考前100天2015中考英语基础语法(14份打包)(一)名词.docx

第二部分 中考题型全接触
基础题型篇
基础题型一 单项选择

§1 基础语法
（一）名词
01 命题趋势 考标导向化
近几年全国各地中考对名词的考查主要是词义辨析及名词所有格，名词变复数的规则也是各地中考的考点之一。随着“淡化语法，注重语言运用和交际”这一理念被广泛认同，预计2015年各地中考对名词辨析的考查将呈上升趋势。
02 定义 概念清晰化
名词是指人、地点、事物、行为、品质、抽象概念、感情等的名称的词。名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词表示具体的人、事物、地点或机构的专有名称(如：Beijing，China，Jack)。普通名词表示某类人或某类事物的名称。普通名词又可分为个体名词(表示单个的人或事物，如：astronaut，building等)、集体名词(表示一群人或一些事物的总称，如：family，group等)、物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质，如：water，rice等)和抽象名词(表示抽象概念的词，如：health，education等)。一般地说，个体名词和集体名词是可数的，称为可数名词，有单、复数之分；物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，称为不可数名词，通常只有单数，但在某些具体情况下也可以用复数。
03 知识归类 知识网络化
❶可数名词和不可数名词
分类图解

可数名词
不可数名词
分单、复数两种形式
desk→desks
bus→buses
没有复数形式
tea
meat
前面可用基数词、不定冠词修饰

three boys;
an orange
不可以被基数词和不定冠词直接修饰，若表示数量可用“单位词+不可数名词”
a piece of paper; two cups of tea
可数名词的复数前可用many, some, any 修饰
many teachers; some friends

可用much, some, any修饰
much bread;
some milk

特例清单
◎有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但意义有所不同。如：
work(工作)—a work(著作)
glass(玻璃)—a glass(玻璃杯)
paper(纸)—a paper(报纸；文件；试卷)
tea(茶)—a tea(一种茶)(表示种类)
wood(木头)—a wood(小树林)
room(空间)—a room(房间)
chicken(鸡肉)—a chicken(小鸡)
light(光，光线)—a light(电灯)
fish(鱼肉)—fishes(各种各样的鱼)
exercise(锻炼，运动)—exercises(习题)
life(生活)—lives(生命)
orange(橘子汁)—an orange(橘子)
time(时间)—times(倍，次数)
hand(帮助)—a hand(手)
radio(无线电)—a radio(收音机)
【题组训练】
( )1.(2014·襄阳)—What are you going to do when you grow up?
—My _______ is to become an astronaut.
A.hobby B.dream C.job D.advice
( )2.(2014·凉山)—Where are you going，Sam?
—There isn’t any ______ in the fridge. I’ll go and buy some.
A.vegetables B.beef C.eggs D.money
( )3.(2014·扬州)—What a good _____ you’ve given me! Thanks a lot.
—My pleasure.
A.information B.news C.suggestion D.advice
( )4.(2014·乌鲁木齐)—I have great _____ in learning physics and I am so worried. Could you help me?
—Sure，I’d be glad to.
A.interest B.fun C.question D.trouble
( )5.(2014·菏泽)My teacher gave me much _____ on how to study English well when I had some trouble.
A.advice B.question C.suggestion D.problem
❷可数名词的复数形式
分类图解

情况
构成方法
例词
一般情况
加-s
cap→caps; dog→dogs; bike→bikes; driver→drivers
以字母s, sh, ch, x等结尾
加-es
bus→buses; wish→wishes; watch→watches; box→boxes
以辅音字母+y结尾
变y为i再加-es
lady→ladies; century→centuries; family→families; story→stories
以f或fe结尾
一般变f, fe为v，再加-es
leaf→leaves; life→lives; half→halves; knife→knives
以o结尾
o前为辅音音素时加-es, o前为元音音素时加-s。
tomato→tomatoes; hero→heroes; potato→potatoes; radio→radios; zoo→zoos;例外，photo→photos; piano→pianos
复合名词
将后一个词变为复数
tooth-brush→tooth-brushes; film-goer → film-goers
两部分都变复数
man doctor→men doctors; woman teacher→women teachers
特殊名词
改变内部元音字母
foot→feet; tooth→teeth; man→men; mouse→mice
词尾加-ren
child→children
单复数同形
Chinese→Chinese; sheep→sheep; deer→deer

特例清单
1.“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词须用单数形式。如：
five-year-old 5岁大的；
a five-pound note 一张5英镑的纸币
a six-foot-deep hole一个6英尺深的洞
a ten-story-high building一幢10层高的楼房
a two-inch-thick dictionary一本2英寸厚的字典
a 100-meter race一场百米赛跑
2.以-s结尾的名词，有的作单数使用，有的作复数使用。
(1)以-s结尾的学科类名词，一般是不可数名词。如：maths, physics, politics等。
(2)表示由两部分构成的物体的名词，其形式上可数，若表达具体数目时，要借助数量词pair来表示，其单复数形式取决于pair的单复数形式。如：a pair of trousers一条裤子。
(3)以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸、杂志名词，看作单数名词。如：The New York Times(《纽约时报》)；The Arabian Nights(《一千零一夜》)
(4)以-s结尾表示国家、组织或公司名称的专有名词，通常被看做单数。如：the United States(美利坚合众国)；the United Nations(联合国)
(5)以-s结尾表示群岛、山脉、瀑布等自然景观的专有名词，通常被看做复数。如：the Huangguoshu Falls(黄果树瀑布)；the Olympic Games(奥林匹克运动会)
(6)复合名词的复数形式分为两种：一是只将主体名词变为复数形式；二是如果是man，woman与其他名词组成的复合名词，那么两个名词都要变为复数形式。如：an apple tree→two apple trees; a woman teacher→some women teachers
【题组训练】
( )6.(2014·广安)—How many ______ are there?
—About fifty.
A.tomatos B.tomatoes C.tomato
( )7.(2014·内江)You can find many _______ about the famous film star on the Internet.
A.news B.pictures C.tickets D.information
( )8.(2014·永州)—Whose _______ are these?
—I think they are John’s.
A.key B.keies C.keys
( )9.(2013·茂名)In autumn there are a lot of _____ on the ground.
A.leaf B.leafs C.leaves
( )10.(2013·贺州)—What kind of porridge would you like，Alice?
—I would like .
A.egg porridge B.eggs porridge
C.fish porridges D.fishes porridge
❸不可数名词的计量
分类图解

类型
英语
汉译
例子
个数单位词
piece
张
a piece of advice; two pieces of advice
drop
滴
a drop of ink; three drops of ink
pile
堆
a pile of wood; four piles of wood

容器单位词
cup
杯
a cup of coffee; seven cups of coffee
glass
(玻璃)
杯
a glass of milk; eight glasses of milk
bottle
瓶
a bottle of juice; nine bottles of juice
box
盒、箱
a box of chalk; ten boxes of chalk
bag
袋
a bag of flour; eleven bags of flour
度量衡单位词
pound
磅
a pound of meat; fourteen pounds of meat
kilo
公斤
a kilo of oil; two kilos of oil

特列清单
1.不可数名词表示数量时，可用a lot of，much，little，a little，some，no等修饰。如：
I want some water.我想要一些水。
2.不可数名词表示一定的数量时，可借助可数名词，用“a+可数名词+of+不可数名词”结构。表示复数意义时，把可数名词变为复数形式。例如：
He needs two pieces of paper.他需要两张纸。
【题组训练】
( )11.(2014·达州)—After P.E.，I often feel very thirsty.
—Why not buy some _____ to drink?
A.bread B.noodles C.apple juice D.teas
( )12.(2014·绥化)John didn’t find much _____ about the accident.
A.news B.answer C.article
( )13.(2014·广州)Yesterday for dinner I had a piece of beef，vegetables and _______.
A.some rice B.a few rice
C.a little rices D .a rice
( )14.(2014·益阳)Please give me some ____ on how to learn English well.
A.plan B.information C.advice
( )15.(2013·黄冈)—What would you like to drink，girls?
—_______，please.
A.Two glass of water B.Two glass of waters
C.Two glasses of water D.Two cups of teas
❹名词所有格
分类图解

类型
构成方法
例子

有生命的名词(人或动物)
在词尾加’s
Tom’s book; the girl’s ear-ring; the dog’s ears; the hero’s name
以s, es结尾的复数名词只加’
the students’ desks; the workers’ tools; the teachers’ office
不以(e)s结尾的复数名词加’s
men’s clothes; Children’s Day; Women’s Day; sheep’s wool
无
生
命
的
名
词
时间、世界、国家、城市等
一般在词尾加’s
China’s capital; Chengdu’s industries; the world’s population; today’s news
其他
一般用of结构
the door of the room; a map of the world; the legs of the tables; a way of life

特列清单
1.用and连接两个并列名词的所有格：
(1)当and连接的两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加’s。如：Mary and her sister’s bedroom玛丽和她姐姐共有的卧室；Lily and Lucy’s mother 莉莉和露西的妈妈。
(2)当and连接的两个并列名词表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词都在词尾加’s表示所有关系。如：Tom’s and Mary’s bags汤姆和玛丽他们各自的包。
2.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在表示职业的名词或是姓氏后加上’s代表场所。如：a tailor’s裁缝铺；a barber’s理发店；a doctor’s诊所；my sister’s我姐姐的家；a stationer’s文具店；Chaplin’s卓别林的家。
3.所有物+of+’s结构或所有物+of+名词性物主代词=双重所有格。如：
a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一个朋友
a pen of mine我的一支钢笔
【题组训练】
( )16.(2014·绥化)In China，we celebrate _____Day on June 1st， _____Day on September，10 th.
A.Children’s;Teacher’s B.Children;Teachers
C.Children’s;Teachers’
( )17.(2014·贺州)—Who’s that girl over there?
—Julia，she is a student of ______.
A.my fathers’ B.my father
C.my fathers D.my father’s
( )18.(2014·曲靖)Knowledge can help open up the _____ eyes to the outside world and give them a good start in life.
A.students’ B.student’s C.students D.student’
( )19.(2014·广东)Katherine was excited to receive a dozen of roses from her husband on _____ Day.
A.Woman B.Women C.Woman’s D.Women’s
( )20.(2014·长沙)—Is the school bag under the desk yours?
—No，it’s my_______ .He left it there just now.
A.brother B.brother’s C.brothers’
04 整合集训 反馈层级化
( )1.The two model planes on the table are____ .
A.the twins’ B.the twin’s
C.twins D.twin’s
( )2.It’s common _______ that kangaroos live in Australia.
A.information B.knowledge
C.direction D.instruction
( )3.A human ________ can do some things better than a computer,for example,it can create a new idea.
A.head B.body C.brain D.arm
( )4.In England, if _____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.
A.food B.lunch C.breakfast D.dinner
( )5.—Can you tell me who the old woman over there under the big tree is?
—Oh,she’s ______ grandmother.
A.Tom and Mike’s B.Tom’s and Mike’s
C.Tom’s and Mike D.Tom and Mike
( )6.—Excuse me,is the supermarket far from here?
—No,it’s about _______.
A.8 minutes walk B.8 minute walk
C.8 minutes’ walk D.8 minute’s walk
( )7.Look!The ________ are playing football on the playground now.
A.boy’s student B.boy student
C.boys student D.boy students
( )8.It is well known that Mr.Smith is a good friend of_______ .
A.Tom’s uncle’s B.Tom’s uncle
C.uncle’s of Tom D.uncle of Tom’s
( )9.We have no ______ in the fridge.Let’s go and
buy some cucumbers,carrots and cabbages.
A.vegetables B.eggs
C.meat D.fruit
( )10.The restaurant is so popular here.Look,there are so many ________ here.
A.food B.dish
C.people D.waiter
( )11.All the ______ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th,because it was their own holiday.
A.man B.men
C.woman D.women
( )12.—I want to buy the book The Transparent Carrot by Mo Yan.Do you know its __________?
—Not really.Maybe 25 yuan.
A.cover B.size
C.color D.price
( )13.—Can you get a piano for me,dear?
—But there isn’t enough ______for it in our house.
A.place B.floor
C.room D.ground
( )14.Listen!A group of _____ are talking about two_____ .
A.Frenchmans;German
B.Germans;Frenchmans
C.Frenchmen;Germans
D.German;Frenchmen
( )15.His father is not an _____ doctor but a _____ doctor.
A.animal’s;children’s B.animal;children
C.animal’s;children D.animal;children’s
( )16.If you work hard,you’ll get good__________ .
A.grades B.notes
C.lessons D.answers
( )17.—Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now?
—Sorry,I know nothing about him.We are_________ .
A.friends B.neighbors
C.classmates D.strangers
( )18.—Bill is ill.Do you know what’s wrong with him?
—Poor boy.His illness is the ______ of eating bad food.
A.cause B.result
C.reason D.end
( )19.After a three-day heavy rain,the lake rose ______.
A.two feet and a half B.two and a half foot
C.two and half feet D.two foot and a half
( )20.We need to come up with a(n) _____ and make a decision at once.
A.information B.advice
C.idea D.news
( )21.—Can I help you?
—I’d like _________ for my twin daughters.
A.two pair of shoes B.two pairs of shoe
C.two pair of shoe D.two pairs of shoes
( )22.Dashan was born in Canada,but Beijing has become his second __________.
A.home B.family
C.house D.country
( )23.—May I know your_________ ,Mr Yang?
—Of course.I’m 1.85 metres tall.
A.width B.weight
C.length D.height
( )24.It’s difficult to hear your _____ because the ______ of traffic is too high.
A.voice;noise B.sound;voice
C.noise;sound D.noise;voice
( )25.My father enjoys playing tennis. It’s one of his________ .
A.habit B.habits
C.hobby D.hobbies

参考答案：
(一)名词
题组训练
1—5BBCDA6—10BBCCA11—15CAACC16—20CDADB
整合集训
1—5ABCDA6—10CDAAC11—15DDCCD16—20ADBAC21—25DADAD