初二英语下册：unit 1-5 单元语法归纳.docx

Unit 1 重点语法教学目标：掌握情态动词should的用法掌握反身代词的用法1. 情态动词should的用法( 1 ) 情态动词should后接动词原形，变为一般疑问句时将should提前，变为否定句时在should后面加not。We should listen to our teacher carefully in class.Should I tell him the news right now?We shouldnt come late to school.( 2 ) should常用于以下两种情况： 提出建议、观点或看法。You loo tired. You should lie down and rest. 表示推测，意为“该，按理应当”。Wait a minute. I thin he should come in a moment.2. 反身代词( 1 ) 反身代词的构成反身代词是表示或强调自身的代词，有人称和数之分。第一、二人称反身代词由“形容词性物主代词 + self ( 单数 )或selves ( 复数 )”构成；第三人称则由“宾格人称代词 + self ( 单数 )或selves ( 复数 ) ”构成。详见下表：人称单数复数（-selves）第一人称myself 我自己ourselves 我们自己第二人称yourself 你自己yourselves 你们自己第三人称himself 他自己themselves他/ 她/ 它们自己herself 她自己itself 它自己 ( 2 ) 反身代词的用法 做宾语You must loo after yourself well and eep healthy.The child can dress himself. 做同位语He didnt often go shopping himself.= He himself didnt often go shopping. 做主语在现代英语中，反身代词一般不能独立用作主语，但是它可以借助and, or, nor等连词与其他名词一起构成并列主语（且位于并列主语的后部），以及用于某些特殊结构（如as.as等）。My brother and myself went there yesterday.He was as anious as myself.Jims sister and himself get up at si every day.( 3 ) 含反身代词的短语小结by oneself 独自，单独for oneself 亲自teach oneself 自学learn.by oneself 自学enjoy oneself 玩得开心say to oneself 自言自语dress oneself 穿衣服help oneself to. 随意吃/ 喝点.I am able to do it by myself.I teach myself English in my spare time.They enjoyed themselves at the party.Unit 2 重点语法教学目标：掌握不定式几种重要用法1. 动词不定式动词不定式的基本结构为“to + 动词原形”（有时可不加to）。在句中除了不能充当谓语外，其他成分都可以充当，如：主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。此处主要讲做宾语补足语和状语的用法。( 1 ) 做宾语补足语。动词不定式做宾语补足语，放在宾语的后面，表示宾语是什么或怎么样。有to do和to be两种形式。The doctor advised him to tae a good rest.I find English to be very easy.注意：在as, tell, encourage, get, wish, want, would lie, find, advise, teach 等动词或短语之后，常接带to的不定式做宾语补足语。We ased him to sing a pop song at the party.我们请他在聚会上唱一首流行歌曲。动词不定式做宾语补足语时，不定式符号to在使役动词 ( have, mae, let )、感官动词 ( feel, hear, watch, see, notice等 ) 的后面时要省略。但它们变为被动语态时，不定式符号to不能省略。The boss made the worers wor over ten hours a day in the past.= The worers were made to wor over ten hours a day by the boss in the past.动词help接不定式做宾语补足语时，不定式符号to 可省略也可不省略。He often comes to help us ( to ) do some farm wor.拓展动词不定式在listen to, loo at后做宾语补足语时，常省略to。I listened to him sing. 我听到他唱歌。动词不定式在had better等词组后做宾语时，省略to。Youd better go home at once.( 2 ) 做状语 表目的：不定式可放在句子的前面也可放在句子的末尾。但在句中前面时，不定式常与句子用逗号隔开；而在句子末尾时，一般不用逗号隔开。To get there on time, we set out at five in the morning.We set out at five in the morning to get there on time. 表结果：不定式做结果状语，一般位于句子末尾。I went to the classroom, to discover it empty.2. 动词短语动词短语是指动词和介词或副词等搭配而成的短语，如clean up, give out, cheer up, put off, set up, thin up, tae after, fi up, give away, put up, hand out等。动词短语主要有以下四种构成形式：( 1 ) 动词 + 介词这类动词短语主要有：agree with, as for, arrive at / in, begin with , come from, get to , get on, get off, hear of, noc at / on, laugh at, loo at, loo after, loo for, listen to, wait for, tae after等。注意：这类动词短语后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词，都要放在介词之后。I am looing for my pen. I have been looing for it for two hours.( 2 ) 动词 + 副词这类动词短语主要有：find out, get bac, give out, loo up, put on, put up, put off, pass on, turn on / off, tae out, write down, wae up, wor out, put away, thin up 等。注意：这类动词短语后面的宾语是名词时，名词可放在副词之前，也可放在副词之后；宾语是代词时，代词只能放在副词之前。Please pic up the pen. = Please pic the pen up.Can you pic it up?( 3 ) 动词 + 名词 + 介词这类动词短语有：have a loo at, mae friends with, pay attention to, tae care of, loo forward to等。注意：在这类动词短语中，宾语都放在介词之后。You should pay more attention to your pronunciation.( 4 ) 动词 + 形容词 + 介词这类动词短语主要有：be angry with, be busy with, be good / bad for, be different from, be late for, be interested in, be famous for , be good at等。Dont be angry with him. He is only a child.Unit 3 重点语法教学目标：掌握Could you please.?句型的用法Could you please.?句型( 1 ) 请求别人帮忙做某事时通常用此句型，也可以说：Can you .please? 情态动词could或can 在这里均表示请求，在意思上无区别，但是用could比can在语气上更显得委婉、客气、诚恳。在日常生活中常使用Could you / I.? 若在句末加上please，则显得更礼貌。Could you please help me find my boo, please?你能帮我找到我的书吗？( 2 ) 对Could you / I.?的问句做出肯定回答，常用“Sure/Certainly/Of course.”等；如果做否定回答，常用“Sorry./ Oh, please dont.”一般不用no开头，用no显得语气生硬、不礼貌。-Could you give me a bottle of orange juice, please?-Sure. Here you are.- Could you carry the bo for me?- Sorry, I cant. Im busy now.( 3 ) 表示请求的其他句式：Would you please lie to do sth.?Would you mind doing sth.?Lets do sth.Shall I / we do sth.?Please do sth.Unit 4 重点语法教学目标：掌握表达建议的常考句型。掌握连词until, so that及although引导的状语从句的用法1. 提建议的常用表达( 1 ) 常用表达 Why dont you do sth.? 相当于Why not do sth.? 意为“你为什么不做某事呢？”。Why dont you tal to your parents? = Why not tal to your parents? What/ How about ( doing ) sth.? 意为“（做）某事怎么样/ 好吗？”。What/ How about having dinner with me? Lets do sth. 意为“咱们做某事吧”。Lets mae a birthday card for her. You should ( not ) do sth. 意为“你（不）应该做某事”。You should ( not ) do more eercise. Youd better ( not ) do sth. 意为“你最好（不）做某事”。Youd better ( not ) go out. Would you lie sth. / to do sth.? 意为“你想要某物/ 做某事吗”。Would you lie to have a try? You could do sth. 意为“你可以做某事”。You could write to her.( 2 ) 常用答语肯定回答Good idea! / Thats a good idea! O. / All right. / Great. / Yes. Please./ Id love to.No problem./ Sounds good/ great./ I agree with you.否定回答I dont thin so.Id love/ lie to, but I have to.That sounds boringIm afraidSorry, I cant./ Sorry, but.2. 连词until, so that及although引导的状语从句( 1 ) not. until.的用法until意为“直到.”。单独使用时，until和till通常可以互换使用，但要注意的是till一般只用于句中，而until即可以放在句首，也可以放在句末。The noise of the street didnt stop until midnight.He lived with his parents until/ till he graduated from college.注意： 当主句的动词为非延续性动词时，要用not.until.结构；当主句的动词为延续性动词时，可用till 或until。( 2 ) so that引导的目的或结果状语从句 so that意为“以便”，引导目的状语从句时，一般放在主句后，且不用逗号隔开。目的状语从句表示动机（即一种可能性），而非事实。因此，从句中常含有can, will, could, would, should等情态动词。He too a tai so that he could get there earlier. so that意为“以致于；结果”，引导结果状语从句，陈述的是客观事实，常常不带情态动词。I studied English hard so that I passed the English eam.( 3 ) although conj. 虽然 做连词时，although和though通常可以相互转换。Although/ though she smiled, she was angry. although 常放在从句的开头，当用连接词语或短语时，though更为常用且位置灵活，不仅局限在开头。Wiser though poorer 尽管穷一些但更有头脑 以下情况只用though。a. 与even连用时用though表示强调，这里的even though = even if，意为“即使.也.”。b. 当让步状语从句指某种假设情况时，通常用though，而不用although。Though all the world were against me, I should still hold to my opinion.就算全世界都反对我，我还是坚持我的观点。c. Though可以独立用作副词，常放在句末，意为“还是，仍然，可是，然而”.Its hard wor. I enjoy it, though. though引导让步状语从句时可以倒装，而although引导的让步状语从句则不能。Bravely though they fought, they had no chance of winning.注意：although和though在句中不能与but连用，但可与副词yet连用。即句中用了although或though就不能再使用but了。Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.Unit 5 重点语法教学目标：掌握过去进行时的用法及跟一般过去时的区别掌握when和while用法及区别1. 过去进行时( 1 ) 过去进行时的用法。过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作，由“was / were + 现在分词”构成。现以动词wor为例，其肯定式、否定式和疑问句式见下表：肯定式否定式I/ He / She was woring.We/ You/ They were woring.I / He / It was not woring.We / You / They were not woring.疑问式和简略回答Was I woring?Yes, you were.No, you were not.Were you woring?Yes, I was.No, I wasntWas he/ she/ it woring?Yes, he/ she/ it was.No, he/ she/ it wasnt.Were we/ you/ they woring? Yes, you/ we/ they were.No, you/ we/ they werent.表示过去进行时的时间状语有：at that time, this time yesterday, at ten yesterday evening, from eight to twelve yesterday 以及when, while引导的时间状语从句。It was raining at 6 ocloc this morning.What were you doing this time last night?He was sleeping when the UFO arrived.( 2 ) 与一般过去时的区别。 表示已完成的动作用一般过去时，未完成的动作则可用过去进行时。I wrote a letter this morning.I was writing a letter this morning. 一般过去时侧重于叙述事实，过去进行时则侧重于动作的持续性，从而更具描绘性。It snowed last night. Its all white outside now.It was snowing last night, so it was very cold. 两个动作同时发生时，较短的动作可用一般过去时，而较长时间的动作可以用过去进行时表示。Mom was taling with Sues teacher when Sue entered the room.2. When 与while的区别When和while都可以引导时间状语从句，表示“当.时候”，但是二者之间又有区别。( 1 ) when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是非延续性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。I was watching TV when you called me.It began to rain while we were waling in the par.( 2 ) when说明从句动作和主句动作可同时发生，也可先后发生。而while强调主句动作在从句动作发生的过程中同时发生。When the pot fell to pieces, the girl began to realie that she was not alone.( 3 ) when或while引导的时间状语从句可以相互改写，但while引导的句子常用进行时态。When they came in, the girl was dancing.= While the girl was dancing, they came in.( 4 ) while还可以做并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示“对比关系”，有轻微的转折之意。She is very outgoing, while her sister is a little shy.