Interpersonal-Function-人际功能.ppt

Interpersonal FunctionContentsNotions of Hallidays Interpersonal FunctionInterpersonal Function on address termsInterpersonal Function on mood systemInterpersonal Function on modality systemNotions of Interpersonal FunctionlAccording to Halliday,there are three meta-functions in every language system.One of them is called interpersonal function(IP for short).IP functions a lot in establishing and maintaining the social relationships between speakers throughout the use of language in daily life.lHalliday observed“Here,speaker is using language as the means of his own intrusion into the speech event:the expression of his comments,attitudes and evaluations,and also of the relationship that he sets up between himself and the listener-in particular the communication role that he adopts,of informing,questioning,greeting,persuading,and the like(Halliday,1973:333).lThe function is the meaning potential of the speaker as an intruder.Through the function,the speaker makes himself participate in a certain context of situation and expresses his opinions,attitudes and evaluations and also attempts to exert influence on others attitude and behavior.In addition,the function shows the role relationship related to the situation,including communicative role relationship between questioner and answerer,informer and doubter,and so on.lIn other words,the interpersonal function in communication not only realizes the speakers attitudes,his or her role,status,point of view,intention and judgment,but also influences the receivers point of view and actions.the relationship between the speakers and the hearers is dynamic.Hallidays research on the interpersonal function was mainly carried out from the perspective of mood,modality and intonation.Hallidays Model of Interpersonal FunctionlInterpersonal Interactional-Moodl l Attitudinal modality modalization l modulationl l (Evaluative devices)The Realizations of Interpersonal FunctionInterpersonal Function on mood systemlThe definition of mood offered by Thompson(2000:42)is that it expresses the entity that the speaker wants to make responsible for the validity and for the preposition being advanced in the clause.Mood is“the selection by the speaker of a particular role in the speech situation”and his determination of the choice of roles for the addressee(Halliday,1994:33).We should make it clear what the speech role is,and in so,doing assigns to the listener a complimentary role,which he wishes him to adopt in his turn.lThe interpersonal function of mood is strongly linked to speech role.During the speaking role for himself,and the complementary one for he listener.lMood consists of two parts,the subject and the finite element.lThe subject is mainly expressed by a nominal group,it can be a noun,a noun phrase,or a clause.l For example:(1)Changes were just getting underway.(2)A rising China will fuel economic growth and prosperity.(3)That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood.lThe finite element is one of a small number of verbal operators,expressing tense(e.g.do,was),or modality(will,may).lFor example:The road ahead will be long,or climb will be steep.we will get there(Nov04,2008Chicago)lThere are three types of mood in English:the declarative mood,the interrogative mood and the imperative mood.Usually when people use Language to state their opinions,they may use the declarative clause;when they want to get information from other people,they may adopt the interrogative clause;and when they are willing to offer something to command someone to do certain things for them,they most naturally use imperative clause to express their speech roles.However,mood choices and speech roles do not always coincide with each other.lSpeech function and mood typeslSpeech function Mood Typesl Statement declarativel Question Interrogativel Command Imperativel Offer Modulated interrogativel indicative declarative l (to give information)l yes/no questionlmood Interrogative WH-questionl (to demand a response or answer to the question by interrogative mood)l Imperativel (while offer for goods&services)Interpersonal function on modality systemlAccording to Halliday,modality is a form of participation by the speaker in the speech event.It is believed that each finite verbal operator has two forms,which can be either positive or negative.The intermediate degrees which construes the region of uncertainty that lies between“yes”and“no”.Through modality,the speaker can indicate his or her status and validity in his or her own judgment,he or she intrudes and takes up a position.Modality thus derives from what we call the“interpersonal”function of the modalization and modulation.Modality is important in that it shows the speaker s judgment of the probabilities or the obligations involved in what he is saying.Modality system specifies whether the speaker is indicating probability,usuality,obligation and inclination,shows speakers uncertainty.modalizationlAccording to Thompson,modality can be classified into two basic types:modalization and modulation.lIf the commodity being exchanged is information,the modality relates to how valid the information is in terms of probability,such as possibly,probably and certainly(how likely it is to be true)or usuality,such as sometimes,usually,always(how frequently it is true).It is the speakers judgment of the likelihood of the proposition.Modality can be mainly realized by different modal means such as modal operator,modal adjunct,modal lexical verb,the combination of modal adjunct and modal operator.lAmong the many variants of the different modal operators,Halliday just picked out some most familiar and frequently-used ones to demonstrate their values in high,median,and low scales:lValues of modal Operatorsl Low Median HighlPositive may might will would must ought tol can could shall should need has to is tolNegative dare neednt is/was to has/had to l doesnt wont mustnt oughtnt tol Didnt need to wouldnt maynt mightntl have to shouldnt isnt cant couldnt hadntl Wasnt Hasnt l lHalliday holds that both probability and usuality can be expressed in the same three ways.l(a)by a finite modal operator in the verbal group,e.g.will,may,can,must,would,could.That will be John.l(b)by a modal adjunct of probability or usuality,e.g.possible,probable,certain,or sometimes,Thats probably John.l(c)usually,always.l(d)by both together.E.g.We sometimes be the winner.That will probably be John.modulationlIf the commodity is goods&services,the modality relates to how confident the speaker can be in the eventual success of the exchange.It is the speakers judgment of the desirability of the proposition.In commands,this concerns the degree of obligation(such as allowed to,supposed to,required to)on the other person to the degree of willingness or inclination(such as willing to,anxious to,determined to)of the speaker to fulfill the offer.lHalliday again holds that both obligation and inclination can be expressed in either of two ways.l(a)by a finite modal operator,e.g.should,must,can,need,have to.l(b)by an expansion of the predicator as(I)typically by a passive verb,e.g.Allowed,supposed,required.You are supposed to know that.And(II)typically by an adjective,l e.g.Im anxious to know that.Types of modality(Geoff Thompson,1996)lTypes of modality Modalization(information)probability:The child might be hers.l Indicative type usuality:She often went there.Modulationl(goods&services)obligation:You should go now.l Imperative type inclination:I ll give you a hand.l ExamplelTom must be in school.(mean probability,realize modalization)lTom must go to school.(mean obligation,realize modulation)lTom will go to school,(mean inclination,realize modulation)lTom may be in school.(mean usuality,realize modalization)Degrees of modalityl probability usuality obligation inclination lHigh certain always required determinedlMedian probable usually supposed keenlLow possible sometimes allowed willinglE.g.Tom must write very long sentences.l Tom may write very long sentences.l Tom might write very long sentences.l Im sure Tom writes very long sentences.(subjective)l I think/suppose Tom writes very long sentences.(subjective)l I guess/reckon Tom writes very long sentences.(subjective)l It is certain/probable/possible (objective)Interpersonal Function on address termslBroadly speaking,address terms include vocatives(direct addresses and calls)and addresses for introducing ones status and title indirectly.Being able to show the social roles between speaker and hearer,address terms are closely related to interpersonal function of language.Address terms are a common means for people to identify themselves with language.Different address terms can clearly indicate different roles in different situations.By employing address terms,the speaker identifies the role of him as well as revealing their relationship.lThe choice of address terms is decided by the status of the speaker in the speech interaction.Through the choice of address terms,the speaker recognizes his existence and that of the hearers.lAppropriate choice of address terms can show the speakers respect to clarify his own stand and his attitude towards his hearers.A purposeful choice of address terms in a specific context can be a clue for the study of the attitude the speaker adapts to the hearers and also the relationship between them.It is subject to various restrictions of contextual factors.A particular form of address terms may indicate solidarity or power.请输入内容请输入内容请输入内容请输入内容请输入内容请输入内容请输入内容请输入内容“Come here,Miss Jane:your name is Jane,is it not?”“Yes,sir,Jane Eyre.”(Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre)address terms show addressers feelings and attitude.address terms is an important approach to harmonize interpersonal relations(A scene on a public street in contemporary US)“Whats your name,boy?”the policeman asked.“Dr.Poussaint,Im a physician.”“Whats your first name,boy?”“Alvin.”(Ervin _Tripp,1972)1234 address terms mark the intimacy degree between the speakers and the hearersAnn:I dont care if it spilled or not!I dont care if drown in it!Servant:My dear,you are ill.I will send for Dr.BonnachovenAnn:Leave me,leave me!Servant:Its nervous.Control yourself,Ann.Ann:I dont want to.Servant:Your Highness.I will get doctor Bonnachoven.(American film:Rome Holidays)address terms reveal the social status and role relationship between the speakers and the hearers.General:Your Royal Highness.Twenty-four hours.They cant all be blank.What explanation am I to offer their Majesties?.Ma am,just as Your Royal Highness has her duty.Anne:Your Excellency,I trust you will not find it necessary to use that word again.(American film:Rome Holidays)l 5Address terms reflect agentive behaviors.she met his eyes directly.“what are you talking about?”“Dont play games,lady.This is for real.”he took out of a fresh cigar and bit off the end,“you saw the papers.There has been plenty on radio,too.”(Auther Heailey:Hotel)Besides answers not,but are long,addressing me,she said-“You ought to be aware,miss,that you are under obligations to Mrs Reed:she keeps you:if she were to turn you off you would have to go to the poorhouse.”(Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre)”Now,Friday,”said I,“Do as i bid thee.”Friday said he would.“then Friday,“says I,“Do exactly as you see me do;fail in nothing.”(Daniel Defoe:Robinson Crusoe)67laddress terms can change and end the subject.MC:And youre from Brooklyn.have you lived in Brooklyn all your life?Ralph:Er.not yet.MC:(Amused)I see.Mr Kramden,Ive always had great respect for the bus drivers of New York.It has been a constant source of wonderment to me how you men who have those huge buses to hundle.(Leonard Stern and Sydney Zelinka:The$99000 Answer)context can usually affect the choice of address terms.”In your hand my fellow citizens,more than in mine,will rest the final success or failure of our course.”(John F.Kennedy,Inaugural Address of John F.Kennedy)”Your honor,I found that man outside ST.Andrews Church an hour ago.”“Well,Your Honor,everything the officer says is true,however.”(Jack London,The Cop and the Anthem)