《亚太贸易协定》英文版.docx

AMENDMENT TO THE FIRST AGREEMENT ON TRADE NEGOTIATIONS AMONG DEVELOPING MEMBER COUNTRIES OF THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC (BANGKOK AGREEMENT)

ASIA-PACIFIC TRADE AGREEMENT

PREAMBLE

RECOGNIZING the urgent need to take action to implement a trade expansion programme among the developing member countries of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) pursuant to the decisions contained in the Kabul Declaration of the Council of Ministers on Asian Economic Co-operation and within the framework of the Asian Trade Expansion Programme which was adopted by the Intergovernmental Committee on a Trade Expansion Programme created under the Kabul Declaration;

GUIDED by the principles contained in the New Delhi Declaration adopted at the thirty-first session of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific;

REALIZING that the expansion of trade could act as a powerful stimulus to the development of their national economies, by expanding investment and production opportunities through benefits to be gained from specialization and economies of scale, thus providing greater opportunities of employment and securing higher living standards for their populations;

MINDFUL of the importance of expanding access on favourable terms for their goods to each other’s markets and of developing trade arrangements which promote the rational and outward-oriented expansion of production and trade;

NOTING that the international community has fully recognized the importance of encouraging the establishment of preferences among developing countries at the international, regional and subregional levels, particularly through the resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations establishing the International Development Strategy for the Second United Nations Development Decade and the Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order and the Programme of Action for the Establishment of a New International Economic Order; the Concerted Declaration on Trade Expansion, Economic Co-operation and Regional Integration among Developing Countries adopted at UNCTAD II; as well as Part IV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and Article V of the General Agreement on Trade in Services and decisions made in pursuance thereof;

NOTING FURTHER that developing countries have already taken some major decisions intended to promote such type of preferential arrangements among themselves such as the Global System of Trade Preferences;

CONVINCED that the establishment of preferences among the developing member countries of ESCAP, complementary to other efforts undertaken in other international forums, could make an important contribution to the development of trade among developing countries;

The Governments of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of India, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Republic of Korea and the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka HAVE AGREED as follows:

Chapter I – GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1
Definitions
For the purposes of this Agreement, the following definitions shall apply:

1) “Participating State” means a State which has consented to be bound by the Agreement by deposition of its instrument of accession or ratification with the Executive Secretary of ESCAP.

2) “Original Participating States” means the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, the Republic of India, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Republic of Korea and the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.

3) “Developing member countries of ESCAP” means those countries included in paragraphs 3 and 4 of the terms of reference of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, including any future amendments thereto.

4) “Least developed country” means a country designated as such by the United Nations.

5) “Products” means all products including manufactures and commodities in their raw, semi-processed and processed forms.

6) “Like product” is a product which is identical to the product under consideration or, in the absence of such a product, another product which, although not identical, has characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration.

7) “Tariffs” means customs duties included in the national tariff schedules of the Participating States.

8) “Border charges and fees” means border charges and fees, other than tariffs, on foreign trade transactions with a tariff-like effect which are levied solely on imports, but are not indirect taxes and charges which are levied in the same manner on like domestic products. Import charges corresponding to specific services rendered are not considered border charges and fees.

9) “Non-tariff measures” means any measures, regulations or practices, other than tariffs and border charges and fees, the effect of which is to restrict imports or to significantly distort trade.

10) “Margin of preference” means the percentage difference between the Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) rate of duty and the preferential rate of duty for the like product, and not the absolute difference between those rates. Thus,

Margin of preference = (MFN duty – tariff rate conceded under the Agreement) ´ 100 (per cent)
MFN duty

11) “Value of the concessions” means the extent of benefits received by other Participating States from the tariff/non-tariff preferences given by each Participating State through its National List of Concessions agreed upon under this Agreement. In the case of tariff preferences, the value of the concessions shall be deemed to be preserved if margins of preference are maintained.

12) “Serious injury” means significant damage to domestic producers of like or similar products resulting from a substantial increase of preferential imports in situations which cause substantial losses in terms of earnings, production or employment unsustainable in the short term. The examination of the impact on the domestic industry concerned shall also include an evaluation of other relevant economic factors and indices having a bearing on the state of the domestic industry of that product.

13) “Threat of serious injury” means a situation in which a substantial increase of preferential imports is of a nature to cause serious injury to domestic producers, and that such injury, although not yet existing, is clearly imminent. A determination of threat of serious injury shall be based on facts and not on mere allegations, conjecture, or remote or hypothetical possibility.

Article 2
Objectives
The objectives of this Agreement are to promote economic development through a continuous process of trade expansion among the developing member countries of ESCAP and to further international economic co-operation through the adoption of mutually beneficial trade liberalization measures consistent with their respective present and future development and trade needs.

Article 3
Principles
The Agreement shall be governed in accordance with the following general principles:

(i) The Agreement shall be based on overall reciprocity and mutuality of advantages in such a way as to benefit equitably all Participating States;
(ii) The principles of Transparency, National Treatment and Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment shall apply to the trade relations among the Participating States;
(iii) The special needs of least developed country Participating States shall be clearly recognized and concrete preferential measures in their favour shall be agreed upon.

Chapter II – PROGRAMME OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION

Article 4
Negotiation of Concessions
This Agreement may, inter-alia, consist of arrangements relating to: (a) tariffs; (b) border charges and fees; (c) non-tariff measures. Participating States may conduct their negotiations for tariff concessions in accordance with any one or a combination of the following approaches and procedures: (a) product-by-product basis; (b) across-the-board tariff reductions; (c) sectoral basis. The tariff negotiations should be based on the current MFN rates applied by each Participating State. Participating States shall enter into periodic negotiations with a view to further expanding this Agreement and the fuller attainment of its aims.

Article 5
Application of Concessions
Each Participating State shall apply such tariff, border charge and fee, and non-tariff concessions in favour of the goods originating in all other Participating States as are set out in its National List of Concessions. These National Lists of Concessions are attached as annex I, which is an integral part of this Agreement.

Article 6
Non-Tariff Measures
Each Participating State shall take appropriate measures, consistent with its development needs and objectives, for the gradual relaxation of non-tariff measures which may affect the importation of products covered by its National List of Concessions. Issues relating to technical barriers to trade and sanitary and phytosanitary measures among Participating States shall be dealt with, as far as practicable, in accordance with the WTO provisions on these subjects. Participating States shall also make available to one another on a transparent basis a list of non-tariff measures existing on conceded products.

Article 7
Special Concessions to Least Developed Country Participating States
Notwithstanding the provisions of article 5 of this Agreement, any Participating State may grant to least developed country Participating States special concessions which shall apply to all least developed country Participating States and shall not be extended to other Participating States. These special concessions shall be included in the National List of Concessions of the preference-giving Participating State.

Article 8
Rules of Origin
Products contained in the National Lists of Concessions annexed to this Agreement shall be eligible for preferential treatment if they satisfy the Rules of Origin set out in annex II, which is an integral part of this Agreement.

Article 9
Preservation of the Value of the Concessions
Except as provided for elsewhere, in order to secure preservation of the value of the concessions set out in the attached National Lists of Concessions, the Participating States shall not abrogate or reduce the value of these concessions after the entry into force of this Agreement through the application of any charge or measure restricting commerce other than those existing prior thereto, except where a charge corresponds to: (a) an internal tax imposed on a similar domestic product; (b) an anti-dumping or countervailing duty; or (c) fees commensurate with the cost of services rendered.

Article 10
Re-establishment of Margins of Preference
If, as a result of a tariff revision, a Participating State reduces or abrogates the value of the concessions granted to the other Participating States, it shall within a reasonable period of time take mutually acceptable compensatory action to re-establish margins of preference of equivalent value or enter into prompt consultations with the other Participating States as provided for in chapter IV in order to negotiate a mutually satisfactory modification of its National List of Concessions. For the purposes of this article, a reasonable period of time means not exceeding six months from the date of issue of the notification of tariff revision. A Participating State exceeding this period shall provide justification as to the reasons thereof.

Article 11
Coverage of the Agreement
The Agreement shall cover all products including manufactures and commodities in their raw, semi-processed and processed forms. Participating States shall explore further areas of cooperation with regard to border and non-border measures to supplement and complement the liberalization of trade. These may include, among others, the harmonization of standards, mutual recognition of tests and certification of products, macroeconomic consultations, trade facilitation measures and trade in services.

Chapter III – TRADE EXPANSION

Article 12
Trade Expansion and Diversification
To ensure the consolidation, continued expansion and further diversification of trade, the Participating States agree to keep in view the objectives and provisions set out in the following subparagraphs and shall strive to implement them expeditiously in a manner consistent with their national policies and procedures:

1. To the fullest extent possible, Participating States shall grant to one another, in relation to imports originating in the territory of any one of them, a treatment no less favourable than that which prevailed prior to the entry into force of this Agreement;
2. With respect to taxes, rates and other internal duties and charges, products originating in the territory of a Participating State shall enjoy in the territory of every other Participating State a treatment no less favourable than that accorded by that other Participating State to similar products of domestic origin;
3. Participating States shall endeavour, in relation to each other, not to introduce or increase the incidence of tariffs, border charges and fees, and non-tariff measures on products of current or potential export interest to the other Participating States. For purposes of determination of the products that fall within the purview of this paragraph, the Participating States shall submit, and the Standing Committee shall decide on, lists of products in this category from time to time;
4. Whenever considered necessary, Participating States shall take appropriate measures for co-operation, particularly in customs administration, to facilitate implementation of this Agreement and to simplify and standardize procedures and formalities relating to reciprocal trade. For this purpose the Standing Committee shall take the required administrative action;
5. The Participating States shall, as far as practicable, follow the provisions of relevant WTO Agreements including the Agreement on the Implementation of Article VI of the GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties, and ensure that the provisions of this Agreement are harmoniously applied;
6. Participating States shall adopt the latest version of the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System of the World Customs Organization as a common tariff nomenclature and, as far as practicable, conduct further negotiations on the basis of the six-digit level of the HS classification of goods;
7. Through further negotiations, Participating States shall take steps to expand the coverage and value of the concessions on products of export interest to one another. To this end, the Standing Committee shall adopt from time to time a programme of action to accelerate the process of negotiations, including additional