大一下英语读写.doc

Useful words and expressions Unit Seven
Unit One Living in Harmony
Text A I’ll Forgive You
Words and Expressions
1. (L 1) forgiveness: n. [U] the act to forgive someone
He never admitted his guilt or asked for forgiveness.(他从不承认自己的罪行，也不请求饶恕。)
我必须请求你的宽恕。I have to ask for your forgiveness.
Collocation:
ask / beg / pray, etc. for (sb’s) forgiveness
Derivation:
forgive v. to decide not to blame someone or be angry with them although they have done
something wrong 原谅；宽恕；饶恕
CF: forgive & excuse 这两个动词均有“原谅”之意。
forgive指尽管某人做错了事情，但是你不再生气，不再责怪他了，一般指原谅或者宽恕比较严重的错误。
excuse 指原谅一些不是很严重的错误，比如莽撞、失礼等小过失。
2. universal adj. (L6)
1) done by all the members of a group 全体（做） 的，一致的
eg: There was universal agreement on the issue of sex education. 关于性教育问题，大家的意见是一致的。
2) involving or understood by everyone in the world 普遍的， 一般的
eg: It is a topic of universal interest. 这是人人都感兴趣的话题。
3) true or suitable in every situation 通用的，万能的 Eg: It’s a universal truth. 这是举世公认的真理。

Sentence Pattern
1) It is…that/who…强调句
It is not the kind of quality that only good-tempered people choose to have….Line 4
宽恕并不是脾气好的人们才拥有的特质。
It’s those of us who’ve been most hurt that really need to forgive… Line 9
恰恰是被伤得最深的人，才真正需要宽恕别人。

强调句句型
1. 陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其他部分。
       e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
2. 一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。
       e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping？

3. 特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分？
       e.g. When and where was it that you were born？
4. 强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。
  强调主语：It was I that （who） met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.
强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.
Practice:
e.g. My father smoked the cigarettes named Camel when he was young.
It was my father who smoked the cigarettes named Camel when he was young.
It was the cigarettes named Camel that my father smoked when he was young.
It was when my father was young that he smoked the cigarettes named Camel.
Translation:
住在那个小岛的上几个月让我难以忘怀。
It is the time when living on the island that is so unforgettable for me.
完成自己的学业对学生来说是最重要的。
It is finishing their study that is most important to students.

3. root sth. out/ root sth. up: (L. 12)
1) dig or pull up a plant by the roots 连根挖，连根拔
e.g. The government waged a campaign to root out corruption. 政府发起了根除腐败的运动。
2) find or extract something by rummaging 找出，查出，发掘出
e.g. He managed to root out the cleaning kit. 他成功的找出了那个清洁箱。
4. take hold: (L. 12)
1) to seize, as by grasping（如通过抓握来）夺取 e.g. The army took hold of the town rapidly. 军队以飞快的速度夺取了该镇。
2) to become established 扎根：e.g. The newly planted vines quickly took hold. 新种下的葡萄藤很快就扎下了根。

5. cling+to/on to/on: (L.13-14) (of a person or animal) hold on tightly to 黏着，缠着，紧紧握着
e.g. She clung to Joe’s arm. 她紧挽着乔的手臂。 The smell of smoke clung to their clothes. 烟味黏在他们衣服上
She clung resolutely to her convictions. 她死死的坚持她所深信不疑的信念。

6. heal: v. (L.16)
1) if a wound or a broken bone heals or is healed, the flesh, skin, or bone grows back together and becomes healthy again 愈合
e.g. A sprain usually takes longer to heal than a broken bone.扭伤通常都比骨折要花更长的时间来愈合。
The wound on my arm has healed. 我胳膊上的伤已经愈合了。
2) if an argument or disagreement between people heals or you heal it, the people stop arguing or disagreeing 指人与人之间的隔阂或争执消失
e.g. The disagreement among the family members healed over with time. 家庭成员之间的不和随着时间的流逝而消失。
CF: treat, heal & cure这三个动词均有“治疗”之意。
treat 指通过用药、住院、手术等来治疗疾病。
heal 着重治疗的效果，多指外伤的治愈，也可以指精神上
的创伤的愈合。
cure也着重治疗的结果，多指治愈内科疾病，也可用来指消除某种不良的影响。

7. go about：(L.20) begin or carry on work at (an activity); busy oneself with开始从事；忙于
e.g. How are you going to go about arranging your vacation to Europe? 你的欧洲旅游安排得怎么样啦?
As long as we go about it in a reasonable way, I think it will be easy for us to settle our border question.
只要双方采取合情合理的方式，边界问题我看是不难解决的。

8. roll off: (L.27) (of a product) issue from (an assembly line or machine) 产出，滚落
e.g. The first copies of the newspaper rolled off the presses. 第一批报纸下了印刷机。
In every day life, try to laugh heartily; love deeply and let the rest roll off (your shoulder).
在每天的生活里，尽情的欢笑，深深的关爱，忘掉其他的琐事。
9. count v. (L. 32)
1) determine the total number of (a collection of items)数；计数 e.g. Hold position as you count to five. 数到5之前原地不动。
2) take into account; include 考虑；包括
e.g. The staff has shrunk to four, or five if you count the European director. 工作人员只剩四个了，或者五个，如果算上欧洲主管的话。
3) be significant 有价值；有意义；有影响
e.g. It did not matter what the audience thought---it was the critics that counted. 观众的想法不要紧----重要的是评论界的意见。
Translation:
我开始数我看见的星星。I started to count the stars I could see. 我觉得认识他很幸运。I count myself fortunate to have known him.
他没有权利基础，所以他的观点无关紧要。He has no power base and his views count for little.
10. resentment: n. (L. 41) a feeling of anger because sth. has happened that you think is unfair (因侮辱或虐待而) 愤恨，不满，怨恨
e.g. Tom stared at the other boys with resentment.
Collocation:
feel / harbour / bear resentment
.CF: resentment & offence这两个名词均有“愤怒、怨恨”之意。
resentment指因受到侮辱或自尊心受到伤害而产生的怨恨。
e.g. She was filled with deep resentment at being passed over for promotion.
Everyone feels resentment at being treated unfairly.
offence指因为话语或者行为而感到生气，语气没有resentment强烈。
e.g. I hope you will not take any offence at my words. She easily takes offence.

11. eat (away) at (L.41) use up (profits, resources, or time), especially when they are intended for other purposes耗尽（利润，资源，时间）
e.g. Sales were hard hit by high interest rates eating into disposable income.
由于高利率消耗了人们的可支配收入，销售因而严重受挫。
eat something away/eat away at something: erode or destroy something gradually 侵蚀；逐渐毁掉
e.g. the acid began to eat away at the edge of her tunic. 酸开始逐渐地腐蚀掉她束腰外衣的的边缘。
The knowledge of his affair still ate away at her. 他的风流韵事对她的伤害仍然在慢慢加深。
12) for one thing…, for another/secondly…首先…，再者…
Translation: 首先，吸烟有害健康；再者，长期吸烟的开销会给吸烟者的家庭带来很大的经济负担。
For one thing, smoking is hazardous to people’s health. For another, the cost of long-term smoking brings huge financial burdens to the smokers’ families.
13) rather than…: instead of , as opposed to胜于, 而不是
Rather than sweeping them under the carpet, we need to draw a line under them, deliberately choosing not to count them against the person who did them, and moving on. L31
我们不应把这些事掩饰起来，而需要记住他们，并有意不因此对做过这些事的人怀有成见，然后继续生活。

conj.
e.g. She seemed indifferent rather than angry. 他好像是冷淡而不是愤怒
It ought to be you rather than me that sign the letter. 是你而不是我应该在这封信上签字
He wanted to sunbathe rather than swim. 他宁愿晒日光浴也不去游泳。
Prep.
e.g. 他们的行动不是阻止(avert)战争，而是加速（precipitate）战争。
Their actions precipitated the war rather than averting it

Translation：
我们应该检查一下，而不是只接受他所说的的话We ought to check up, rather than just accepting what he says.
他应该得到怜悯，而不是被厌恶。 He is to be pitied rather than to be disliked
她喜欢把东西保留下来，而不愿把他们扔掉 She likes to keep things rather than throw them away.

14. (Para. 8) resentment: n. a feeling of anger because sth. has happened that you think is unfair （愤恨，不满，憎恶）
Eg. Tom stared at the other boys with resentment.
She was filled with deep resentment at being passed over for promotion.

Collocation:
feel / harbour / bear resentment

CF: resentment & offence
这两个名词均有“愤怒、怨恨”之意。
resentment 指因受到侮辱或自尊心受到伤害而产生的怨恨。例如:
She cherished a deep resentment towards her employer for having denied her a promotion.
Everyone feels resentment at being treated unfairly.
offence 指因为话语或者行为而感到生气，语气没有resentment强烈。例如：
I hope you will not take any offence at my words.
She easily takes offence.

15. tackle v. (L .44)
1) make determined efforts to deal with (a problem or difficult task) 决心处理（问题，难题）
e.g. Police have launched an initiative to tackle rising crime.
警方主动出击对付日益严重的犯罪问题
2) initiate discussion with (someone) about a disputed or sensitive issue 与…交涉
e.g. A young man tackled him over why the council had spent money on a swimming pool.
一个年轻人就委员会为什么要花钱建一个游泳池的问题与他进行了交涉.
16. roll by: (time) pass
The years rolled by (on). 岁月流逝。
17. peel: (L. 50)
1) to come off in thin strips or pieces, as bark, skin, or paint 剥落：
e.g. Her sunburned skin began to peel.
她那经日光曝晒的皮肤开始剥落
2) to lose or shed skin, bark, or other covering 去皮：
e.g. She watched him peel an apple with deliberate care. 他看她非常小心的削了一个苹果。
18. warts and all【俚语】(L. 55)
1) all defects and imperfections notwithstanding 尽管有各种缺点与瑕疵：
e.g. We love and respect you for what you are, warts and all.
2) including features or qualities that are not appealing or attractive 毫无保留的
e.g. Philip must learn to accept me, warts and all. 菲利普必须要学着毫无保留的接受我。

19. let go of (sth.) : (L. 76) to give up (sth.) 放弃某事
let go: to stop：to stop holding something 放手，松开
let sb. go:
1) to allow a person or animal to leave a place where they have been kept. 放掉某人，放走某人
Eg: They said they wouldn’t let her go until her family paid the rent. 他们说她家付了房租才让她走。
2） a phrase meaning to dismiss someone from their job, used to avoid saying this directly.解雇某人（委婉说法）
Eg: I’m afraid we have to let you go. 恐怕我们得让你走人了。
let yourself go：
1）to allow yourself to relax completely in a social situation, and not worry about what other people think. 放松自己，放纵自己
2） to take less care of your appearance than usual 不修边幅，不注意外表

20. nurture: (L. 78) v.
1)（often passive常用被动语态）to feed and take care of a child or a plant while it is growing给…营养物；喂养
e.g. It is every parent’s mission to nurture their children. 抚养小孩是每位家长的重要任务。
2) to educate; train 培育，教育；训练
e.g. My father nurtured my love of art. 我父亲培养了我对艺术的热爱。
3) to help grow or develop; cultivate 培养：促进成长或发育；培养：
e.g.For a long time he had nurtured the dream of buying a shop. 长期以来他一直梦想着要买下一间店铺。
Comparison:
nurturing hopes 滋生希望；
cultivating : to develop a particular skill or quality in yourself. 培养；养成
cultivating tolerance 培养耐性；
foster：
1） to take someone else’s child into your family for a period of time but without becoming their legal parent (在一段时间内) 照管，抚育（别人的孩子） eg: They fostered a little Romanian boy for a few months. 他们照料了一个罗马尼亚小男孩几个月。
2） to help a skill ,feeling, idea etc. develop over a period of time. 培养，助长
eg: These sessions are designed to foster better working relationships. 这些会议旨在培养更好的工作关系。
foster friendly relations 促进友善的关系；
nurse：
1） to look after someone who is ill or injured 护理，照顾，照料
2） feed a baby (if a woman nurses a baby, she feeds it with milk from her breasts) 哺乳，喂奶
nursing an old lady (a baby) 护理一位老人（给婴儿喂奶）

21. alternative: (L. 83)
n. one of the two or more available possibilities 可能性之一
e.g. Audio cassettes are an interesting alternative to reading. 有声磁带是阅读的有趣的替代选择
She had no alternative but to ask for a few days' leave. 实在不得已, 她只好请几天假。

adj.
1) (of one or more things) available as another possibility 可选择的
e.g. The various alternative methods for resolving disputes 解决争端的多种选择
The alternative definition of democracy as popular power 民主作为大众权利的另一种定义
2) of or relating to behavior that is considered unconventional and is typically seen as a challenge to traditional norms 行为标新立异的，另类的
e.g. An alternative newspaper 一份观点标新立异的报纸
Alternative greeting cards 内容新颖的贺卡
CF: choice, alternative & option这三个名词均有“选择”之意。
choice指从几样东西中选择，强调选择的自由度。
e.g. New stocks have just arrived, so the shop now has a large choice of goods.
The blue one is my choice.
alternative多指从两者之间做出选择，强调选择的范围受到限制。
e.g. You have the alternative of staying in high school or going to work.
option指在特定条件下作出的选择，强调选择的可能性。
e.g. None of the options are satisfactory.
There are three options open to us.

Text B The Smile
Key Words and Useful Expressions (Text B)
1. be aware of…Line 4 意识到…
e.g. Are you aware of your opponent's hostility? 你意识到了对手的敌意吗？
I am aware that Congress has passed the legislation. 我知道议会已经通过了立法

2. capture 捕获 Line 13
e.g. The Russians captured 13,000 men 俄罗斯军队俘虏了13，000人
She did a series of sketches, trying to capture all his moods. 她画了一系列素描，力图捕捉他所有的情绪。

3. rough adj.粗糙的, 粗略的, 大致的, 粗野的, 粗暴的, 粗略叙述的 Line 15
e.g. They had to carry the victims through the rough, stony ground. 他们得运送受害者穿过崎岖的石头地面。
Pushchairs should be capable of withstanding rough treatment. 幼儿推车必须能够经得起剧烈折腾。

4. execute执行, 实行, 完成, 处死, 制成, Line 16
e.g. The government executes the decisions of the ruling party. 政府执行执政党的决定
They had to execute their dance steps with the greatest precision. 他们得一丝不苟的表演他们的舞步。
He was convicted of treason and executed. 他被判叛国罪而被处决。
5. in any case 无论如何, 不管怎样 line 31
e.g. There is no point complaining now—we’re leaving tomorrow in any case
现在抱怨没有意义,不管怎样我们明天也会离开。

6. leap v. 跳, 跳越, 跳跃 line 34
e.g. couldn't leap the brook. 无法跃过小溪

7. fumble 摸索 line 42
e.g. He is fumbling in the dark for the money he has dropped.他在黑暗中摸找失落的钱。
He fumbled after a correct outlook on life.他摸索着正确的人生观
The speaker fumbled through a speech.发言人讲话时支支吾吾

8. construct: vt./n. 建造, 构造, 创立
e.g. Poetics should construct a theory of literary discourse. 诗学应该形成文学话语理论
History is largely an ideological construct. 历史很大程度上是一种意识形态方面的抽象概念。

9. authentic: 真实的, 真正的 line 58
e.g. an authentic account by an eyewitness.一份目击者的真实证言 an authentic medieval sword.一把真正的中世纪剑

10. distance oneself /sb./sth. from sb./sth: 使远离，使疏远，对…冷淡 line 63
e.g. ‘To understand Russian strategy . . . it is necessary for us to distance ourselves from our own myths and to enter into theirs”(Freeman J. Dyson)
“要想弄明白俄国的战略…我们有必要抛开我们自己的神话而考虑他们的”(弗里曼J.戴森)
Her mother wished to distance her from the rough children. 她妈妈希望她远离那些粗野的孩子。
He sought to distance himself from the proposals. 他设法脱离和这些建议的干系。

11. speak of 谈及, 说到 line 64
e.g. There's nothing new to speak of. 没什么值得一提的新鲜事 The books speak of betrayal. 这些书中谈到了背叛。
Her harping on him spoke strongly of a crush. 她总是提到他，这有力地表明她非常喜欢他。
Phrases for Both Text A and B
1. 身心健康 physical and mental health
2. 彻底根除；根除 root out
3. 生根 take hold
4. 坚持 cling to sth.
5. ……的关键 the core of…
6. 脱口而出 roll off the tongue
7. 偏离了宽恕的真正含义 miss the whole point of forgiveness
8. ……的最初行为 the initial act of …
9. 一次性的行为 a one-off act
10. 不断的情感冲突 constant emotional confrontation
11. 时间不会治愈创伤 Time really doesn’t heal.
12. 运用宽恕的艺术 tackle the art of forgiveness
13. 随着时间的流逝 as time rolls by
14. 不管喜欢不喜欢 like it or not
15. 认真审视自己 take a long, hard look at ourselves
16. 不隐瞒缺点地 warts and all
17. 修复破裂的关系 heal broken relationships
18. 缓和局面 ease the situation
19. 迈出第一步 make the first move
20. 记住…… keep…in mind
21. 为他们，也是为自己 for you just as much as for them
22. 不再生气 let go of your anger
23.心平气和地对待发生的事 be at peace with what happened

Unit Two The Value of