both side,Intercostal spaces,肋间隙,:lie between the ribs,Function:,protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity;,plays a vital role in the process of breathing,Inspiration,Expiration,Joints of skull,颅骨的连结,Continuous joints:sutures,synchondrosis or synosteosis,Temporomandibular joint,颞下颌关节,Aticulating surfaces,Mandibular fossa and articular tubercle,above,Head of mandibule,below,Capsule:thin and lax in front and behind;strengthened by the lateral ligament,外侧韧带,Articular disc:separates surfaces,forming upper and lower compartments within joint,Movement:mandible may be elevated or depressed,protruded or retracted;rotation may also occurs as in chewing(a slight amount of side to side movement is also permitted),Joints of limbs,九江学院医学院 解剖教研室,Joints of upper limb,Joints of should girdle,Sternoclavicular joint,胸锁关节,Bones,:sternal end of clavicle,clavicular notch of sternum,and first costal cartilage,Articular capsule,:strong and is reinforced by anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments,An,articular disc,is attached to the capsule,dividing the joint into two cavities.,Movements,:elevation and depression,forward and backward,rotation and circumduction of the acromial end of the clavicle,Acromioclavicular joint,肩锁关节,Bones:acromion and acromial end of clavicle,Movement:rotation of scapula on clavicle,Coracoacromial arch,喙肩弓,formed by,coracoacromial ligament,喙肩韧带,coranoid process,and acromion,that prevents the shoulder joint,from superior dislocation,coranoid process,acromion,coracoacromial,ligament,Joints of free upper limb,Shoulder joint,肩关节,(ball and socket),Bones,:head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula,Capsule,:,Thin and lax,especially lower part,Attachments:proximal to glenoid labrum;distal to anatomical neck of humerus,except medially where it is slightly distal to surgical neck,Tendon of long head of biceps brachii passes though the cavity,Accessory structures,Glenoid labrum,盂唇,:,fibrocartilaginous ring on periphery of glenoid cavity,Coracohumeral ligament,喙肱韧带,：,runs from coracoid process to greater tubercle,Movements,:,flexion,extension,adduction,abduction,medial and lateral rotation,circumduction,Elbow joint,肘关节,Bones,:lower end of humerus,upper ends of radius and ulna,Humeroulnar joint,肱尺关节,:,formed by trochlear of humerus and troclear noch(hinge),Humeroradial joint,肱桡关节,:,formed by capitulum of humerus and head of radius(ball and socket),Proximal radioulnar joint,桡尺近侧关节,:formed by articular circumference of radius and radial notch of ulna,Capsule,:thin and lax anteriorly and posteriorly,strongly thickened on either side by collateral ligaments,Ligaments,:,Radial collacteral ligament,桡侧副韧带,:attached to lateral epicondyle and annular ligament of radius,Ulnar collacteral ligament,尺侧副韧带,:attached to medial epicondyle to medial border of trochlear notch,Annular ligament of radius,桡骨环状韧带,:attached to anterior and posterior margins of radial notch of ulna,surrounds the head of radius,Movements,:flexion and extension,pronation and supination,Dislocation,Joints between radius and ulna,Proximal radioulnar joint,桡尺近侧关节,Distal radioulnar joint,桡尺远侧关节,:formed by head of ulna,ulnar notch of radius and an articular disc,Interosseous membrane of forearm,前臂骨间膜,:a fibrous membrane between the shaft of radius and ulna,Joints of hand,Radiocarpal joint,桡腕关节,(ellipsoid),Bones,Carpal articular surface of radius and articular disc below the ulna,Proximal row of carpal:scaphoid,lunate,and triquetral bones,but not pisiform,Capsule,:lax and strengthened by surrounding ligament,Movements,:flexion,extension,adduction,abduction,and circumduction,Intercarpal joints,Carpometacarpal joints:,Carpometacarpal joint of thumb,拇指腕掌关节,Bones,:trapezium and base of first metacarpal,Movement,:flexion,extension,adduction,abduction,and opposition,Intermetacarpal joints,Metacarpophalangeal joints,Interphalangeal joints,Joints of Lower limb,Joints of pelvic girdle,Sacroiliac joint,骶髂关节,Bones:auricular surface of sacrum and ilium,Capsule:very tight and strengthened by ligaments,Vertebropelvic ligaments,Iliolumbal ligament,髂腰韧带,:runs from transverse process of L5 to the posterosuperior part of iliac crest,Sacrotuberous ligament,骶结节韧带,:runs from lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx to the inner margin of ischial tuberosity,Sacrospinous ligament,骶棘韧带,:runs from ischial spine to lateral margins of sacrum and coccyx,These two ligaments convert the sciatic notches the,greater,and,lesser sciatic foramina,坐骨大、小孔,Pubic symphysis,耻骨联合,Articulation:symphysial surface and interpubic disc(fibrocartilage),Ligaments:superior pubic ligament and arcuate pubic ligament,Obturator membrane,闭孔膜,obturator canal,闭膜管,Bony pelvis,骨盆,Composition:formed by paired hip bones,sacrum,coccyx,and their articulations,In anatomical position,anterior superior iliac spines and pubic tubercles on same vertical plane,while the tip of coccyx and superior border of pubic symphysis on same horizontal plane,Terminal line,界线,:formed by promontory of sacrum,arcuate line,pectin of pubis,pubic tubercle,upper border of pubic symphysis,Two portions:a greater pelvis and a lesser pelvis,Lesser pelvis,小骨盆,pelvic inlet,骨盆上口,(terminal line):,Pelvic outlet,骨盆下口,:formed by tip of coccyx,sacrotuberous ligament,ischial tuberosity,ramus of ischium,inferior ramus of pubic,symphysis,Pelvic cavity,Pubic arch,subpubic angle,Main difference between male and femal pelvis,Main difference between male and femal pelvis,Female,Male,Pelvic inlet,Pelvic outet,Pelvic cavity,Pubic arch,90100,0,7075,0,Main difference between male and femal pelvis,Male,Female,Overall,Narrow and long,Wide and short,Iliac ala,髂骨翼,More vertical,More horizontal,Inlet,Oval or heart shaped,Round,Subpubic angle,Acute angle(about 7075,0,),Right angle(about 90100,0,),Pelvic cavity,Deep narrow,Shallower,wide,Outlet,Small,Larger,Joints of free lower limb,Hip joint,髋关节,Bones:acetabulum and femoral head,Articular capsule attachments,Above:margins of acetabulum and transverse acetebular ligament,Below:in front to intertrochanteric line;behind,to the neck of femur above 1 cm above the intertrochanteric crest,Accessory structures,Acetabulum labrum,髋臼唇,;transverse acetebular ligament,髋臼横韧带,Ligaments,Iliofemoral lig.,髂股韧带,Ligament of head of femur,股骨头韧带,Pubofemoral lig.,耻股韧带,Ischiofemoral ligament,坐股韧带,Zona orbicularis,轮匝带,Movement:flexion,extention,adduction,abduction,medial and lateral rotation,circumduction,Transverse,acetebular lig.,Ligament of head,of femur,Acetabulum labrum,Iliofemoral lig.,Ischiofemoral lig.,Pubofemoral lig.,Zona orbicularis,轮匝带,Knee joint,膝关节,Bones:lower end of femur,upper end of tibia and patella,Articular capsule:superapatellar bursa,髌上囊,deep infrapatellar bursa,髌下深囊,ala folds,翼状襞,Accessory structures,ligaments,Patellar lig.,髌韧带,Fibular collateral lig.,腓侧副韧带,Tibial collateral lig.,胫侧副韧带,Patellar lig.,Fibular,collateral,lig.,Tibial collateral,lig.,Oblique popliteal ligament,腘斜韧带,Anterior cruciate ligment,前交叉韧带,Posterior cruciateligament,后交叉韧带,Medial meniscus,内侧半月板,(C-shaped),lateral meniscus,外侧半月板,(O-shaped),Movements:flexion and extension;flexed knee joint may be passively rotated through,70,0,lateral,Medial,Tibiofibular syndesmosis,胫腓连结,Tibiofibular joint,胫腓关节,Crural interosseous membrane,小腿骨间膜,Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments,胫腓前、后韧带,Joint of foot,Talocrural joint,距小腿关节,(ankle joint),踝关节,Bones:lower ends of tibia and fibula,trochlea of talus,Articular capsule:thin and lax in front and behind,and supported on each side by strong collateral ligaments,Ligments,Medial lig.,内侧韧带,Lateral lig.,外侧韧带,Anterior talofibular lig.,距腓前韧带,Calcaneofibular lig.,跟腓韧带,Posterior talofibular lig.,距腓后韧带,Movements,:dosiflexion(extension)and plantar flexion(flexion);when the ankle joint is fully plantar flexed,small amounts of abduction,and adduction,are possible,Intertarsal joints,跗骨间关节,Talocalcaneal joint,距跟关节,Talocalcaneonavicular joint,距跟舟关节,Calcaneocuboid joint,跟骰关节,Tarsometatarsal joints,跗跖关节,Intermetatarsal joints,跖骨间关节,Metatarsophalangeal joints,跖趾关节,Interphalangeal joints,趾间关节,transverse tarsal joint,跗横关节,Arches of foot,足弓,Medial longitudinal arch,内侧纵弓,:,formed by calcaneus,navicular,three cuneiforms and first to third metatarsal bones,head of talus is the keystone of this arch,Lateral longitudinal arch,外侧纵弓,:,formed by calcaneus,cuboid,fourth and fifth metatarsals;cuboid is is the keystone of this arch,Tranverse arch,横弓,:,formed by cuboid,three cuniforms and all metatarsals;the intermediate cuneiform is the keystone of this arch,Function:,give to foot strength stability and resilience;protect plantar vessels and nerves,Normal arch,Flatfoot,Myology,肌学,Morphology,Muscle belly,肌腹,Tendon,肌腱,aponeurosis,腱膜,Classification,Long muscle,长肌,Short muscle,短肌,Broad muscle,阔肌,Orbicular mucle,轮匝肌,Origin,起点,insertion,止点,position,位置,action,作用,Nomenclature of mucles,肌的命名,:shap,size,location,and their points of attachment,Accessory structures,Fascia,Superficial fascia,Deep fascia,Synovial bursa,Tendinous sheath,Fibrous layer,Synovial layer:mesotendon,vincula tendinum,Synovial cyst of wrist,腕部腱鞘囊肿,