英国小学英语教师指导手册-如何教拼写和语音.doc

Teaching Spelling and Phonics

A Handbook for Teachers

Contents

Why do children need to spell correctly?

What do children need to learn to spell correctly?

What are the expectations of how spelling and phonics should be taught at XXX school?

How should phonics and spelling should be taught?

Useful memorising strategies

Key spelling patterns
· The Importance of Syllables in Spelling
· Prefixes as an aid to spelling
· Suffixes - their importance in spelling
· Spelling words ending ic and ick
· Words ending -er, -or, and –ar
· Words ending ical, icle and acle

Practising Spellings At Home

Spelling Posters

Phonic and spelling games

Why children need to learn to spell correctly?
This section is based on material from Spelling it Right at http: //.
· Poor spelling creates a bad impression - it’s one of the first things a reader notices
· Examiners, teachers, prospective employers, often place a lot of weight on spelling
· Anxiety about spelling inhibits a child's writing, especially their choice of words
· Even in these days of word processors there are still times when we need to write

To improve and develop their spelling children need to:

· Develop an interest in words
· Feel safe about trying new words, not just words they're sure about
· Learn about, the way words are built up using syllables
· Know about the basic spelling patterns of English
· Have a range of memorizing strategies
· Explore the meanings of words
· Understand prefixes and suffixes
· Write for their own enjoyment, without the fear that they will be criticized
· Read for pleasure

What are the expectations of how spelling and phonics should be taught at XXX school?

· In Foundation and Year 1, there should be a daily phonics lesson
· In Year 2,there should be a discrete phonics and/or spelling lesson at least 3 times a week.
· In Key Stage 2, there should be a discrete spelling lesson one a week, with planned opportunities at least 3 times a week for consolidation and re-enforcement

How should phonics and spelling should be taught?
· Teaching should be focussed and pacy
· There needs to be clear continuity and progression – teaching should be based on children’s strengths and weaknesses rather than their age or year group, and objectives should be drawn from the school schemes of work.
· A variety of groupings should be used including whole class teaching, group work and paired work.
· Children could work in ability groups, being set across a year group, if this would contribute to effective teaching and learning
· A variety of teaching methods should be used including direct exposition, games and investigation of spelling rules and patterns.
· Children should be taught methods to enable them to learn new spellings
Useful memorising strategies

When you come across a new word ALWAYS use the   
LOOK - THINK - COVER - WRITE - CHECK method to memorize it.

LOOK carefully at the new word. How can you break it into smaller bits? Do any of the smaller bits remind you of the patterns of letters from other words?

THINK about the parts of the words, which might cause problems - double letters for instance, or a vowel that isn't pronounced as you would expect.

COVER the word and close your eyes. Try to see it in your mind's eye.

WRITE the word down without looking back.

CHECK to see if you're right. If not, look carefully at where you went wrong and try again.

More Hot Tips
*   Whenever you have to copy a new word from the whiteboard, from a book, or from the dictionary, always try to write the whole word in one go.
Don't keep looking back after every few letters.

*   Try finger-writing: while you're THINKing about the word, pretend to write it with your finger, on your desk or on your hand. 

Mnemonics are useful for particularly tricky words, or for key spelling patterns:
· Ould – Oh, you, lucky duck (should, could, would)
· Ound – Oh you naughty duck (ground, found)
· Laugh – Laugh At Ugly Goat Hair
· Because – Big Elephants Can Always Understand Small Elephants
· Island – an island is land surrounded by water
· Necessary – 1 collar and 2 sleeves are necessary
· Piece – a piece of pie
· Parliament – Liam went to the Houses of parliament
· Separate – there is a rat in separate
· Secretary – a good secretary can keep a secret
· Terrible – Ribs feel terrible
· Business – going by bus is good business
· Rhythm – rhythm gets your 2 hips moving
· Accommodation – 2 cats, 2 mice, 1 dog - accommodation
· Soldier – soldiers sometimes die in battle
· Quiet – keep quiet about my diet
· Guitar – I only play guitar when I’m drinking fruit juice

Key spelling patterns
This section is based on material from Spelling it Right at .

Children need to be taught useful spelling patterns and rules. One good technique is to begin by giving children a list of words to sort. Then ask them to look carefully at how they sorted the words, and see if they can spot the spelling rule. Finish by explaining the rule, giving further words, and see if the children can use the rule to sort the words more quickly.

If you are sending home spellings that follow a pattern, it’s a good idea to make that pattern explicit, so that parents can help their children to learn their spellings.

The Importance of Syllables in Spelling
All good spellers are skilful at breaking words up into syllables.
care-ful
hos-pit-al
u-ni-ver-si-ty
Breaking a word into syllables makes it easier to deal with one small bit at a time.

Prefixes as an aid to spelling
A prefix is a group of letters placed at the start of a root word to change its meaning. Some complicated words are less difficult to spell if you are familiar with prefixes.

Here are some common examples in the following list:
PREFIX
MEANING
EXAMPLES
anti-
against or opposite to
anticlockwise, antibiotic 
auto-
 self
autobiography, automat
dis-
not, or away
dissimilar, disconnect
in-
not
insane, inhuman
il-
not
illogical, illegal
im-
not
immature, improbable
ir-
not
irrelevant, irregular
inter-
between
international, intermarry 
mis-
wrong
misunderstand, misspell
post-
after
postnatal, postscript 
pre-
before
prenatal, prehistoric
pro-
for, or forward
propose, pro-British 
re-
again, or back
rewrite, reconsider
sub-
under
submarine, substandard
super-
above
supervisor, superhuman
trans-
across
transport, transplant
un-
not, or in reverse
unfinished, unarmed

Suffixes - their importance in spelling

A suffix is simply an ending that's added to a base word to form a new word.
A key thing to know about a suffix is whether it starts with a consonant or a vowel.

Adding a suffix to “magic e” words
When you add a consonant suffix the base word doesn't change.
When you add a vowel suffix, drop the silent e. Remember to drop the e when adding a vowel suffix. (Note that y is regarded as a vowel suffix, so laze + y = lazy)

Base word
+consonant
suffix
Base word
+vowel
suffix
hope
hopeless
note
notable
state
statement
calculate
calculation
spite
spiteful
reserve
reservation
late
lately
late
latest
extreme
extremely
expense
expensive

Adding suffixes to words ending -ce and -ge

There are exceptions to the above “magic e” rule – which is why it’s probably better to call it a pattern rather than a rule.
Here's the main one:
Where the base word ends in -ce or -ge, then you keep the silent e before -able and -ous.    So:
enforce + able
=   enforceable
notice + able
=   noticeable
service + able
=   serviceable
courage + ous
=   courageous
outrage + ous
=   outrageous

When should you doubling consonants when adding a suffix?
Luckily there's a very useful pattern to help us.

If the base word has:
one syllable
one short vowel
one consonant at the end
you double the final consonant when you add a vowel suffix

bed + ing
=   bedding,
flat + est
=   flattest
fun + y
=   funny
hot + er
=    hotter

If the base word has:
one syllable
one short vowel
one consonant at the end
you keep the base word the same when you add a consonant suffix

bag + ful = bagful,    wet + ness = wetness

Suffixes and Stressed Syllables
If the stress is on the first syllable the base word doesn't change:

Profit - profitable
Enter - entered
Order - ordering

If the stress is on the last syllable, double the final consonant before adding a vowel suffix.
No change if a consonant suffix is added.

Begin - beginning
Equip - equipped
Regret - regretful
Commit - commitment

Adding a suffix to words ending y
There are two important patterns to learn:

* If the word ends in a vowel +y, the base word doesn't change:
delay + ed = delayed
employ + ment = employment

* If the word ends in a consonant +y, when you add any suffix except -ing, then change the y to i:
reply + ed = replied
busy + ness = business
pity + ful = pitiful
but reply + ing = replying

Spelling words ending ic and ick
Same sound but two spellings. However there is a simple way to spot the difference.
The words with only one syllable end in -ick.
The words having more than one syllable end in -ic.
There are only a few exceptions to this pattern and these usually happen where two words are joined together as in homesick and candlestick.

Words ending -er, -or, and -ar
There are lots of words in English which end with the -er sound. But when you listen to these words you can't be sure whether the sound is made by -er, -or or -ar.
There's no easy rule but there are a few helpful word patterns:

· There are more than ten times as many words ending with -er than -or and -ar together.
So, if you guess -er then there's a good chance that you'll be right!

· Verbs ending in a silent e usually change to nouns by ending -er:
dive/diver    wade/wader    write/writer    avenge/avenger  

· -er is also the most common way of ending a word for someone carrying out an action:

Action
Person carrying out the action
reporting
reporter
playing
player
fighting
fighter

· -or is used when the base word ends in -ate, -ct, -it :

calculate
calculator
create
creator
contract
contractor
reflect
reflector
visit
visitor
exhibit
exhibitor

· There is no especially useful pattern to recognise words that end in -ar except to say that many of them finish with   -lar:
               regular    popular    similar    pillar
But other than that it's just a matter of memorizing the -ar words as you come across them. Mispronouncing the ending so that it rhymes with the -ar- in market is a handy memory trick.

Words ending ical, icle and acle
Adjectives all end with -ical, and the nouns end with -acle or -icle.
Handy Tip: Nearly all the words that end with this sound will be adjectives and will therefore end with -ical.
Any more spelling patterns? Check with KS2 book.
Practising Spellings At Home

If you are sending spellings home, you may want to suggest ways in which parents could help their children. You could send home a sheet with a bank of ideas, or send a different one home each week with the new spelling list.

A variety of games should help to keep both children and parents interested and motivated. The games below have been designed for home learning, but you could also use them in the classroom.

1) Word Search
Create your own word searches using your spelling words. Or use this link to get your computer to do it for you.

2) Draw your words on Lite-Brite.

3) Air spelling:
Choose a spelling word. With your index finger write the word in the air slowly, say each letter. Your parent needs to remind you that you need to be able to 'see' the letters you have written in the air. When you have finished writing the word underline it and say the word again. Now get you parents to ask you questions the about the word. For example they could ask 'What is the first letter?' 'What is the last letter?' 'How many letters are there?' ect.

4) Media Search:
Using a newspaper or magazine you have 15 minutes to look for your spelling words. Circle them in different coloured crayon. Which of your spellings words was used the most times?

5) Shaving Cream Practice:
An easy way to clean those dirty tables is to finger paint on them with shaving cream. Squirt some on the table (with your parents permission and supervision!) and then practice spelling your words by writing them with your finger in the shaving cream.

6) Salt Box Spelling:
Ask your parents pour salt into a shallow box or tray (about 3cm deep) and then practice writing you spellings in it with your finger.

7) Scrabble Spelling:
Find the letters you need to spell you words and then mix them up in the bag. Get your parents to time you unscrambling your letters. For extra maths practice you could find out the value of each of you words.

8) Pyramid Power:
Sort your words into a list from easiest to hardest. Write the easiest word at the top of the page near the middle. Write the next easiest word twice underneath. Write the third word three times underneath again until you have built your pyramid

9) Ransom Note:
Cut the letters needed to for your words from a newspaper or magazine and glue them down to spell the words.

10) Spell It With Beans:
Use Lima beans (or any dried beans or lentils) to spell out your words. If you glue them onto separate pieces of card then you made a great set of flash cards to practice with for the rest of the week.

11) Pipe Cleaners Or Tooth Picks:
These are just a couple of suggestions of things you could use to for your spelling words.

12) Tasty Words:
Just like above but this time try and find tasty things to spell your words with, like raisins. Then when you spell them right you get to eat them!

13) Design A Word:
Pick one word and write it in bubble letters. Colour in each letter in a different pattern.

14) Sign Your Word:
Practice spelling your words by signing each letter. To see the New Zealand Sign Language Alphabet http://www.nzsign.co.nz/Downloads/fingerspelling.pdf

15) Water wash:
Use a paintbrush and water to write your words outside on concrete or pavements.

16) ABC Order:
Write your words out in alphabetical order. Then write them in reverse alphabetical order.

17) Story Time:
Write a short story using all your words. Don't forget to check your punctuation!

18) Simple Sentence:
Write a sentence for each of your words. Remember each sent