2023年大学英语六级分类模拟题.docx

大学英语六级分类模拟题３18

Readｉng Ｃomprehenｓion

Wｏmen　aｒe halｆ　the ｐoｐulation but　ｏnｌy　１5% ｏｆ boaｒd meｍbers at bｉg Amｅｒicａn fｉｒms,　ａnd 10％ ｉn Euｒope． Coｍpanies　that fｉｓh in　ｏnly half oｆ the　ｔaleｎｔ ｐool wilｌ　lose oｕt　ｔo　thｏsｅ that ｃaｓt ｔhｅiｒ nｅt mｏｒe wｉｄely. Tｈere ｉs　alｓo eｖidence　that　miｘｅd　bｏarｄｓ maｋｅ better ｄecisionｓ.
　   Miｎdful ｏf ｔｈis, Eurｏpean countrieｓ　aｒe　paｓsｉｎg ｌaws ｔhaｔ would fｏrｃe comｐanies to ｐroｍotｅ mｏre　women to the eｘｅcutive suｉｔe. A nｅw Ｆreｎｃh　law　rｅｑuirｅs listeｄ fｉrｍs ｔo reｓｅｒvｅ　4０% ｏf board　seats ｆor　wｏmen by 2０23．　Nｏｒway aｎd Ｓpaｉn havｅ sｉmiｌar laｗs; Ｇeｒmany　ｉｓ　coｎsｉｄeｒing oｎe. The Euroｐｅａｎ Ｐarｌiaｍent dｅclared tｈis　ｍonth that sucｈ ｑuｏtas　should　be　aｐplieｄ tｈrｏｕｇhｏut ｔhe Eurｏpean Uｎion.
   There ａｒe tｗo ｍain arguments for coｍpｕlsory ｑuｏｔas. One ｉｓ that the meｎ who　ｄominate　corporaｔe ｂoardｓ are hopｅlessｌｙ sexisｔ: they ｐromｏte ｐeople like thｅｍｓｅｌves ａnd　igｎorｅ ａｎｙ fｅｍalｅ taleｎt.
   Tｈe secoｎｄ aｒｇument iｓ more　subｔle. Tａlｅｎtｅd execｕtives need mentorｓ(导师） ｔo hｅlp tｈeｍ clｉｍb　thｅ ladder．　 Ｍale dｉrectors mｅntｏr　yｏｕｎg mｅn　ｂｕt are reluctant to get　friendly　wiｔh ｙoｕｎｇ ｗoｍeｎ, lｅsｔ　the ｒelａtionsｈiｐ be ｍisiｎterｐreteｄ. Quotas　ｗill　bｒeak　this viｃiｏｕｓ　ｃycle　by ｐｕtｔinｇ lots oｆ ｗomｅn ａt tｈe toｐ,　ｗho ｃａn then ｏfｆer their ｓｉsters　ａ leg up．
   Thｅrｅ ｍａｙ　bｅ somｅthing iｎ both ａrgumｅｎts, ｂｕt ｉn mｏst rｉch countｒｉes sｅxism is ｎｏ ｌongｅr the main　obstacｌe tｏ women's caｒｅerｓ.　Chilｄren ａre.　Ｍoｓt woｍen taｋe carｅer bｒeａkｓ　ｔo　look aftｅｒ ｔheｍ. Mａny cａre ｆor　eｌdｅrly relativｅs, too. Onｅ stｕdy found tｈａt two-thiｒｄｓ of Ａmｅｒｉcan womｅｎ had at some point　swiｔcｈed　ｆroｍ full-timｅ ｗｏｒk to part-ｔime　or　flexible time to balanｃe　work　aｎｄ　fａｍily. Ｓｕｃh choices make it ｈａrｄer fｏr womeｎ to gaiｎ ｔｈe ｅxperienｃe necessary　to maｋe iｔ to the very　top．
   What iｓ　more, bｉg　comｐａnies　ａrｅ inｃｒｅasiｎｇlｙ globａl. Many ｗanｔ a boss who has　workeｄ　in ｍore ｔｈａn one ｃoｕntry. Such forｅigｎ poｓｔings disrupｔ ｆamｉlｉes; ｍａｎy　woｍen　ｔurn　them　dｏwn. Ａnd ｍany,　antｉciｐatiｎg　a careeｒ ｂreak aｔ ｓome ｐｏint in ｔhe fuｔure, enter fielｄｓ　ｗherｅ ｔheir　skilｌs will　ｎot quｉｃｋly beｃomｅ ｏｕtdａｔed, such as ｌａw or　hｕman ｒeｓouｒces.　Some　lawyers mａke gｏｏｄ chｉｅf exeｃutiｖes. But fiｒms　often wａｎt peoｐle with　fｉｎaｎｃｉal or　ｏperatiｏnal exｐerience fｏr the ｔoｐ　ｊobs, and thｅse fｉelds　aｒe sｔilｌ malｅ-domｉnatｅd．
 　 Quoｔas　ａre too bｌｕnt a ｔool ｆor sｕch a taｎglｅd pｒoblem. Ｔhｅ women compaｎｉes are　compelleｄ to ｐｕt　ｏn boａrds are　uｎliｋely　to be　as　uｓeｆul as tｈｏse they pｌace tｈere voｌｕntarily.　Ｑｕotａs fｏrce fiｒｍs eｉther to ｐad　ｔｈｅｉr bｏaｒds with tｏken nｏn－exｅcｕtive　diｒeｃtors, or to alloｃａte reａl　ｐowｅr　on the bａｓis oｆ　sｅx rather ｔhan mｅrit.  Ｅｎfoｒcing ｑｕotas fｏr womeｎ has led to　large nｕmｂerｓ ｏf ｉnｅxｐerienced womｅn　being aｐpｏｉｎｔeｄ tｏ　bｏarｄｓ, anｄ seriousｌy dａｍaｇｅd　those firms'　performａｎｃe.
1、　Whａt ｗｉll　haｐpｅn to　a cｏmpaｎy ｉｆ men dominate its　execuｔive boaｒd？
 　 A. Its taｌenｔ ｐoｏｌ ｗilｌ dry　out　sooneｒ．
 　 B. Iｔs　ｃoｍpeｔitｉveｎeｓｓ will be　weａkｅneｄ.
　   C. Its wｏmen empｌｏｙees wｉlｌ ｃomplaiｎ.
   D. It iｓ bounｄ　ｔｏ make　ｕｎwise decisｉoｎs.
2、 Whａt seｅｍs　ｔo pｒevent　woｍeｎ froｍ　ｂｅcoming ｂoarｄ　members apaｒｔ ｆｒom　sexism？
　   A． Many ｏf ｔｈem lａck the couragｅ　ｔo faｃｅ ｔｈｅ cｈａlｌｅnge iｎ the board roｏｍ．
　 　 B. Maｌｅ ｄirｅctoｒｓ ａｒe ａfraid of womｅｎ's ｐｏtｅｎtｉal　threat to theｉｒ authority．
   C. Fｅw　of　them have the ｔraｉninｇ　and qｕａlifｉcatioｎs　ｎeｅdｅｄ foｒ ｅxｅcutive　dｕties.
   Ｄ. Male diｒectors　ｒefraｉn fｒｏm　giving theｍ guidancｅ to aｖｏｉd miｓundｅｒsｔaｎｄinｇ.
３、 What ｄｏｅs ｔhe　ａuthor　sａｙ ｉｓ the real barrier to　ｗomen's caｒeeｒs?
　   A.　An　ａpｐarｅｎt　lａck oｆ necessary legislatiｏn.
   Ｂ. Fｉerce　coｍpetｉtｉｏｎ　ｆrom maｌe coｌlｅaｇues.
   C．　Tｈｅ bｕrden　of　tａkiｎｇ cａre of　ｔｈeir　fａmily.
   Ｄ． Tｈe　widｅspreａd sexism in the worｋplace.
4、 Why do manｙ　woｍen chｏｏse　to enter ｓuch fields ａs laｗ ｏr hｕman　resourcｅｓ?
   A． Ｔheｙ alloｗ ｗｏmen　ｃareer breakｓ if ｎeed ｂｅ.
   B. They cａn brｉng　a womaｎ's talent into ｆｕll play．
   C. Theｙ oｆｆer higｈ ｓalａｒies ａnd　attrａctiｖｅ benefits.
　   D．They paｖe the way　foｒ　ｗomen to becｏme CEOｓ.
5、What　ｄoes the　autｈｏr tｈinｋ of　the pｒactiｃe ｏf enfｏｒcｉng quotas for　ｗｏmen ｅxecｕtives?
　   A．It is a simple ｓolｕｔion to a tanｇled prｏblｅm．
 　 B.Iｔ　iｓ　an efｆeｃtive　tooｌ tｏ combaｔ sexiｓm.
　   C．Iｔ helps ｆiｌl ｔhe　executivｅ　board wｉｔh taｌents.
 　 Ｄ.Iｔ　aｄversely ａｆfｅcts a fｉrm's　perfｏｒmａnｃe．
Iｎternａtional　gｏveｒnmenｔｓ' inaction concｅｒｎiｎg sustainablｅ devｅlopｍeｎｔ iｓ clｅarly worrying bｕt the pｒoactivｅ（积极出击旳)ａppｒｏａcheｓ of　some leadinｇ－eｄgｅ　compaｎies arｅ enｃouｒaging. Toyota，　Wａl-Marｔ, ＤuＰont,　M&S　aｎd General Eｌｅctrｉc hａvｅ　made tackling enｖiｒonmeｎｔａl ｗasteｓ　a ｋey eｃoｎomｉc dｒiver.
   DｕPont comｍitｔeｄ iｔseｌf to a ６5%　rｅｄuｃｔion　in greeｎhousｅ ｇａs ｅmｉｓsｉoｎs ｉn tｈe 1０　yｅａrs　prioｒ　to 2０23． By ２0２3, ＤuPonｔ ｗaｓ saviｎg $2.2 ｂilliｏn　a year ｔhrough ｅnergy effiｃieｎcy, the　saｍe as its ｔｏtaｌ dｅcｌared profitｓ　that year. Geｎeｒａl Electric aiｍｓ　to redｕce the enｅrgｙ　iｎｔensity　of its opeｒaｔions bｙ ５０% ｂｙ ２023.　Tｈｅｙ have inｖｅsｔed hｅavily in ｐrojｅcｔs desｉｇneｄ to change　ｔhe way of　using　ａｎｄ　coｎseｒvｉｎg　energy.
   Compａｎies　likｅ　Tｏyota and　Ｗal-Maｒt　are　not coｍmｉｔｔinｇ to enｖiｒonmentａl ｇoals　ｏｕt oｆ ｔhe　good-ness of their hｅartｓ. Tｈe　rｅaｓon ｆor theｉr actionｓ is　ａ siｍpｌe ｙｅｔ　powerful realｉｚaｔion tｈat the　ｅｎviron-ｍental　anｄ　econｏmiｃ foｏtpｒints fit　weｌｌ toｇetheｒ. Whｅｎ M&S ｌauncｈeｄ its ＂Plａｎ A" suｓtaiｎabｉlity proｇｒａｍｍe in　202３,　it　was believed that iｔ　wouｌd ｃｏst over $2００ million　iｎ ｔhｅ fｉｒst fｉｖe ｙears. Hｏweveｒ, the　initiaｔivｅ had　geneｒatｅｄ $105 miｌlioｎ ｂy ２023/１2.
   When we prevｅnt phｙsicａl　ｗaｓｔｅ, iｎcrease　ｅnergｙ efficieｎcy ｏr impｒovｅ ｒesｏurｃe pｒoduｃtiviｔｙ,　we sａvｅ mｏnｅy, improｖe profitaｂility anｄ enhance competitｉveneｓs. Iｎ ｆacｔ,　thｅre ａre　ｏｆｔｅｎ　ｈuge ＂ｑuｉck　ｗin" oppｏrｔuｎities, ｔhanks　to years oｆ nｅgleｃt．
 　 Ｈｏｗeｖer, tｈere ｉｓ ａ　considｅrable gａｐ　ｂeｔween　ｌeadiｎg-edge coｍpaｎies ａnd thｅ rest of the　pace．　Tｈｅｒe are fａr too many companies still　ｄelaｙｉｎg creaｔｉｎg　ａ lean　aｎd green　businｅｓs systeｍ,　arguing that it ｗill cｏst moｎeｙ　or　require ｓizable capiｔal ｉｎveｓｔmeｎt.　Tｈey　rｅmａｉn ｓtuck　in thｅ　"envｉroｎmenｔ ｉｓ cｏｓt" mｅｎtaliｔy.　Ｂeiｎg　ｅnviroｎmentallｙ　friｅndly ｄoes ｎot ｈave tｏ cｏst money. In　ｆacｔ， gｏｉｎg beｙond coｍｐlｉａｎcｅ saveｓ　cost at the same ｔime thaｔ it　gｅｎeｒateｓ caｓh， proviｄeｄ that　mａnａgemｅnt adｏpts the nｅw leaｎ aｎd green　model.
 　 Leａｎ meaｎｓ dｏing more ｗith　lｅss． Ｎｏneｔheｌｅｓｓ, iｎ ｍoｓｔ　cｏmpanieｓ, eｃonｏｍｉc　aｎｄ enｖｉｒon-ｍentａl　cｏｎtinuｏuｓ improｖemeｎt iｓ vieｗed as　ｂｅing ｉn cｏnｆlict ｗith eacｈ other. Tｈｉs is one ｏf ｔhe big-gest　opportunitｉes ｍｉssed ａｃroｓs　ｍｏst ｉｎdｕstｒies． The　size of thｅ oｐportｕｎitｙ　is enｏrmous.　The ３％ Report　recenｔly　puｂlished by Woｒld Ｗildlife Fund and CDP shoｗs that the eｃoｎomic prize for ｃurbｉng carbon eｍiｓsiｏnｓ　ｉｎ　tｈｅ US eｃoｎomy　is　$780 ｂillion betwｅeｎ ｎow ａｎd 2023. It sｕggests that　oｎe of ｔhｅ　biggｅsｔ leveｒs　for delｉｖｅriｎｇ this opportunity iｓ "increａsed　effｉｃieｎcｙ ｔhrougｈ managemｅｎt and behavioural chaｎge＂—in　otｈer　worｄｓ,　lｅaｎ ａnd gｒeｅn manaｇemenｔ.
   Some 50 sｔuｄies sｈow ｔｈat comｐanies that　ｃoｍmit　tｏ sｕｃh asｐirationａl　ｇｏals as zeｒo wasｔe， ｚeｒo harmfｕl emiｓsions, aｎd　zero　ｕsｅ　of non-renewａblｅ rｅsourceｓ ａre finａnｃially outperfｏrming ｔheｉｒ ｃomｐetitｏrs. Conｖｅrseｌｙ, it was foｕｎｄ that cｌiｍate　ｄisrｕｐｔiｏn iｓ　alｒeady ｃosｔing ＄１．2　trｉllion　annualｌy, cutting global GＤP by 1.6%． Unaddｒessed， ｔhｉs will doubｌe bｙ ２030.
６、 Whａｔ ｄｏｅｓ ｔhe　aｕｔhｏr　sａy aｂｏｕt　sｏｍe　ｌeading-ｅｄge cｏmpanies？
　   A． Thｅy opｅrａte in aｃcorｄaｎce　witｈ　gｏverｎmｅｎｔ ｐｏlicies．
   Ｂ. Ｔhｅy take　ｉniｔiativｅｓ ｉｎ　haｎｄliｎg envirｏnｍental waｓtｅｓ.
 　 C.　They aｒｅ kｅｙ driｖｅrs　in theｉｒ　natioｎｓ' econｏｍiｃ gｒowth.
   D. Ｔｈey are major cｏnｔribｕtors tｏ envirｏｎｍｅntａl ｐrｏblemｓ.
7、　Ｗhat　mｏtivateｓ　Ｔoyoｔa aｎｄ Wal－Mａｒt to makｅ comｍitmeｎｔs to ｅnviroｎmentaｌ ｐrｏtectｉon?
   A. Tｈe goodnesｓ of　tｈeir heaｒｔs．　         　Ｂ. A stroｎg ｓense　ｏf ｒeｓpoｎｓibiｌity.
   C. Thｅ dｅsiｒe　to geneｒate　prｏfits.      　    Ｄ.　Prｅssure from ｅnvironmｅntalists.
８、 Why　are so many comｐａnies rｅluctant ｔｏ ｃreate an　enviｒonmeｎt-fｒieｎdｌy　bｕsiｎess system?
   Ａ． Ｔhey are bent on　mａking　quicｋ　mｏney.
   Ｂ.　They dｏ　nｏt ｈavｅ the caｐital ｆor tｈe iｎveｓtment.
　 　 C. They beｌｉｅve buiｌdiｎg ｓｕｃｈ a systeｍ iｓ　too　costlｙ．
　   D. Theｙ lａｃk the　ｉncentive　ｔｏ　ｃhａｎgｅ　business prａctｉcｅs.
9、 What is ｓaid aｂoｕt thｅ　lean anｄ grｅen modｅl ｏf busineｓs?
   A. Iｔ ｈelps　buｓｉｎｅsses tｏ saｖe　and gａiｎ at tｈｅ ｓaｍe ｔime．
　 　 B.Iｔ　ｉs afｆorｄable onlｙ for a　few ｌeadiｎg-eｄge　ｃoｍpanies.
   C．It is lｉkｅｌy ｔo　ｓtart a new rｏｕnd　ｏf inｔense ｃompetｉｔiｏn.
   D．It　wilｌ take　ａ long time for all ｃompanｉes ｔo eｍbｒace iｔ.
1０、Ｗｈaｔ iｓ　thｅ　fｉｎdiｎｇ of ｔｈe　studies　aboｕt coｍpanieｓ　ｃommittｅd tｏ ｅnvｉronmｅｎtal goａlｓ?
   A．They have　gｒeaｔly　enhaｎcｅd theｉr sｅnse ｏf　socｉal respoｎsibilｉｔｙ.
 　 B.They do mｕcｈ better than thｅir　ｃouｎteｒｐaｒts ｉn ｔerms of revenｕes.
   C．Tｈeｙ ｈaｖe abａndｏｎｅd aｌl　ｔhe　oｕt-ｄated equipmeｎt and teｃhnｏlogy.
 　 D．Ｔhey ｍake grｅatｅr　coｎｔriｂutｉonｓ　ｔo ｈuman　pｒogresｓ thａｎ　their ｒiｖaｌs.
If you aｓked mｅ ｔo describｅ the　risｉng philｏsophy of tｈe day, I'd ｓay it is daｔａ－ism.　We now hａve　the abiliｔy ｔo gather ｈuge　amｏunｔs of　ｄａtａ. Ｔｈis　abilｉｔy sｅeｍｓ ｔo　carry wｉth ｉt certain cultｕraｌ assumｐtions—that ｅverything that　ｃan bｅ　measured　shｏuld bｅ ｍeasured； that dａta ｉｓ a　trａnsparenｔ and relｉable ｌeｎs　ｔｈat allowｓ uｓ to fｉlｔer　out eｍotionaliｓm ａnd　iｄeolｏgｙ； that dａta　wiｌl　hｅlp us do rｅmark－able　thingｓ—likｅ fｏreｔell ｔｈe fｕｔure．
　   Over the ｎｅxt　year，　Ｉ'm hoping　to get a betｔer gｒip　ｏn　ｓome oｆ ｔｈe　queｓtｉoｎｓ raised ｂy the data reｖolｕtion： in ｗhat situationｓ shｏuld　we reｌy on　intuitiｖe ｐattern ｒｅcognｉtｉon anｄ ｉn whiｃh situations sｈoulｄ　we iｇnｏre　iｎtｕiｔiｏｎ and folｌoｗ the ｄaｔa? Ｗhat　kｉnｄｓ of ｅvents ａrｅ predictablｅ ｕｓiｎｇ ｓtatistiｃal analｙｓis ａｎd　wｈａt ｓｏrｔs ｏf evenｔｓ arｅ nｏt？
   I confeｓｓ I enter this ｉn a skｅptｉcａl ｆrame of　minｄ　bｅlieｖｉｎg tｈat we tend to ｇeｔ ｃａrriｅｄ　away　ｉn oｕr dｅsｉre ｔo rｅduｃｅ evｅrythｉｎg to the quantifｉaｂle. Buｔ　ａt the　outset let me ceｌebrate ｔwo thｉnｇs　ｄatａ　dｏes　rｅally　well.
   Ｆｉｒst, ｉt's reallｙ good ａｔ　expoｓｉnｇ when ｏｕｒ intuiｔｉvｅ vｉeｗ　of realitｙ iｓ　wrong. For exａmplｅ， ｎeａrlｙ ｅvery ｐｅrｓon who　ruｎs for ｐｏｌｉｔｉcaｌ offiｃe has ａn inｔuｉtiｖe　sｅｎｓe tｈat they　can poｗerｆully ｉｎfluencｅ their　ｏdds of　wｉnning the electioｎ　if tｈｅy　can　just　ｒaise ａｎd ｓpｅｎd mｏｒe mｏney. Buｔ thｉs is largely wrｏnｇ.
 　 Ａftｅr the 2023 ｅlectioｎ, Ｓeａｎ　Trｅｎde　ｃonｓtructed a graph comｐaｒing　tｈe incuｍｂeｎｔ(在任者旳） caｍpaiｇn ｓpｅnｄing　ａdｖanｔａｇes with tｈｅir　evｅntｕaｌ maｒｇｉns ｏf victory.　There　wａs　baｒelｙ anｙ reｌaｔiｏnship beｔweｅn ｍore sｐeｎdiｎｇ and ａ bｉgｇer vicｔoｒy.
　   Likeｗise, maｎy tｅaｃhers haｖｅ an　intｕｉｔｉｖｅ sensｅ thａｔ dｉfferent studentｓ　have　dｉfferｅnt　learninｇ　ｓtyles： sｏｍe　ａrｅ　veｒbaｌ and ｓome are viｓｕａl; somｅ ａｒｅ linear,　ｓome arｅ hoｌｉsｔｉc(整体旳)． Ｔeａchers iｍaｇiｎe　thｅy wiｌl　impｒove outcｏmｅｓ　if　they　taiｌoｒ their　preｓentatioｎs to eacｈ sｔｕdenｔ. Buｔ thｅre's no ｅviｄeｎｃｅ to suppoｒｔ　thｉs　eｉthｅr.
   Ｓeｃoｎd, dａta can　ｉllｕminaｔe　ｐaｔｔeｒnｓ of beｈａvioｒ we hａｖen't yet　nｏticed.　Ｆor ｅxaｍple, I'vｅ alwaｙs ａsｓumed peopｌe ｗｈo fｒeqｕeｎtly use ｗords like" Ｉ", "me", and" minｅ"　arｅ prｏbablｙ ｍoｒｅ　self-ceｎｔered　than ｐｅople wｈo dｏn＇ｔ.　Bｕt　ａs Jameｓ Pｅnｎeｂａker oｆ the Universitｙ ｏf Ｔｅｘaｓ noteｓ　in hiｓ bｏｏｋ， Tｈe Ｓeｃｒeｔ Lｉfｅ　of Pｒonouｎs, whｅn　ｐeoｐle arｅ　ｆeelｉng　confｉdent， ｔhｅy ａｒe　fｏｃｕsed　on tｈe tａsk aｔ hａnd, nｏt oｎ　theｍselves. Hiｇh-stａｔus, cｏnfｉdeｎｔ　peoｐｌe　uｓe fewｅr ＂I" woｒds, not more．
   Our　bｒains　ofteｎ doｎ't　notｉce subtle　veｒbal patｔeｒｎs,　bｕt　Pennebａｋeｒ's ｃoｍputeｒｓ　can. Youｎgｅｒ　writｅrs use　mｏrｅ　ｎeｇaｔiｖe ａｎｄ　ｐast-ｔenｓe wｏrｄs　thaｎ　oｌdeｒ　ｗrｉteｒs wｈo use　ｍｏre ｐoｓitiｖｅ ａnd ｆuture- teｎｓe ｗords.
 　 Ｉn sum，　ｔｈe　daｔａ ｒｅｖｏlution　is giviｎg us ｗｏnderｆul ｗays to　uｎdｅrｓtand tｈe presｅnt anｄ　tｈe pasｔ． Ｗill ｉt tｒansform ｏuｒ　aｂility to predicｔ ａnd make ｄeｃisiｏns　aｂouｔ ｔhｅ　fuｔure？ Wｅ'll　sｅｅ.
11、 What do daｔa-ｉsts asｓuｍe tｈey cａｎ　ｄo?
　 　 A. Ｔrａnｓｆｏｒm　ｐeｏple's culturaｌ idｅntｉtｙ.
   Ｂ.　Chａnge thｅ ｗay　fｕｔure events　ｕnfold.
　   C.　Get a ｆirm　grip　ｏn ｔhe ｍost impoｒtant ｉssues．
　   D． Ｅliminａtｅ ｅmｏtionａl aｎｄ iｄeｏlｏｇiｃaｌ　ｂiaｓ．
12、 What dｏ ｐｅopｌｅ running ｆoｒ poｌiｔｉｃal office　think tｈey cａｎ ｄo?
　   A. Ｕse ｄata aｎａlｙｓis ｔo　ｐrediｃt　thｅ ｅlectiｏn resulｔs.
   B.　Wiｎ the electiｏn　iｆ theｙ ｃaｎ raise　enougｈ fｕnds.
   C.Ｍanipulａte publｉc opinion　wｉｔh　favｏraｂｌｅ datａ．
   Ｄ．Ｉｎcrease　the　ｃhances of wｉnnｉng ｂｙ　foul ｍeａｎs.
13、Whｙ do　manｙ　teacherｓ　ｆavoｒ tｈｅ ｉdea　of　tａilｏｒｉng　ｔheir presenｔaｔｉons　to　dｉffereｎｔ students?
   Ａ.Thｅｙ ｔhinｋ stuｄenｔｓ prｅfeｒ fleｘible　teaching meｔｈｏdｓ.
   B．Ｔｈey ｗｉlｌ　be able tｏ try　diｆferenｔ ａppｒoａches.
   Ｃ．Tｈｅｙ belｉeve　stｕｄenｔｓ' leａrning ｓｔｙles vary.
   D.Ｔhｅｙ ｃaｎ ａccommodate studeｎts wiｔｈ specｉal　needs.
14、Ｗｈat　ｄoes Ｊaｍes Ｐennebaker　revｅal ｉn Ｔhｅ Secrｅt　Lifｅ oｆ Ｐronounｓ?
　   A.The importance of　usinｇ pronouns properly.
　   B.Repeaｔｅd use　of ｆｉrst-ｐerson ｐｒｏnouns by ｓelf-ｃenteｒed pｅopｌｅ.
 　 C.Ｆrｅqｕeｎｔ use of pronouｎs　and futｕｒe tｅnse bｙ youｎg pｅople.
   D．A paｔtern iｎ confident　pｅoｐle＇ｓ　use of pｒonoｕnｓ．
15、Why iｓ the aｕthoｒ　sｋｅptiｃａl oｆ　ｔｈe data rｅvoluｔioｎ?
   Ａ．Data　may not　ｂe easｉly　aｃｃｅｓsｉblｅ．
   B．Erｒors may occur ｗｉth lａrgｅ dａta　saｍples.
 　 C.Ｄａtａ　canｎoｔ alwayｓ dｏ whａｔ　we imagｉｎe it can.
   D．Soｍe　data　mａy turn　oｕt tｏ be oｕt-dａteｄ．
Iｔ is easｙ tｏ ｍiss　amiｄ tｈe ｄaｙ-ｔo-daｙ　ｈeaｄｌines of　gｌoｂal econｏmｉｃ rｅcessioｎ， but therｅ　ｉs ａ leｓｓ cｏnspｉｃｕouｓ kiｎd oｆ socｉaｌ ｕpｈｅaｖal （剧变) uｎｄerway ｔhat　is　fａsｔ ａlterinｇ both　the face of tｈｅ　planet ａnd ｔhｅ ｗａy human ｂeiｎgs lｉｖe． Thａt ｃｈaｎgｅ iｓ tｈe rapiｄ acceleｒation　of urbanizatｉon．　In 20２3, fｏｒ the　firｓt　ｔimｅ iｎ　humaｎ ｈｉｓtｏrｙ， more　ｔhan halｆ ｔｈe world＇s poｐuｌaｔiｏｎ wａs liviｎｇ in　towns ａnd cities. And　as　a reｃently published pａpeｒ shows, the ｐrｏcess of urbanizaｔiｏn　wiｌl ｏnlｙ accelerate ｉｎ tｈｅ　densｅly to comｅ—ｗith ａn enoｒmｏus iｍpact oｎ biodiverｓiｔy　ａｎd ｐotenｔiaｌly oｎ ｃlimate　changｅ．
　   Aｓ Ｋaren Ｓeto，　ｔｈe lead author of tｈe ｐaｐer, pｏints　out, tｈe wａve of urｂaｎｉzａｔion iｓｎ't juｓt ａbouｔ the migrａtion of pｅｏｐle　into ｕrban　enｖｉroｎｍentｓ, bｕｔ ａbout　the　envｉronｍeｎｔs thｅｍseｌves becｏming　biｇger　tｏ acｃommｏdatｅ all those　pｅoｐle. Thｅ rapid eｘpaｎsion　ｏf urbaｎ areaｓ ｗｉll have a huge impａct ｏn　bioｄｉveｒsity hｏｔsｐotｓ and　on　cａrbon emｉsｓｉons in thｏse urbａn arｅas.
   Humans arｅ tｈe ultimａtｅ iｎvａsiｖｅ species—when　thｅy　move ｉｎto new terｒitory, ｔｈey oftｅn diｓ-ｐlａcｅ　thｅ wilｄlifｅ that ｗaｓ aｌready　lｉｖing theｒe. Anｄ as ｌaｎｄ ｉs ｃｌeared　for tｈｏse ｎew　cｉｔiｅs—especialｌy　in tｈe denｓe ｔropical fｏrｅstｓ—cａrbｏn　wiｌl　ｂe releaｓeｄ into the atmoｓphｅrｅ aｓ weｌl.　Ｉt'ｓ ｔrue ｔhat　as　peopｌe in deveｌoｐing nａtioｎｓ ｍｏｖｅ ｆrom　the ｃountryｓｉｄe to tｈe　city, the ｓhifｔ ｍay redｕce the pressｕre　on land, which　couｌd　in turn　be good ｆor tｈe environmeｎt.　Tｈｉs ｉs ｅspeｃiａｌly　so iｎ ｄesperatｅlｙ pooｒ　countrｉｅs， whｅrｅ ｒesiｄeｎts in　the countrysｉde slash and ｂum forｅsts each growiｎg seasｏn　to clear space for fannｉng． Buｔ thｅ　ｒeal　difｆerｅnce is ｔhaｔ iｎ dｅｖｅlopinｇ nａtions, ｔhｅ mｏｖe from ｒｕral　areａs tｏ cities ofteｎ leads　to　aｎ accｏｍpanyｉng iｎcreaｓe iｎ income—ａnd　thａt iｎcrｅaｓｅ lｅads tｏ an iｎcreasｅ iｎ ｔhe consumption of food and enｅrgｙ, ｗhiｃh ｉn　tｕrn　causes ａ rｉse　in carbon emiｓsions. Getｔinｇ ｅnough ｔｏ ｅａt anｄ enjoｙing tｈe safｅtｙ anｄ ｃomfort　ｏf living ｆuｌly on ｔｈｅ griｄ　ｉs　cｅrtａｉnly　a goｏd tｈing—but it　does carry aｎ enｖironmental prｉce.
　   The