The summary for thrust force vector technology 矢量推力技术.doc

The summary for thrust force vector technology
1. Outline
The thrust force vector technology is refers to the motor power the thrust force component which produces through the nozzle either the tail jet deflection to substitute the original airplane the control surface or strengthens the airplane the operation function, carries on the real-time control to the airplane flight the technology.To its application, but also must depend upon technical the and so on computer, electronic technology, automatic control technology, engine manufacture technology, material and craft integrated development.
Using the thrust force vector technology to the new design and on the modification next century military airplane, indeed is an effective technical breach, it to the fighter aircraft stealth, reduces anti-,reduces weight extremely is all effective.
The thrust force vector technology can let the motor power a part turn the control force, replaces or partially replaces the control surface,thus greatly reduced the radar return area; No matter the angle of attack big and the flying speed is much low, the airplane all may use this part of control force to carry on the operation, this increased the airplane control liability. Because directly has the control force, and size and direction in stable, also increased the airplane agility, thus may suitably reduce or remove the vertical stabilizer, also can substitute other some control surfaces. This to reduces the airplane to be possible the survey to be advantageous, also can cause the airplane the resistance to reduce,the structure reduces again. Therefore, the use thrust force vector technology solves the design contradictory best choice. Has permitted for many years, country and so on America, Russia has performed the massive performance flight, had proven using the thrust force vector technology indeed can achieve prearranges goal.
After in April, 1991 the Gulf War ended, the Pentagon puts out 50billion US dollars, the development is different with the F-117 new stealth airplane, has used the thrust force vector technology,thereupon had has basically satisfied the above many kinds of requests the F-22 fighter aircraft. The Russian development stealth and the thrust force vector technology applied research includes, the Mig1.44 the air current reacting force which sends out to the different direction may rapidly change the direction using the engine. “Jane's Defense Weekly" in 1992 said the Russian had already surmounted F-117, directly developed the modern supersonic speed attack airplane, has become the F-22 competitor.
2 Technical classification and to airplane overall performance influence
2.1 Baffle
The 70's intermediate stages, German MBB Corporation's aircraft designer Wolfe hillock hull proposed starts the airplane tail jet using the control the direction to enhance the airplane the maneuver cabability. In 1985 the American national defense advanced research bureau and MBB Corporation have jointly conducted the feasibility study, in 1990March, American Rockwell Corporation, Boeing Corporation and German MBB Corporation developed together in starts the airplane tail nozzle to be loaded with may change the thrust direction 3 carbon fibers compound materials rudder experimental confirmation airplane X-31 to leave the plant, and has carried on the test flight, its rudder might the relative engine spool thread deflection ±10°, when the angle of attack for 70°still could operate freely, and has had the ability [ 1,2 ].
From November, 1993 - 1994 the year's end, has carried on a series of simulated air combat between X-31 and F-18, does not use the thrust force vector technology and the F/A-18 airplane in the X-31 airplane with to parallel starts in the airborne wrestle situation, 16 time joined battle to hit F-18 to win 12; But when X-31 use thrust force vector technology 66 time joined battle X-31 to win 64. In addition, separately installed the baffle on F-14 and F-18 to carry on the experiment.
Generally speaking, the baffle plan is the flank installs 3or 4 in the airplane may do to in, to the outer diameter to the rotation end plate, depends on the end plate to change changes the airplane tail air current the direction, the realization thrust force vector. This kind of plan characteristic is the engine does not need to make any re equipment, is suitable for to carry on the experiment on the operating aircraft. Its merit is the structure simple, the cost is lower, has the certain value as the experimental study. But has a bigger dead weight and the inch, the thrust force vector work effectiveness for a period of time rate low, is disadvantageous to the airplane stealth and the supersonic cruise, therefore it only develops the thrust force vector technology one kind of experimental confirmation plan.
2.2 Dual vector nozzle
The dual vector nozzle is the airplane tail pipe can in deal with and drift off course the direction deflection, enable to fly the function in to deal with and to drift off course in the direction to produce is vertical attaches the moment of force to the axis of aircraft, thus enable the airplane to have the thrust vector control ability. The dual vector nozzle usually is a rectangle, or is four may form a complete set the rotation adjustment board. The dual vector nozzle type includes: Dual restrains - the eff user(2DCDN), the pure inflation pitch nozzle (SERN), the dual wedge writing style nozzle (2DWN), skids the throat type nozzle (STVN) and the spherical surface restrains adjusts the nozzle (SCFN) and so on.
The research confirmed that Dual vector nozzle thrust vector is easy to achieve.the end of the80's, American two advanced research fighter aircrafts YF-22/F119 and YF-23/F120 have used this kind of vector nozzle. The dual vector nozzle shortcoming is the structure quite unwieldy,flows-in the characteristic to be worse.
2.3 Axial symmetry vector nozzle
The thrust force vector technology research concentrates at first in the dual vector nozzle, but along with research thorough discovery two-dimensional nozzle merit although many but shortcoming also very obvious, transplants in particular to the operating aircraft on is quite difficult. Therefore has developed the axial symmetry thrust force vector nozzle.GE Corporation starts the axial symmetry thrust force vector nozzle development in the 1980s intermediate stages, its development nozzle changes the adjustment by 3 A9/ 4 A8/ throat are a adjustment, 3 adjustable rings constitution and so on supporting organization, nozzle control valve as well as group of heat-resisting seals pieces.
2.4 Flow field thrust force vector nozzle
The flow field thrust force vector nozzle is completely different to the front several kind of machineries does moves the type thrust force vector nozzle, its main characteristic lies in through (Secondary Fluid) affects the main stream in the nozzle divergent section introduction lateral inferior air current the condition, achieves the change and the control main stream area and the direction, then gain thrust force vector goal. Its most main merit was saves the machinery which the massive implementations thrust force vector used to transport, simplified the structure, reduced the airplane weight, reduced the maintenance cost.
The realization flow field thrust vector control has the many kinds of ways below, at present studies has the way:
（1）jet thrust vector control. By the air current after the nozzle divergent section or many injections, the force main stream attaches depends on flows to on the opposite side wall surface, thus produces the side. 
（2）regurgitation thrust vector control. The tip of nozzle in exterior to add a coat, forms the reverse mobile regurgitation cavity to say,when needs the mainstream deflection, the start pumps the system to form the negative pressure, causes the main stream deflection to produce the side. 
（3）machinery/fluid combined type thrust vector control. In is apart from throat section of distances place, the small air operated accent which is loaded with or many lengths is equal to throat diameter 15%-35% may rotate , by the servo control rotation, and may when the non- vector condition shrinks the pipe wall, through moves causes the air current deflection, produces the side.
In these kind of thrust forces vector installment, the baffle plan on airplane and so on X-31, F-14, F-18 has only made the experimental confirmation, explained the thrust vector control airplane has effectiveness, the thrust force vector technology plan which afterwards develops has not been used. The dual vector nozzle research, the technology also is most early maturest, already was airplane and so on F-22 uses. The axial symmetry thrust force vector nozzle research is slightly late to the dual vector nozzle, but develops quickly, the oneself by SU-35, SU-37 is used. Compared with says, axial symmetry vector nozzle compared to dual vector nozzle function more superior, the technical difficulty is bigger, therefore the present various countries research developmental ready the extension has transferred to on with emphasis the axialsymmetry vector nozzle. The flow field thrust force vector nozzle then because studies late, still in the research exploration stage, to practical still had section of distances, but most has the future thrust force vector nozzle.
3.Application of thrust vectoring technology after some tactical results.
Application of the fighters thrust vectoring technology, tactical results are greatly improved, according to the United States, Russia and the experience of flight test, it is true. Fighter tactical results from the increased number of ways :
(1) Take off and landing, mobility, increased security. As the take off and landing process, can be used to increase the thrust to lift, thus greatly shortening the distance roll, Using reverse thrust, then the effect more visible, it is asking to lower the airport, the aircraft use more mobile. Climate may also request to relax, not afraid of asymmetric ice, suddenly the wind, the storm's disturbance to the aircraft, reducing damage to the landing gear of the impact relative to enhance combat effectiveness.
(2) To enhance the penetration capability, flexibility, and the survival rate of sudden attack, This is because the reduction of radar reflectivity area and the increased mobility. This suddenly is very valuable, the United States Air Force aeronautical systems division commander, General John M.Tulloch said, in the past were shot down pilots are 80% did not see who opened fire on them by. The increase in the survival rate of the pilot's confidence, but also a corresponding reduction in aircraft equipped U.S. Air Force jet fighters will be reduced 35%
(3) An increased range, increased by attacking or defensive scope. The use of thrust vectoring technology due to the rudder area after the reduction will reduce the resistance, fuel consumption decreased, the corresponding range of increase, while Tail reduce the weight of aircraft could lead to a larger overall weight decreased, the corresponding increase in fuel, but also intensify the voyage.
(4) Improve the combat effectiveness of close fighting and open up a brand new air combat tactics. Angle of attack is mainly controlled by many, much higher than the stall angle of attack, at the tip of the strengthening of its capacity, increased opportunities for the use of weapons. And the manipulation of an increase in Agile increased. Pitching great speed to enable the rapid control of the aircraft at high angle of attack so that the nose can be stopped at the precise objectives capable of intercepting position, Meanwhile, as far as possible in accordance with the hope that the retention time, maintenance and real-time adjustment of the angle of attack to the head at the target, lock and opened fire, and then quickly push rod, the aircraft returned to the smaller angle of attack (reduction and reduction). Conventional aircraft usually limited to well below the stall angle of attack flying conditions,
(5) Improving the performance of air-to-ground attacks. hit rate has increased, after the bombings to avoid more agile movements.