阅读理解之词义猜测.doc

阅读理解之词义猜测
Tips on Reading Comprehension
How to guess the meaning of unknown vocabulary

学习目标（Learning Aims）：
1. 了解并掌握阅读理解中词义猜测的基本方法及技巧；
2. 将词义猜测的技巧运用于实际阅读中，综合提高阅读理解能力。
学习重点与难点（Important and Difficult Points）:
重点：词义猜测的基本方法及技巧；
难点：如何将技巧熟练运用于练习中，有效解决阅读理解时遇到的实际问题。
学习过程（Learning Procedure）：
Step 1 Question forms 常见提问方式
Have you ever met questions like ... 做阅读题时，你是否曾遇到这样的问题……
1. The underlined word “__”in the passage means __ .
2. What does “___”in the third paragraph stand for ?
3. The word/phrase “____” most nearly means ____.
4. The word/phrase “__” could best be replaced by __.
5. The word/phrase “__” in Line…,Para …refers to__.
6. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase/word/sentence “____”?
7. What’s the meaning of “____” in Line …,Para …?
8. The underlined sentence in the first (second...) paragraph probably means that ________.
Step 2 Approach introduction 方法介绍
方法一：Using word formation（构词法）
1. 派生法 (Derivation) 派生法就是借助前缀或后缀派生出新词的构词方法。
2. 合成法 (Compounding) 合成法是指由两个或两个以上单词组合成一个新词。通常情况下，合成词的词义为组成词的词义之和。
3. 转化法 (Conversion) 转化法是指单词的词形不改变，只通过词性的改变来使单词具有新的意义和作用。 而这种单词叫转化词。
练习：
1）He never wore ready-made clothes.
2）Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say.
3）Napoleon, as a character in Tolstoy’s War and Peace, is more than once described as having “fat little hands”. Nor does he “sit well or firmly on the horse”. He is said to be “undersized” with “short legs” and a “round stomach”.
方法二：Using context clues（利用上下文线索）
1. 同义词、近义词 作者可能会用一个近义词或者同义词去解释另一个更难的词，以便使他的文字意思更清楚，近义词往往出现在同一句或者同一段落中。
例：Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to people's health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
同义词常见信号词：
2. 反义词
反义词常见信号词：
例. a）Unlike his brother, who is truly a handsome man, John is quite homely．
b）Rather than liking the movie, as I expected them to, all my friends abhorred it.
c）If you agree, write “yes”; if you dissent, write “no”.
d）In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoil.
3. 定义、解释或举例
通过定义/定语从句/同位语/词或词组 (is; was; mean; that is; that’s to say; or; namely ; in other words ; to put it another way; i.e. , such as ; like; especially; for instance; for example )来确定词义
常见的信号词：
例a） When writing an article, we often use simile, such as “brave as a lion” and “quick like lightning”．
b）Social mobility is the movement from one class or level of living to another.
c）He is a resolute man; once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.
4. 因果关系
因果关系常见信号词：
例 --- since you are my superior（上级）, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
5. 标点符号（冒号；破折号；括号）
例a）You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning.
A. dictionaries B. story-books C. magazines D. newspapers
b）The other questioned the veracity —— the truthfulness of these reports.
6. 经验和常识
例a） In spite of the fact the fishermen were wearing southwesters, the storm was so heavy that they were wet through.
b） The heat of sun warms some ocean water. The surface of the water evaporates， forming a cloud of warm, wet air that moves upward．
Step 3 Practice练习
1. Helping laid-off workers and unemployed people find jobs is a crucial (关系重大的)and pressing task facing the Chinese Government, President Jiang Zemin stressed yesterday, he urged better service to create work for the unemployed. ( )
2. Are you a man or a mouse? When people ask this question they want to know if you think you are a brave person or a coward. ( )
3. The farmer is the most important person in the movie. He is the hero. ( )
4. Japan has a problem many other countries would envy—its workforce works too hard. Curing Japanese workers of disease “workaholism” is proving a difficult job, partly because many of them like work better than anything else, experts say. ( )
5. Crime is a very serious problem in Britain. One sort of crime which particularly worries people is juvenile crimes—crimes committed by young people. ( )
Step 4 Self-check & Assignment 检测及作业
Section A
1. The computer also counts the loads and gives a signal by phone when the box is full. And a special piece of equipment breaks up the nonrecyclables. ( )
2. Most women in China ---educated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old---work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. ( )
3. Jane was talking with others while Tom remained reticent all the time. ( )
4. They surrendered, that is, threw out their weapons and walked out with their hands above their heads. ( )
5. The harbor is protected by a jetty—a wall built out into the water. ( )
Section B
阅读下面短文，猜测划线单词及短语的意思。
Passage 1
We can not feel speed. But our sense lets us know that we are moving. We see things moving past and feel that we are being shaken. We can feel acceleration, an increase in speed. But we notice it for only a short time. For example, we feel it during the takeoff run of an airplane.
1. Acceleration is the name for _______. A. any kind of movement
B. the movement of a plane C. a steady speed D. an increase in speed
Passage 2
STOCKHOLM—A Swede and two Americans won the 2000 Nobel Prize for medicine on Oct. 9 for studies on how messages move around the nervous system. The discovery makes it possible to develop drugs against Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Arvid Carlson of Sweden and Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel of the United States share the first prize of the millennium, worth nearly US$ 1 million, for their discoveries, Sweden’s Karlinska Institute said.
2. What does the underlined word “schizophrenia”probably mean?
A. a kind of illness B. a new discovery C. a name of a subject D. a new drug
Passage 3
New York: when the first jet struck 1 World Trade Center at 8:48 am on Tuesday, the people in 2 World Trade Center with a view of the instant damage across the divide had the clearest sense of what they, too, must do: get out fast…. Among the uncertainty about what was the best thing to do, formal announcements inside the south tower instructed people to stay put, telling them that the building was in good condition and the threat was limited to the other tower.
3. The underlined phrase “stay put” means______. A. to keep silent B. to leave at once C. to stay in the building D. to put everything back and then leave