初中语法 动词的分类.doc

中阶语法 Lesson1 动词的分类
Louise
1、 什么是动词？

2、 (1) 实义动词 及物动词 (vt.) 后接宾语
（行为动词） 不及物动词(vi.)

(2)系动词 be/become/get/look/seem/turn/sound/smell/taste/feel/keep

(3)助动词 be +doing/+done
动词的分类 Have(has/had) +done/+been doing
do(does/did)
will/ shall/ would/ should

(4)情态动词 may/ might/ can/ could/ must/ should/ will/ would

一、动词是用来表示主语做什么（即行为动词），或表示主语是什么或怎么样（即状态动词）的词。
二、动词的分类
（一）行为动词Notional Verb
行为动词（实义动词）是表示行为、动作或状态的词。它的词义完整，可以单独作谓语。
I live in Beijing with my mother.（我和我妈妈住在北京。）live，住
It has a round face.（它有一张圆脸。）has，有
1、及物动词 Transitive Verb
后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整，例如：
Give me some ink, please.（请给我一些墨水。）
If you have any questions, you can raise your hands.（如果你们有问题，你们可以举手，。）
2、不及物动词 Intransitive Verb
后面不能跟宾语，意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词，构成短语动词，相当于一个及物动词。例如：
He works hard.（他工作努力。）
Jack runs faster than Mike.（杰克跑步比迈克要快些。）
Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.（请看黑板，听我说。）
（二）连系动词 Link Verb
连系动词是表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词，它虽有词义，但不完整，所以不能单独作谓语，必须跟表语一起构成合成谓语。
1、表示“是”的动词be。这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式，is，am，are，was，were，have/has been等要特别予以注意。例如：
He is a teacher.（他是个教师。）
2、表示“感觉”的词，如look（看起来），feel（觉得，摸起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来）等，例如：
She looked tired.（她看一去很疲劳。）
Cotton feels soft.（棉花摸起来很软。）
The story sounds interesting.（这个故事听起来很有趣。）
The flowers smell sweet.（这些花闻起来很香。）
The mixture tasted horrible.（这药水太难喝了。）
3、表示“变”、“变成”的意思的词，如become, get, grow, turn,都解释为“变”、“变得”，例如：
She became a college student.（她成了一名大学生。）
The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.（春天来了，天气变得暖和些了，白天也变得较长些了。）
He grew old.（他老了。）
（三）助动词 Auxiliary Verb
这类词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语，表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子的否定和疑问，例如：
He does not speak English well.（他英语讲得不好。）
句中的does是助动词，既表示一般现在时，又与not一起构成否定形式。
A dog is running after a cat.（一条狗正在追逐一只猫。）
句中的is 是助动词，和run的现在分词一起构成现在进行时。
（四）情态动词 Modal Verb
这类词本身虽有意义，但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态，如“可能”、“应当”等。这类动词有can, may, must, need, dare, could, might等。它们不能单独作谓语，必须与行为动词（原形）一起作谓语，表示完整的意思，例如：
I can dance.（我会跳舞。）can, 能, 会
He can’t walk because he is a baby.（因为他是个婴儿，不会走路。）can’t, 不必
May I come in？（我可以进来吗？）may, 可以
（1）can, could和be able to 
1、表示能力，例如：
I can speak a little Japanese.
Be able to代替can, 也可以表示能力。但can只有一般现在时和一般过去时(could), 而be able to则有更多的时态形式，例如：
You will be able to talk with the foreign teacher in English next week.
2、表示允许，准许，这时can与may可以互换，例如：
Can/May I brother your bike tomorrow?
3、表示客观可能性，用在否定句和疑问句中表示说话人的怀疑、猜测或不肯定。例如：
He cannot/can’t be there.
4、could除表示can的过去式外，在口语中还常代替can，表示非常委婉的请求。这时could和can没有时间上的差别。例如：
Could/Can you show me the way to the nearest hospital?
（2）may和might
1、表示“准许”和“许可”，这时可与can替换。例如：
May (can) I use your dictionary for a moment?（我可以借你的字典用一下吗？）
2、表示说话人的猜测，认为某事“可能”发生，例如：
Where’s John? He may be at the library.（约翰在哪儿？他可能在图书馆。）
以上例子中的may be是情态动词may加be, 与maybe完全不同。后者是副词，解释为“或许”。例如：
He may be at home.（他可能在家。）
Maybe he was at home.（或许他在家。）
3、might除表示may的过去式外，在口语中还常代替may, 表示非常委婉的请示或实现的可能性较小。这时might和may没有时间上的差异。
例如：Might (May) I speak to you for a few minutes?（我现在可以与你谈几分钟话吗？）
4、用于从句中表示目的，意为“以便能……”、“使……可以”，例如：
Open your mouth wide, so that I may see clearly what’s wrong with your teeth.（把嘴张大些，以便我能看清楚你的牙齿有什么毛病。）
He wrote down my address so that he might remember it well.（他把我的住址写了下来，以便能记牢。）
5、在用may提问时，否定回答常用mustn’t或may not表示“不行”、“不可以”。
例如：May I go now? No, you mustn’t. （我可以走了吗？不，不可以。）
（3）must
1、must表示说话人的主观意志，表示义务、命令或必要、应当和必须等。现在式与过去式同形。例如：
I must go to school today.（今天我必须上学去。）
He told me I mustn’t leave until my mother came.（他告诉我，在我母亲回来之前我不许离开。）
2、must表示推测，“一定是”、“准是”，例如：
They must be very tired. Let them have a rest.（他们一定是非常疲劳了,让他们休息一会儿吧。）
Jack doesn’t look well. He must be ill.（杰克看上去气色不太好。他一定是病了。）

[难点解释]
1、have to表示“必须”、“不得不”，它不仅能代替must, 用于现在时和过去时以外的其他时态，表示说话人的主观看法，而且又表示客观上的需要。例如：
If we miss the last bus, we shall have to walk home.（如果我们末班车，我们将不得不走回家。）
2、在回答must的疑问句时，否定回答常用needn’t表示“不必”，例如：
Must I return this book to you in two weeks?（这本书我两星期以后必须还你吗？）
Yes, you must.（是的。）
No, you needn’t.（不，不必了。）
（4）need和dare
need（需要）和dare（敢于）既可作情态动词，又可作行为动词。
1、need和dare作情态动词时，只用于否定句或疑问句。need无形态变化，dare的过去式是dared。 例如：
It’s warm today. You needn’t put on your coat.（今天天气很暖和，你不必穿上大衣。）
She dare not go out alone at night.（她晚上不敢一个人出去。）
2、need和dare作及物动词时，后常跟动词不定式。它们有人称、数和时态等形态变化。在构成否定和疑问形式时与其他及物动词一样，要用助动词do, does或did等。例如：
He didn’t need to go to school today.（今天你不必上学。）
They needed an excuse and soon found one.（他们需要借口，不久便找到了一个。）
（5）ought to和should
ought to和should作情态动词用，都是“应该”、“应当”的意思。
ought to语气较强，指客观上有责任、有义务去做某事，或按观念和道理也应对某事负责。Should指主观上认为有责任和义务去做，但语意不如ought to强。例如：
You ought to respect your teachers.（你们应该尊敬你们的老师。）
We should be careful of others’ feelings.（我们应该尊重别人的感情。）

（一）实义动词：
1．His grandmother _ _in 1985．She has been for ten years．
A．died，died B．dead，dead C．dying,death D．died，dead
2．一How long you the bicycle? ——About two weeks．
A．have，had B．have，bought C．did buy D．have，get
3．Because of 2008 Beijing Olympics，all of Chinese trying to make great contributions to __ __ our environment．
A．protect B．protected C．protects D．protecting
4．Thousands of people took our part in ____ the undeveloped land．
A．opening out B．opening up C．open up D．open with
5．一Your spoken English is much better． 一Thank you．My teacher often asks us ____ English．
A．to speak many B．not to speak much C．to speak much D．not to speak more
6．Mr. Zhang often teaches his Japanese friends ____ Chinese food．
A．cook B．cooks C．cooked D．to cook
7. The supermarket is far from Mary’s house. So she ____ only once a week.
A. goes shopping B. has been there C. has gone there
8. Here ______ the bus! A. come B. comes C. coming
9. Mary is often at home on weekends and _____ time with her grandparents.
A. spend B. takes C. spends
10. My father told me that the earth _____ round when I was a child.
A. is B. was C. be
11. When she was 22 years old, her dream to be a teacher ______.
A. come true B. will come true C. came true
12 --Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _____? –No, she got up too late.
A. did she B. hadn’t she C. didn’t she
13. I ______ to the park when I was a child.
A. often go B. used to go C. am used to going
14. If I ______ three heads and six hands, I would carry the huge rock by myself.
A. have B. will have C. had
15. I was watching TV when a strange man ________into my house.
A. was coming B. came C. is coming
16--When ______ you _______ her the good news?
--As soon as she comes back.
A. do, tell B. did, bring C. will, tell
17 .Mike always _____ my books and doesn’t return them. What should I do?
A. keeps B. lends C. borrows
18.–Oh, look! It’s Jack’s math book, isn’t it? But he has a math test today?
--Don’t worry, mum. I will _____ it to him.
A. bring B. take C. borrow
19.I asked my brother to_____ his room. It’s real mess.
A. put up B. stay up C. clean up
20.-My shoes are worn out. -__________
A. Can't they be mended? B. Let me have a look at it.
C. How much do they cost? D. Can't they mended?

（二）连系动词：
1. My brother ____ a teacher. He ____ his pupils very much.
A. is, like B. is, likes C. are, likes D. are, like
2. A: How many days ____ there in a week? B: There ____ seven.
A. is, is B. are, are C. is, are D. are, is
3. I ____ tired last night.
A. became B. felt C. looked D. am
4. Her face ____ pale（苍白）when she heard the bad news.
A. got B. is C. turned D. was
5. You ____ pale. What's wrong with you?
A. turn B. seem C. look D. become
6. The boy ____ ill today.
A. are B. is C. be D. am 7. Which ____ bigger, the sun or the moon?
A. are B. is C. be D. × 8. Neither she nor I ____ a doctor.
A. am not B. am C. are D. is
9. I ____ a worker next year.
A. am B. will be C. be D. will
10. Her voice ____ like my mother's.
A. sounds B. sound C. looks D. Look

（三）助动词：
1.If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
A. have B. will have C. has D. shall has
2.When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
A. will rise B. shall rise C. should rise D. would rise
3.In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction.
A. has made B. have made C. had made D. having made
4.I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
A. don’t/had B. didn’t/have C. didn’t/had D. don’t/have
5.He ______ live in the country than in the city.
A. prefers B. likes to C. had better D. would rather
6.He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
A. was running B. was running C. were running D. is running
7.If they ______, our plan will fall flat.
A. are co-operating B. had not co-operated C. won’t co-operate D. don’t co-operate
8.―______ you give me a room for the night?‖ I asked on arriving at the hotel.
A. Should B. Can C. Might D. May
9.There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
A. they may not at all B. all they may not C. they can’t all D. all they can’t
10.―We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.‖ ―He ______ it.‖
A. mustn’t attend B . can not have attended
C. would have not attended D. needn’t have attended

（四）情态动词:
1. I __________ you, because I thought I must be wrong.
A. dare not ask B. dare not to ask C. dare not asking D. dare to not ask
2. There __________ some flowers in the garden.
A. were used to be B. used to be C. uses to be D. used to be having
3. "__________ I take it out?" "I'm sorry, you __________."
A. Could ...couldn't B. Might...might not C. Could...can D. May...can't
4. You were stupid to climb the tree. You __________ hurt yourself.
A. may B. might C. will D. might have
5. You __________ those letters. Why didn't you ?
A. should post B. should have posted C. must have posted D. ought to post.
6. All the lights are on, the Smiths __________ up.
A. must get B. is getting C. must be getting D. would get
7. He __________ lead a horse to the water but he __________ not make it drink.
A. will...can B. may...can C. may...dares D. dare...can
8. "Need we do this job now?" "Yes, __________."
A. you need B. you should C. you must D. you can
9. __________ to have lunch with us today?
A. Do you likes B. Would you like C. Will you likes D. Have you liked
10. He said that you __________ watch TV all the evening if you wished.
A. may B. must C. can D. might
11. -Is John coming by train? --He should, but he __________ not. He likes driving his car. A. must B. can C. need D. may
12. Peter __________ come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. can C. may D. will
13. Michael __________ be a policeman, for he's much too short.
A. needn't B. can't C. shouldn't D. won't
14. I thought you __________ be hungry, so I have brought you some cakes.
A. may B. might C. can D. could
15. I wonder how he __________ that to the teacher.
A. dare to say B. dare saying C. not dare say D. dared say
16. Come on! We __________ hurry because there isn't much time left.
A. may B. must C. can D. need
17. Amy did best in the English test. She __________ hard last week.
A. must have working B. should have worked C. should work D. must work
18. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone __________ get out.
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
19. ---I stayed at a hotel while in New York. ---Oh, did you? You __________ with Barbara. A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed
20. It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack __________ be here at any moment.
A. must B. need C. should D. can