unit1《howdoyoustudyforatest》知识要点总结（新目标九年级）doc初中英语.docx

² Unit 1 How do you study for a test知识要点总结
² 现在完成时态
⑴由have/ has ＋　过去分词
⑵表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果
常与already, just , yet , ever, never 连用
Have you finished your work yet？你完成了你的工作了吗？
Yes, I have. I have just finished it.　是的。我刚刚完成了。
I have already finished it .　我已经完成了。
Have you ever been to China?　你曾经去过中国吗？
No, I have never been there.　没有，我从来也没有去过。
⑶ ①表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态和表示过去某
一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状态连用
如：（for + 时间段，since + 时间点，或过去某一动作， 以
及how long ）
② 注：非延续性动词在现在完成 时态中不能和for, since 引导
的表示一段时间的状语的肯定句连用。
应转为相应的延续性动词 如：
buy---- have die---- be dead join ---- be in
borrow----- keep leave---- be away
I have bought a pen.------ I have had a pen for 2 weeks.
The dog has died.------- The dog has been dead since last week.
⑷①have (has) been to + 地点 去过某地 已经回来
②have (has) gone to + 地点 去了某地 没有回来
③have been in + 地点 一直呆在某地 没有离开过 如：
She has been to Shanghai. 她去过上海。(已经回来)
She has gone to Shanghai. 她去了上海。(没有回来)
She has been in Shanghai for 2 days.
她呆上海两天了。(没有离开过上海)
² how to swim 怎样游泳　
　　不定式与疑问词连用：动词不定式可以和what, which, how, where, when 等引导的疑问句连用，构成不定式短语。如：
The question is when to start. 问题是什么时候开始。
I don’t know where to go. 我不知道去哪。
² 系动词不能独立作谓语，要和表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有：look, feel, be, become, get, turn, smell, taste, stay(保持), kept等。 连系动词除be 和become 等少数词可接名词 作表语外，一般都是接形容词。　如：
　　They are very happy. He became a doctor two years ago.
She felt very tired.
² 词汇
1. differently adv. different adj. 2. quick adj. quickly adv.
3. slow adj. slowly adv. 4. easy adj. easily adv.
5. friend n.朋友 friendship n. 友谊
6. important adj. 重要的　 unimportant不重要的
7. learn v. 学习　 learner n. 学习者
8. impress v. 使感动　　　　impressed　adj. 感动的
9. pronounce v. 发音　　　　pronunciation n. 发音
10. help v. 帮助　　　helpful adj. 有帮助的
11. science n. 科学　　　scientist n. 科学家
12. happy adj. 高兴的　　 unhappy adj. 不高兴的
13. disagreement n. 不同意见　　　agreement n. 同意
　 disagree v. 　不同意　　　　　agree v. 同意
² 短语、句型
1. by doing 2. talk about, talk to , talk with
3. 提建议的句子 4. a lot, a lot of , lots of 5. too … to …　
6. aloud, loud, loudly 7. not …at all
8. be/ get excited about sth./ doing sth.
9. end up doing 10.first of all, to begin with , later on
11. also, either, too 12. make mistakes
13. laugh at 14. take notes
15. enjoy doing 16. native speaker
17. make up 18. one of …　
19. it’s +形容词+ to do sth. 20. practice doing
21. decide to do 22. unless
23 . deal with 24. worry about sth./ sb.
25.be angry with sb. 26. perhaps, maybe
27. go by 28. see sb. / sth. doing
29 . each other 30. regard … as …　
31. too many, too much , much too
32. change …into … 33. with the help of sb.
34. compare … to … 35. instead, instead of
36. try one’s best to do 37. look up
1. by + doing 通过……方式　如：by studying with a group
by 还可以表示：“在…旁”、“靠近”、“在…期间”、“用、”
　　　　　　　　“经过”、“乘车”等
　　如：I live by the river.
I have to go back by ten o’clock.
The thief entered the room by the window.
The student went to park by bus.
2. talk about 谈论，议论，讨论　如：The students often talk about movie after class. 学生们常常在课后讨论电影。
talk to sb. === talk with sb. 与某人说话
3. 提建议的句子：
①What/ how about +doing sth.?
如：What/ How about going shopping?
②Why don’t you + do sth.? 如：Why don’t you go shopping?
③Why not + do sth. ? 如：Why not go shopping?
④Let’s + do sth. 如： Let’s go shopping
⑤Shall we/ I + do sth.? 如：Shall we/ I go shopping?
4. a lot 许多 常用于句末　如：I eat a lot. 我吃了许多。
a lot of许多　== lots of 许多　常与名词连用
5. too…to 太…而不能 常用的句型 too+adj./adv. + to do sth.
如：I’m too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。
6. aloud, loud与loudly的用法
三个词都与"大声"或"响亮"有关。
①aloud是副词,重点在出声能让人听见,但声音不一定很大,
常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud没有比较级
形式。如: He read the story aloud to his son.
他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。
②loud可作形容词或副词。用作副词时,常与speak, talk,
laugh等动词连用,多用于比较级,须放在动词之后。如:
She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。
③loudly是副词,与loud同义,有时两者可替换使用,但往往
含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思,可位于动词之前或之后。如: He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public.
他不当众大声谈笑。
7. not …at all 一点也不 根本不 如：
I like milk very much. I don’t like coffee at all.
我非常喜欢牛奶。我一点也不喜欢咖啡。
not经常可以和助动词结合在一起，at all 则放在句尾
8. be / get excited about sth. ===
be / get excited about doing sth. ===
be excited to do sth. 对…感兴奋 如：
I am / get excited about going to Beijing.===
I am excited to go to Beijing. 我对去北京感到兴奋。
9. ① end up doing sth 终止做某事，结束做某事 如：
The party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。
② end up with sth. 以…结束 如：
The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。
10. first of all 首先
. to begin with 一开始
later on 后来、随
11. also 也、而且（用于肯定句）常在句子的中间
either 也（用于否定句）常在句末
too 也 (用于肯定句) 常在句末
I am also a student. 我也是一个学生
I am a student too. 我也是一个学生。
I am not a student either. 我也不是一个学生。
12. make mistakes 犯错 如：I often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。
make a mistake 犯一个错误 如： I have made a mistake.
我已经犯了一个错误。
13. laugh at sb. 笑话；取笑（某人） 如：Don’t laugh at me!
不要取笑我!
14. take notes 做笔记，做记录
15. enjoy doing sth . 喜欢做…乐意做… 如：
She enjoys playing football. 她喜欢踢足球。
enjoy oneself 过得愉快 如：He enjoyed himself. 他过得愉快。
16. native speaker 说本族语的人
17. make up 组成、构成
18. one of +(the+ 形容词最高级)+名词复数形式 …其中之一
如： She is one of the most popular teachers.
她是最受欢迎的教师之一。
19. It’s +形容词+(for sb. ) to do sth. (对于某人来说)做某事…
如：It’s difficult (for me ) to study English.
对于我来说学习英语太难了。
句中的it 是形式主语，真正的主语是to study English
20. practice doing 练习做某事 如：
She often practice speaking English. 她经常练习说英语。
21. decide to do sth. 决定做某事 如：
LiLei has decided to go to BeiJing . 李雷已经决定去北京。
22. unless 假如不，除非 引导条件状语从句
如：You will fail unless you work hard..假如你不努力你会失败。
I won’t write unless he writes first. 除非他先写要不我不写
23. deal with 处理 如：I dealt with a lot of problem.
24. worry about sb./ sth. 担心某人/ 某事
如：Mother worried about her son just now.
妈妈刚才担心她的儿子。
25. be angry with sb. 对某人生气 如：
I was angry with her. 我对她生气。
26. perhaps === maybe 也许
27. go by (时间) 过去 如： Two years went by. 两年过去了。
28. see sb. / sth. doing 看见某人正在做某事 强调正在发生
see sb. / sth. do 看见某人在做某事 如：
如： She saw him drawing a picture in the classroom.
她看见他正在教室里画画。
29. each other 彼此
30. regard… as … 把…看作为…. 如：
　The boys regarded Anna as a fool. 这些男孩把安娜看成傻瓜。
31. too many　太多　修饰可数名词　如：too many girls
too much　太多　修饰不可数名词 如：too much milk
much too　太　　修饰形容词 如：much too beautiful
32. change…　into…　将…变为…　
如：The magician changed the pen into a book.
　　 　　这个魔术师将这支笔变为一本书。
33. with the help of sb. == with one’s help 在某人的帮助下
如：with the help of LiLei == with LiLei’s help
　　　　在李雷的帮助下
34. compare … to …　把…与…相比　
如：Compare you to Anna, you are lucky.
　　你和安娜相比，你是幸运的。
35. instead 代替　用在句末，副词（字面上常不译出来）
instead of sth. / doing sth. 代替，而不是 用在句中，动词
　　如：Last summer I went to Beijing. This year I’m going to Shanghai instead.去年夏天我去北京, 今年我将要去上海。
　　　　I will go instead of you. 我将代替你去。
　　　　He stayed at home instead of going swimming.
他呆在家里而不是去游泳。
36. try one’s best to do 尽某人的最大能力去做某事　
如：She tried her best to finish every work.
37. look up 查阅（字典）
如: If you don’t understand the word, you can look up this word in the dictionary. 如果你不理解这个单词，你可以在字典中查阅
当遇到代词时，应把代词放在中间如：look it /them up