西点课业--中考英语语法讲解.doc

西点课业--中考英语语法讲解
第1讲：名词
名词当然是大家都很熟悉的了，我们吃的food，喝的drinks，穿的clothes 都是名词。It is easy, right? 但是你可能被名词的单复数变化、名词作定语以及名词所有格等问题搞得糊里糊涂的，到底该怎么用呢？OK,follow me。
　　First, 名词复数的特殊变化。
　　普通名词的复数我们知道是直接加-s或 -es，可是偏偏有一些名词不听话，变化不规则。这些小调皮是：
　　a. class, box, watch, brush等词以 s, x, ch, sh, 结尾，复数要加-es；
　　b. story, factory 等以"辅音字母+y"结尾的词复数要先将-y 变成-i再加-es；
　　c. knife, wife, life等以-f 或-fe结尾的词一般先将-f或-fe变为-v, 再加-es；
　　d. 以-o结尾的名词，一般来说，末尾是"元音字母+o" 的词加-s，我们学过的有radio,zoo。末尾是"辅音字母+o"的词，变复数加-es。如：tomato, hero, potato，当然其中的piano 和photo，又是一个例外，他们的结尾只能加-s。
　　e. child（children）, foot（feet）, tooth（teeth）, mouse（mice）, man（men ）, woman（women ）等词的复数变化全不遵循规则。
注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans；
f. deer，sheep等词更是懒得可以，竟然单复数同形。好记好记。 people，police，cattle 等词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数，所以它们的谓语当然也是复数形式，这就是集体名词。the English，the French，the Chinese等名词表示国民总称时，也作复数用。
　　注意：maths，politics，physics等学科名词,虽然以-s结尾，仍为不可数名词。还有theUnited States(美国），the United Nations（联合国）等应视为单数。
　　别奇怪，名词有时也可以作定语的。它作定语时一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
　　a. man, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：men　workers， women teachers。
　　b. 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。如：a ten-mile walk十里路，two-hundred trees 两百棵树。
　　哇！这些问题好复杂，我好想轻松一下。那我们就轻轻松松地面对名词所有格问题。
　　这里面内容可谓少之又少，可也不能小视呦。
名词所有格：
表示“……的”通常是在名词的后面加-s，如：Children's day，father's shoes。但以-s结尾的名词因为已经有s了，只需加 ' 就OK了。如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，.则表示“分别有”。.如：John's and Mary's room（约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；两个名词并列，只有一个's，则表示"共有"。如：John and Mary's room（约翰和玛丽共有一间）。
还有些无生命名词的所属要用介词of来帮助一下，如：a map of China，the end of this term。
　　好，名词部分我们已经学完，It's a piece of cake? 接下来到了我们趁热打铁的时间了，
　　Are you ready?

练习：
1. All the _____teachers and______students are having a meeting there.
　 A. women …girls
　 B. women… girl
　 C. woman…girls
　 D. woman…girl
　2. Mr Black is a friend of _________.
　 A. Jack's aunt's
　 B. Jack's aunt
　 C. Jack aunt's
　 D. aunt's of Jack
　3. This toy was made by a ____ boy.
　 A. ten-year-old
　 B. ten-years-old
　 C. ten-year-older
　 D.ten-years-older
　4. The farmer raised ten _________.
　 A. sheeps
　 B. deers
　 C. horse
　 D. cows
　5. She looked at us sadly with her eyes as large as_________.
　 A. her grandmother
　 B. her grandmother's
　 C. her grandmothers'
　 D. that of her grandmother
　6. We have moved into a ________.
　 A. two- storey house
　 B. house of two storey
　 C. two-storeys house
　 D. two storeys house
　7. The ______ was too much for the child to carry.
　 A. box's steel
　 B. box of a steel
　 C. steel box
　 D. box of the steel
　8. We'll give our English teacher a card for _________.
　 A. the Teacher's Day
　 B. Teacher's Day
　 C. a Teacher's Day
　 D. Teachers' Day
　9. Li Ping met an old friend of _______on a train yesterday.
　 A. he
　 B. him
　 C. his
　 D. her
　10. _________are big and bright.
　 A. The classroom window
　 B. The window of the classroom
　 C. The windows of the classroom
　 D. The classroom's windows

实战：
1. Don't worry. Your son will come back in ______hour.
　 A. a
　 B. an
　 C. the
　 D. /
　2. This nice blouse isn't mine. It's ______.
　 A. you
　 B. your
　 C. Lucy
　 D. yours
　3. What's " potato" in Chinese?　－It's _____ .
　 A. 香蕉
　 B. 大白菜
　 C. 西红柿
　 D. 土豆
　4. The ninth month of a year is _______.
　 A. December
　 B. November
　 C. September
　 D. October
　5. A: Must I leave now?
　　B: No, you _______.
　 A. needn't
　 B. mustnt
　 C. don't
　 D. won't
　6. We have a history lesson ______Wednesday afternoon.
　 A. on
　 B. of
　 C. at
　 D. to
　7. Suan has made quite ______friends since she came to China.
　 A. few
　 B. a few
　 C. little
　 D. a little
　8. A: Have you ever ______to the West Lake?
　　B: Yes, I ______there last winter.
　 A. gone, went
　 B. been, went
　 C. gone , have been
　 D. been, have
　9. Do you ________English?
　 A. tell
　 B. say
　 C. talk
　 D. speak
　10. A: May I _______your ruler?
　　 B: OK, I'm glad to _______it to you.
　 A. lend, borrow
　 B. lend, lend
　 C. borrow , lend
　 D. borrow, borrow
　11. We'll go to the museum if it _______tomorrow.
　 A. can't rain
　 B. won't rain
　 C. don't rain
　 D. doesn't rian
　12. Do you know ________?
　 A. where does he study
　 B. he studies where
　 C. where he studies
　 D. he where studies
　13. A: _______do you go to see your grandparents?
　　 B: Once a month
　 A. How often
　 B. How long
　 C. how much
　 D. how many
　14. A: Would you like another cup of orange?
　　 B: ______I'm full.
　 A. No, thanks
　 B. Yes, please.
　 C. Here it is.
　 D. I don't like.
　15. You must be tired. Why not ________a rest?
　 A. to stop to have
　 B. stop having
　 C. stop to have
　 D. to stop having

第2讲：代词

我们刚刚讲完了名词，现在再来看看名词的brother—代词。它与名词的作用其实很相似，所担当的句中成分也相差不多。 但也别小看代词呀！它还有很多的“小个性”呢！只要抓住它的几个“小脾气”，那么你就可以牢牢地掌握它了。
　　代词中第一个“小个性”就是物主代词。像my和mine这两个小冤家总是让人分不清谁是谁。但你只要记住它们最重要的区别—my的后面一定要接名词，不可以单独出现，只能做定语，如：my father；而 mine则是名词性，只能单独出现，在句中做主语和表语。如：Mine is green. It's mine. 记住这两个句子，凡是名词性物主代词（yours, hers, his, its, ours, theirs）就都可以放在mine的位置上了。这样，通过它们出现的位置不同，我们就可以把它们区别开了。
　　代词的第二个“罗嗦”就是它有一个小跟班－self(selves)—反身代词，也就是表示“自己、亲自”的意思。关于反身代词，需要注意的是她不能单独做主语，但可以放在人称代词后面，做同位语。　　　　如：Marry herself said so. 玛丽她自己这么说的。（不能说Herself said so.）下面我给你开点小灶，单独讲一讲须“特特”注意的地方。
　　Of+名词性物主代词：of +物主代词构成双重所有格。公式为：a（an, this, that ）+名词+of +名词性物主代词。牢记公式，举一反三。因为物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, no, each,every, such, another等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。如： a friend of mine（我的一个朋友），each brother of his（他的每一个兄弟）.
　 some, any的用法：我们都知道some用于肯定句中，而any则用于否定句和疑问句中。 所以somebody，someone也用于肯定句中，而anybody、anyone则用于否定和疑问句中。
　　注意：在Would youlike some coffee?（要来点咖啡吗？）这样的肯定疑问句中，说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时，用some而不用any。
　　every 和each的用法：every 强调全体的概念，指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，不可单独使用；each强调个体概念。指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)，可单独使用.。Every student in our school works hard.（我们学校的学生都很用功。） Each student may have one book.. （每个学生都可有一本书。）
　　both, either, neither的用法：
　　both意为“两者全都”，与复数连用。either意为“两者中间的任何一个”，neither 表示“两者之间一个也不是”，与单数连用。如：Both of the them come from London。他们两人都是伦敦人。 You may take either with you。 两个中间你随便带哪个都行。 Neither is correct。 两个都不对。
　　Few，a few和little，a little的用法：
　　Few，a few用来代替和修饰可数名词，little，a little用来代替和修饰不可数名词;a few和a little 着重肯定意思，相当于汉语“有几个”，“有一点儿”；few和little 着重否定意思，相当于汉语 “没有几个”，“没有多少”
　　OK，代词部分我们已经学完，It's a piece of cake? 接下来到了我们趁热打铁的时间了，
　　Are you ready? 　　

练习：

1. We had plenty of paper but______ink.
　 A. a few
　 B. few
　 C. not many
　 D. not much
　2. Learning a foreign language is especially difficult for those who have have never learned ______before.
　 A. one
　 B. it
　 C. them
　 D. that
　3. We're very busy because we've so ______books to read and so _______homework to do every day.
　 A. much ... many
　 B. many ... much
　 C. many ... a lot
　 D. a lot ... much
　4. I thought ______of the matter but still couldn't find out the reason.
　 A. every
　 B. both
　 C. nothing
　 D. everything
　5. My car is not so expensive as ________.
　 A. him
　 B. he's
　 C. he
　 D. his
　6. Lily and Lucy have arrived，but _______students aren't here yet.
　 A. other
　 B. others
　 C. the other
　 D. the others
　7. There are high buildings on ______side of the street.
　 A. both
　 B. every
　 C. any
　 D.either
　8. －What do you usually have for breakfast?
　　－______eggs and ______milk.
　 A Little ... a few
　 B. A little ... a little
　 C. A few ... a little
　 D. A few ... a few
　9. ______ is difficult in the world if you put your heart into it.
　 A. Something
　 B. Anything
　 C. Nothing
　 D. Everything
　10. Is this story the same as ______in that book?
　 A. the one
　 B. what
　 C. that
　 D. it

实战：

1. There is _________old woman in the car.
　 A. 不填
　 B. the
　 C. a
　 D. an
　2. We often go to the park _______Sundays.
　 A. on
　 B. in
　 C. at
　 D. from
　3. My book ________on the desk.
　 A. is
　 B. am
　 C. are
　 D. be
　4. Which language is ________, English, French or Chinese?
　 A. difficult
　 B. the difficult
　 C. more difficult
　 D. the most difficult
　5. －________book is this?
　　－It's Kate's.
　 A. when
　 B. Why
　 C. Where
　 D. whose
　6.－Can you write a letter in English?
　　－No, I _____.
　 A. may not
　 B. mustn't
　 C. can't
　 D. needn't
　7. I ________my homework when Mike came last night.
　 A. do
　 B. was doing
　 C. am doing
　 D. have done
　8. He began to ________English three years ago.
　 A. learn
　 B. learns
　 C. learned
　 D. learning
　9. Jim is a driver, _______he?
　 A. does
　 B. doesn't
　 C. is
　 D. isn't
　10. "What's wrong _________you?" the doctor asked.
　 A. from
　 B. with
　 C. for
　 D. at
　11. He is rich, ________he isn't happy.
　 A. or
　 B. so
　 C. and
　 D. but
　12.－Where is Alice?
　　－She __________to the library.
　 A. goes
　 B. will go
　 C. has gone
　 D. had gone
　13. "Help _________to some fish, Mary." My aunt said to me.
　 A. themselves
　 B. ourselves
　 C. yourself
　 D. himself
　14. We'll stay at home if it ________tomorrow.
　 A. rain
　 B. rains
　 C. is raining
　 D. will rain
　15. The students _________on a farm for ten days. Then they_________to a factory.
　　 Though they_______back school, they still remember those farmers and workers.
　 A. have stayed, went , was
　 B. had stayed, go , are
　 C. have stayed, go, have been
　 D. have stayed, went, were

第3讲：形容词
Spring is coming. The trees are green, and the flowers are　beautiful.
多么美的季节啊！我们要去郊游, 去感受、去描绘我们周围美好的事物。形容词会帮你忙。可是形容词怎么使用起来老出错呀？不是放错了位置，搞错了级别，就是在使用多个形容词作定语时排错了顺序。当然了，形容词使用时需要遵循一些规则的。想知道吗？接着往下看。

　 a beautiful little new white wooden house 从这个长长的词中可以看出多个形容词作

定语时排列有一定的先后顺序。它们往往遵循以下规律：冠词或人称代词所有格+数词+性质+大小+形状+表示老少、新旧+颜色+事物质地、人的国籍、用途。其实,你大可不必这样费神记,只要记住我给你的句子就可以了。

　 There is something wrong with my bike。这句话可能让你挠挠头皮，为什么wrong放在

something的后面呢？原来虽然大部分形容词做定语时的位置是放在名词之前的，但当形容词所修饰的词为something，anything，nothing，everything等以-thing为字尾的词语时，形容词要后置。

　 形容词级别问题：
　 a. Our classroom is twice larger than theirs。（我们的教室是他们的两倍。）这种表示倍数的句子用 …times +形容词比较级+than … 这样的格式。你记住了吗？
b. I'm three years older than you.（我比你大三岁。）表示"大三岁，""高二厘米"等时用"表示数量词的词+比较级"。
　 c."越来越……"用"比较级+and +比较级"来表示。如：The earth is getting warmer and warmer。（地球变得越来越暖和。）
　 d."越……就越……"用"the +比较级…，the+比较级…"来表示。如： The busier he is，the happier he feels。(他越忙，越觉得高兴。)
　最高级用法的用法就很简单了，提醒你一点，最高级要用于三者以上。还有几点是不得不提的：
alone 和lonely：I feel lonely, because I am alone at home. 你独自一人在家用
　　"alone" 表示"单独的"、"独自一人的"，它表示一个客观事实，在句中只能做表语。你在家感到寂寞，
　　用"lonely"，表示主观上感到 "孤独""寂寞"，指一种悲伤忧郁的情绪，可作定语和表语。
　 older和elder: Jack is older than me, he is my elder brother.杰克比我大要用"older"，表示"年纪大的，年老的"，常用做表语；他是我的长兄用"elder"，表示"年老的，年长的"，用做定语，只用于比较两个人的长幼，只能作表语。
　　接下来又到了我们趁热打铁的时间了，你准备好了吗？

练习：

1. Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
　 A. little two other
　 B. two little other
　 C. two other little
　 D. little other two
　2. Which is the _______country, Japan or Australia?
　 A. more developed
　 B. more developing
　 C. most developed
　 D. most developing
　3. － How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
　　－ It was great.We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.
　 A. few last sunny
　 B. last few sunny
　 C. last sunny few
　 D. few sunny last
　4. The books are not ________ to be published.
　 A. enough intersting
　 B. interesting enough
　 C. so interesting
　 D. too interesting
　5.What's your _______sports?
　 A. the most favorite
　 B. most favorite
　 C. favorite
　 D. the favorite
　6.There's ________ with the recorder
　 A. anything wrong
　 B. wrong anything
　 C. something wrong
　 D.wrong something
　7. His sister is _______than he .
　 A. younger five years
　 B. five years younger
　 C. five year younge
　 D. five younger years
　8.－We should speak English in and after class.
　　－Yes, _____, ________.
　 A. more , better
　 B. the more, the bette
　 C. much, better
　 D. the often, the better
　9. The old man lives alone, he feels ________.
　 A. alone
　 B. lonely
　 C. lone
　 D. alonely
　10. I think bananas are ________of all the fruits.
　 A. delicious
　 B. much delicious
　 C. more delicious
　 D. the most delicious

实战：

1. －What's this in English?
　　 － It's ______apple.
　 A. a
　 B. an
　 C. the
　 D. 不填
　2. I was born ________February 18, 1981.
　 A. on
　 B. in
　 C. at
　 D. of
　3. There isn't ______water in the glass.
　 A. some
　 B. lots
　 C. many
　 D. any
　4. － "________do you watch TV?"
　　－ " Twice a week."
　 A. How long
　 B. How far
　 C. How often
　 D. How many
　5. I have two pencils, one is long, _______is short.
　 A. another
　 B. other
　 C. the other
　 D. others
　6. They are poor, _______they are always happy.
　 A. and
　 B. but
　 C. or
　 D. so
　7. _______beautiful the flowers are!
　 A. How
　 B. What
　 C. How a
　 D. What a
　8. －"Do you ________English?"
　　－ "Only a little."
　 A. tell
　 B. speak
　 C. say
　 D. talk
　9. There are about _________students in our grade.
　 A. two hundreds and twenty-five
　 B. two hundreds and twenty five
　 C. two hundred and twenty-five
　 D. two hundred twenty-five
　10. His name is Robert Thomas Brown. The students call him ________.
　 A. Mr Robert
　 B. Mr Thomas
　 C. Mr Thomas Brown
　 D. Mr Brown
　11. Your books are here, where are _________?
　 A. my
　 B. mine
　 C. I
　 D. me
　12. She will write to me sa soom as she _______in Paris.
　 A. will arrive
　 B. arrive
　 C. arriving
　 D arrives
　13.－ "It's a fine day, ______?"
　　－ "Yes, let's go out for a walk."
　 A. is it
　 B. it is
　 C. isn't it
　 D. it isn't
　14. Could you tell us________?
　 A. when will the meeting start
　 B. when the meeting will start
　 C. the meeting will start when
　 D. then meeting when will start
　15.－ "My bike is broken, can you mend it?"
　　－ "Sorry, ______."
　 A. I can't
　 B. I won't
　 C. I can
　 D. I don't

第4讲：副词
学完了形容词，副词讲解起来会更容易一些。一般认为形容词+ly就变成了副词，如形容词quick
加上-ly变成副词quickly。但是象friendly , lovely 虽然以 ly 结尾，但实则是形容词，She is friendly to me (她对我很友好。)可千万不要误认为是副词哟！

　　副词可修饰动词、形容词和副词，这些用法相信大家已经掌握。那我们挑选一下易混、易用错的来详细讲解一下。
　　 already 和 yet ：
　　Where is Tom? He hasn't come yet. But Jack is already here . 这句话中又是 already，又有yet，是怎么回事吗？原来already和yet意思虽然相同，但用法有点小区别。表示事情早已发生或提前发生用 already，一般放于句中，用于肯定句和疑问句。含有already的肯定句，变为否定句时，要将already 变为yet，且放在句尾。yet表示预料要发生的事未发生，位于句尾，一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
还迷糊吗？再迷糊，只好再看一看上面的例句喽。
　　hard 和 hardly：
　　hard，hardly 两者虽然只有-ly之差，意义却大不相同。hard表示"辛苦，使劲，努力，"如：He　　
works very hard.(他学习非常努力。) 而hardly为否定副词，表示"几乎不"。如：The box is so heavy that he could hardly carry it .（这箱子是那么沉，他几乎搬不动。）
　　ago 和 before：
　ago 不能单独使用，应与three days (months , weeks)等连用, 而且和动词的过去时连用。如： I met my neighbour an h