Unit-2-Working-the-land-Using-language-教案.doc

Unit 2 Working the land

CHEMICAL(化学的) OR ORGANIC(有机的) FARMING?
Over the past half century，using chemical fertilizers(化肥) has become very common in farming①．Many farmers welcomed them as a great way to stop crop disease and increase production.Recently，however，scientists have been finding② that long­term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to③ the land and，even more dangerous，to people's health.
化学耕作还是有机耕作？
在过去的半个世纪里，在耕作中使用化肥已经非常普遍。很多农民喜欢使用化肥。把它们作为防治农作物病虫害和提高产量的重要手段。然而，最近科学家发现长期使用这些肥料会造成土地受损，甚至更危险的是，他们会对人们的健康造成危害。
[助读讲解]　①“over the past＋时间段”常与现在完成时连用；动名词短语using chemical fertilizers作主语，谓语动词用单数。②have been finding是现在完成进行时形式，表示动作从过去持续到现在，而且目前还在进行中。③cause damage to对……产生损害。
What are some of the problems caused by chemical fertilizers④？ First，they damage the land by killing the helpful bacteria(细菌) and pests(害虫) as well as the harmful ones.Chemicals also stay in the ground and underground water for a long time.This affects crops and，therefore，animals and humans，since chemicals get inside the crops and cannot just be washed off.These chemicals in the food supply build up in people's bodies over time.Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses.In addition，fruit，vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers⑤ usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition(营养)．They may look beautiful，but inside there is usually more water than vitamins and minerals.
化肥带来的问题有哪些呢？首先，化肥在杀死病菌和害虫的同时也会杀死有益的细菌和昆虫，从而破坏土地。化学物质还会在地里和地下水中保存很长时间，这影响到庄稼，从而影响到动物和人，因为化学物质会进入农作物里面，而不能被冲洗掉。随着时间的推移，食物中的这些化学物质会在人体中堆积。这里面有很多化学成分能导致癌症或其他疾病。另外，施过化肥的水果、蔬菜和其他食物通常生长得过快而营养不足。它们表面上可能很好看，但是里面所含的水分通常比维生素和矿物质多。
[助读讲解]　④过去分词短语caused by chemical fertilizers作后置定语。⑤过去分词短语grown with chemical fertilizers作后置定语。
With these discoveries⑥，some farmers and many customers are beginning to turn to⑦ organic farming.Organic farming is simply farming without using any chemicals.They focus on keeping their soil(土壤) rich and free of disease.A healthy soil reduces(减少) disease and helps crops grow strong and healthy.Organic farmers，therefore，often prefer using natural waste from animals as fertilizer.They feel that this makes the soil in their fields richer in minerals and so more fertile(肥沃的)．This also keeps the air，soil，water and crops free from chemicals.
由于这些发现，一些农民和许多消费者开始转向有机耕作。有机耕作就是不用任何化学肥料的耕作。他们主要是想保持土壤肥沃并且免受病害。健康的土壤会减少病虫害并且帮助农作物茁壮成长。因此，使用有机耕作的农民们通常爱使用天然的动物粪便当作肥料。他们认为这可以让地里的土壤更富含矿物质，变得更肥沃，还可以让空气、土壤、水以及农作物不受化学物质的污染。
[助读讲解]　⑥With these discoveries在句中作原因状语。⑦turn to转向；求助于。
Organic farmers also use many other methods to keep the soil fertile⑧．They often change the kind of crop in each field every few years，for example，growing corn or wheat and then the next year peas or soybeans(大豆)⑨．Crops such as peas or soybeans put important minerals back into the soil，making it ready for crops⑩ such as wheat or corn that need rich and fertile soil.Organic farmers also plant crops to use different levels of soil，for example，planting peanuts that use the ground's surface followed by vegetables that put down deep roots(根)．Some organic farmers prefer planting grass between crops to prevent wind or water from carrying away the soil，and then leaving it in the ground to become a natural fertilizer for the next year's crop.These many different organic farming methods have the same goal: to grow good food and avoid damaging the environment or people's health.
有机耕作的农民也使用很多其他的方法来保持土壤肥沃。他们通常每隔几年就换种农作物，比如在种玉米或小麦后的一年种豌豆或大豆。在同一块地里，他们经常每隔几年就换种农作物。例如，种玉米或小麦后来年再改种豌豆或大豆。像豌豆或大豆这样的农作物将重要的矿物质带回土壤，从而使之适宜于种植要求土壤肥沃的农作物，比如小麦或玉米。有机耕作的农民还种植多种农作物来利用不同层次的土壤。比如，他们先种植生长于浅层土壤的花生，然后再种植生根于深层土壤的蔬菜。一些有机耕作的农民更喜欢在农作物之间种草，以防止水土流失，并且把草留在地里，从而成为来年农作物的天然肥料。这些不同的有机耕作的方法有着同样的目标：种植好的粮食，并且避免损害环境或者人们的健康。
[助读讲解]　⑧动词不定式短语to keep the soil fertile作目的状语；keep是使役动词，这是“keep＋宾语＋宾补”结构。⑨现在分词短语growing corn or wheat and then the next year peas or soybeans 作状语。⑩现在分词短语making it ready for crops...作结果状语，表示一种必然的结果，这里make的用法跟前面keep的用法一致。

第一步　速读——了解文章主题和段落大意
速读P14教材课文，匹配段落大意
1．Para.1 　 　 A．Problems caused by chemical fertilizers.
2．Para.2 B．Farmers and customers turn to organic farming.
3．Para.3 C．Long­term use of chemical fert­
ilizers can cause damage to the land and
people's health.
4．Para.4 D．Other methods to keep the soil fertile.
[答案]　1－4　CABD
第二步　细读——把握文章关键信息
细读P14教材课文，选择最佳答案
1．From the passage，we can see organic farmers are those who ．
A．grow crops with chemical fertilizers
B．grow crops with natural fertilizers
C．produce organic fertilizers
D．care for the environment
2．From the fourth paragraph，we know that ．
A．it's not good to plant grass between crops
B．peanuts use the surface of soil
C．peas and soybeans should be grown together with corn and wheat
D．vegetables that put down deep roots are harmful to the soil
3． so that the soil may not get exhausted.
A．Farmers grow the same crops year after year
B．Farmers use natural fertilizers
C．Farmers change crops every two or three years
D．Farmers use chemical fertilizers
4．How many ways do the organic farmers have to keep their soil fertile and healthy?
A．3.　　　　　　　　　 B．4.
C．5. D．6.
[答案]　1－4　BBCB
第三步　研读——能力升华　接轨高考
根据P14教材课文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Over the past half century，it has become very common for farmers to use chemical fertilizers in farming.1.It is a great way to stop crop disease and increase production.Recently，however，scientists 2.have been finding(find) that long­term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and make people 3.unhealthy(health)．There are lots of problems caused by chemical fertilizers.
Therefore some farmers and many customers are beginning to turn to organic farming，which is 4.simply(simple) farming without using any chemicals.Farmers focus on keeping their soil rich and free 5.of disease by using different methods.For example，they prefer using natural waste from 6.animals(animal) as fertilizer.They often change 7.the kind of crop in each field every few years.They also plant crops 8.to use(use) different levels of soil.What's more，they prefer planting grass between crops to prevent the soil from 9.being carried(carry) away by wind or water.10.Their(they) goal is to grow good food and avoid damaging the environment or people's health.

Ⅰ.单词拼写
根据汉语或首字母提示，写出下列单词
1．It is impolite to make comments (评论) on a lady's weight.
2．While reading，he likes underlining (画底线标出) the words and sentences he likes.
3．Bacteria (细菌) are very small living things，some of which cause illness or disease.
4．We are having difficulty in getting rid of the pests (害虫) in our garden.
5．She is anxious to skim (浏览) through the article trying to find her name.
6．His great regret in life is that he didn't bring home the America's Cup.
7．Since the soil is rich in minerals，the plants of the field grow well.
8．Finally，we found the root of the problem.
9．They've reduced the prices in the shop，so it's a good time to do some shopping.
10．Health and environmental problems have increasingly become the focus of attention.
Ⅱ.拓展词汇
根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．confuse vt.使迷惑；使为难→confusing adj.令人迷惑的→confused adj.感到迷惑的→confusion n．迷惑
2．chemical adj.化学的；关于化学的→chemistry n．化学→chemist n．化学家；药剂师
3．produce vt.生产；制造→producer n．生产者；制片人→production n．生产；制造
4．discover vt.发现；发觉；观察；观测→discovery n．发现；发觉
5．summary n．总结；摘要；概要→summarize vt.总结；概述
Ⅲ.补全短语
根据提示补全下列短语
1．cause damage to　　　 给……造成损害
2．build up 逐渐增强；建立；开发
3．lead to 导致；造成(后果)；通向……
4．focus on 集中(注意力、精力等)于
5．keep．..free from/of 使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使…… 不含
(有害物)
6．in addition 另外
7．turn to 转向；向……求助
8．every few years 每(隔)几年
Ⅳ.选词填空
选用上述短语的适当形式填空
1．To be mentally healthy，you need to build up good relationships with each other.
2．The farmers take measures to keep their crops free from/of disease.
3．It is a disturbing problem that many chemicals can lead to cancer.
4．Yuan Longping has been focusing on searching for a way to increase rice output.
5．If you are in trouble，you can turn to me at any time.

背教材原句
记句式结构
仿写促落实
1.Recently，however，scientists have been finding that long­term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and，even more dangerous，to people's health.
然而，最近科学家发现长期使用这些肥料会造成土地受损，甚至更危险的是，他们会对人们的健康造成危害。
完成进行时have been doing
自从我上个月见到他，他一直在写小说。
He has been working on his novel since I met him last month.
2.In addition，fruit，vegetables and other food grown with chemical fertilizers usually grow too fast to be full of much nutrition.
另外，施过化肥的水果、蔬菜和其他食物通常生长得过快而营养不足。
too...to...“太……而不能……”
他太年轻，不能理解你的话。
He is too young to understand your words.
3.Crops such as peas or soybeans put important minerals back into the soil，making it ready for crops such as wheat or corn that need rich and fertile soil.
像豌豆或大豆这样的农作物将重要的矿物质带回土壤，从而使之适宜于种植要求土壤肥沃的农作物，比如小麦或玉米。
v.­ing作结果状语
80多个国家都踢足球，因此足球成了一种很流行的运动。
Football is played in more than 80 countries，making it a popular sport.

confuse vt.使迷惑；使为难
(教材P13)It is important to explain this again or we will confuse the students.
重新解释一下很重要，否则我们会让学生感到困惑。
(1)confuse A with/and B　 把A与B混淆
(2)confused adj. (人)不知所措的；困惑的
be confused about... 对……感到困惑
(3)confusing adj. (事/物)令人困惑的；难懂的
①I always confuse John with his brother；they are so much alike.
我常常辨别不清约翰和他弟弟，他们太像了。
②I would often get confused (confuse) when I came across new words with a similar spelling.
当遇到拼写相似的生词时，我常常感到困惑。
③The confusing instructions made me confused．(confuse)这份令人费解的说明书把我搞糊涂了。
regret vt.遗憾；惋惜
n．[U，C] 遗憾；懊悔
(教材P13)His father says that he has never regretted sending his son to study abroad.
他爸爸说他从不后悔送他儿子出国学习。
(1)regret doing/having done sth. 后悔做了某事
regret to do sth. 遗憾将要做某事
(2)much to one's regret 让某人深感遗憾的是
with regret 遗憾地
①If you don't study hard now，you'll regret it in the future.如果你现在不努力学习，将来你会后悔的。
②Jerry did not regret giving (give) the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.
杰里不后悔给出评论，但是觉得自己本来可以用不同的方式来表达的。
③We regret to inform (inform) you that we cannot help you.我们遗憾地通知您，我们无法帮助您。
④Much to my regret，I'm unable to accept your kind invitation.
令我非常遗憾的是，我不能接受你善意的邀请。
build up逐渐增强；建立；开发
(教材P14)These chemicals in the food supply build up in people's bodies over time.随着时间的推移，食物中的这些化学物质会在人体中堆积。
put up　　　　　　 张贴；举起；建造；提供食宿
set up 建立；开办
give up 放弃
add up 加起来
①Their achievements have built up my confidence and determination in my career.
他们取得的成就增强了我对事业的信心和决心。
②Taking exercise helps us build up our body and keep a clear mind.
锻炼有助于我们增强体质，保持头脑清醒。
③They have set up an organization to help the poor.
他们已成立了一个组织来帮助穷人。
lead to导致；造成(后果)；通向……
(教材P14)Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses.这里面有很多化学成分能导致癌症或其他疾病。
lead sb.to do sth.　　　 使某人做某事
lead sb.to... 带某人去……
lead the way 带路
lead/live a．..life 过……样的生活
①As the old saying goes，“All roads lead to Rome.”
常言道，条条大道通罗马。
②The discovery of new evidence led to the thief's being caught (catch)．
新证据的发现使得小偷被抓住。
③ In class I will divide the students into small groups and lead them to practice (practice) speaking English in an interesting way.
在课堂上我会把学生分成小组用有趣的方法让他们练习说英语。
[名师点津]　
表示“导致”的常用表达还有：cause，result in，bring about。
[语境助记]　
He led the way，and led us to a village of Tibet.There we found the local people led a happy life.
他带路，把我们领到了西藏的一个小村庄。在那里，我们发现当地人过着幸福的生活。
focus n．焦点；中心点 vt.集中；聚焦
(教材P14)They focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease.
他们主要是想保持土壤肥沃且免受病害。
(1)focus on　　 把精力集中于……
focus one's attention on sth. 把注意力集中到……
(2)the focus of attention 关注的焦点
①The discussion focuses on the death rate in traffic accidents.
此次讨论集中在交通事故的死亡率上。
②To lead a happy life in the future，you should focus more attention on your career while you are young.
为了将来过上幸福的生活，趁着年轻你应该多关注你的事业。
[名师点津]　
表示“集中注意力于……”的其他短语：
①pay attention to sth.
②put one's heart into sth.
③fix one's attention on sth.
reduce vt.减少；减缩；减弱
(教材P14)A healthy soil reduces disease and helps crops grow strong and healthy.健康的土壤会减少病虫害并且帮助农作物茁壮成长。
(1)reduce to...　　　 减少到/降低到……
reduce by... 减少了/降低了……
(2)rise/increase
①If you want to lose weight，try to reduce the amount of fat in your diet.
如果你想减肥，请尽量减少饮食中的脂肪。
②If you buy more than ten，they will reduce the price by 10 percent.
你如果买10个以上他们就会把价格降低10%。
[名师点津]　
reduce“减少”的近义词是decrease，反义词是increase，rise(增加)。这三个词与reduce用法一样，后可接to...表示增减的结果，接by...表示增减的幅度。
③Their salary has been increased by 20 percent since last year.自去年以来，他们的工资已经增长了20%。
keep...free from/of使……免受(影响、伤害等)；使……不含(有害物)
(教材P14)This also keeps the air，soil，water and crops free from chemicals.还可以让空气、土壤、水以及农作物不受化学物质的污染。
be free from/of　　　　 不受……伤害
for free/free of charge 免费
set free 释放
①They like living in a village free from/of crowds and noises.
他们喜欢住在村子里，远离人群和喧闹。
②Your order will be delivered for free within a ten­mile limit.
在10英里范围之内，您的订货将免费送货上门。
comment n．[C，U]评论；议论　vi.& vt.表达意见；作出评论
(教材P15)Swap summaries with your partner and give each other comments.
和你的搭档交换摘要并互相评论。
(1)No comment！　　 无可奉告！
make comments/a comment about/on...
对……加以评论
(2)comment on... 对……发表评论
comment that... 评论说……
①She made helpful comments on my work，which made me very happy.
她对我的工作提出了有益的意见，这使我很高兴。
②—Do you have any comment about the cause of the emergency?
——您对这起突发事件发生的原因有何评论？
—No comment!
——无可奉告！
③The reporter commented(comment)that this film was very moving.
这位记者评论说，这部电影是很感人的。

(教材 P14)Recently，however，scientists have been finding that long­term use of these fertilizers can cause damage to the land and，even more dangerous，to people's health.
然而，最近科学家发现长期使用这些肥料会造成土地受损，甚至更危险的是，他们会对人们的健康造成危害。
【要点提炼】 该句为现在完成进行时。have been finding是现在完成进行时，现在完成进行时表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在，并强调现在还在进行。
①Tom，who has been learning English for many years，is fluent in spoken English now.
汤姆多年来一直学英语，现在英语口语很流利。
②No wonder you are so tired.You have been working (work) all day.
难怪你这么累，你已经工作一天了。
③The students have been working (work) hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end.学生们一直在刻苦做功课，他们的努力最终一定会得到回报。
(教材 P14)Crops such as peas or soybeans put important minerals back into the soil，making it ready for crops such as wheat or corn that need rich and fertile soil.
像豌豆或大豆这样的农作物将重要的矿物质带回土壤，从而使之适宜于种植要求土壤肥沃的农作物，比如小麦或玉米。
【要点提炼】 句中making it ready...为现在分词短语作结果状语。
动词­ing作结果状语，相当于一个并列谓语，描述谓语动词发生后所带来的一种自然而然的结果。
①Many people moved to New York，making it the largest city in the USA.
很多人去了纽约，使之成为美国最大的城市。
②His parents died early，leaving(leave) him an orphan.
＝ His parents died early and left him an orphan.
他的父母早亡，他成了孤儿。
③He ran to the station，only to find (find) the train had left.
他跑到火车站，却发现火车已开走了。
[名师点津]　
only to do sth.表示出乎意料的结果。

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I'd appreciate it if you can make helpful comments on my work.
2．The government calls on the public to go to work by bicycle instead of by car to reduce (reduce) air pollution.
3．The story tells us that the discovery (discover) of fire was one of the biggest inventions of man.
4．The young man often does some exercise to build up his body.
5．The old man stood there w