国际著名酒店安全部程序（英文） Fire Fighting.docx

EMERGENCY MANUAL
Policies & Procedures

DIVISION : RMS DEPARTMENT : Security

CODE : DATE : 18. 04. 92

APPROVED : MD REVISION :

SUBJECT : Fire fighting (2)

POLICY

All members of the fire crew are required to undergo regular training in the handling of fire fighting equipment.

PURPOSE

To limit fire damage and ensure the safety of all persons within the hotel.

PROCEDURE

1. GENERAL

A portable fire extinguisher or a hose reel is designed to put out a small fire, not a big one.

If you decide to attack a fire with a portable fire extinguisher make sure:

· The fire brigade has been notified.
· Everyone not on the fire – fighting crew has been, or is being, evacuated.
· You have the correct extinguishing medium.
· The fire is not spreading.
· You have a way out.
· You fight the fire with your back to the exit.
· You get out fast if your effort is failing.

2. WHEN FIGHTING A FIRE

· Take up a position where access to the fire is unrestricted, but where a quick and safe retreat is possible.

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SUBJECT : Fire fighting
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Crouching will help the operator to keep clear of smoke, avoid heat,andwill allow a closer approach to the fire. Always ensure that a fire is completely extinguisheand not liable to re – ignite or continue smoulderin Stay alert for re – ignition.

3. CLASSES AND TYPESS OF FIRE

The full range of fire classes and types are:

CLASS A Ordinary combustibles such as wood, clothes, rubbish.

CLASS B Flammable liquids such as petrol, oil, paint.

There is also a special type of fire that poses a particular threat to the fire – fighter, that is, fires involving live electrical equipment. Such fires are not only a problem because of the threat posed by the not only a problem because of the threat posed by the fire, but the involvement of electricity can present a further life threatening situation.

Fires involving electricity are referred to as Type (C) fires. Of course, if you can disconnect the electrical supply, the risk of electrocution is removed and the fire is no longer a type （C） fire. The fire can then be considered Class A or B.

4. EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

WATER – Water is available from hose reels. Water extinguishes fire by cooling the fuel below ignition temperature, Water also prevents the spread of fire by wetting material surrounding the outbreak.

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Water is ideal for use on what is knwn as Class A fires, i. e. fire involving wood, paper, clothing, packing materials,. Timber and other ordinary combustibles.

Remember water conducts primarily suited to fires involving flammable liquids such as petrol, oils and grease. Those are known as Class Bfires.

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SUBJECT : Fire fighting
CODE :

Foam acts by smothering the fire, that is, it removes the oxygen from the fire triangle.

Like water, foam conducts electricity and must not be used on electrical fires.

CARBON DIOXIDE – Carbon dioxide is suitable for use on Class B fires, i. e. flammable liquids, but can also be used on fires involving live electrical equipment. These are located in the kitchen area only.

· It is extremely cold in discharge, therefore it affects the level of heat.
· It smothers the fire by excluding the oxyen.
· It dilutes the atmosphere’s oxygen, therefore affecting the limits of flammability.

DRY CHEMICAL – The term “dry chemical” generally refers to a chemical agent such as sodium bicarbonate.

Dry chemical is also suitable for Class B fires.

Dry chemical acts by breaking apart the three sides of the triangle, affecting the interchange necessary for the fire to continue.

As dry chemical has no cooling effect flashback may occur from hot surfaces near the outbreak if the chemical film is broken.

Dry Chemical may be used on fire involving live electrical equipment, however care must be taken if the dry chemical becomes wet as it will then act as an electrical conductor.

HALON – This is a chemical extinguishing agent commonly known as B. C. F. (Bromo – chloro – difluoro – methane_ or B. T. M. (Bromo – trifluoro – methane).

The mechanism by which the halogenated agents extinguish fire is complicated but the action has the effect of breaking apart the sides of the fire triangle similarly.

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to dry chemical. This chemical reaction interferes with the combustion process and the fire dies.

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SUBJECT : Fire fighting
CODE :

5. DANGER TO LIFE FROM SMOKE

In fire involving buildings and their contents, more deaths are caused by smoke than by buens, Smoke and heated gases commonly prove fatal long before flames reach the victims. In many cases of death in fires, there is no evidence of actual contact with flames or even with any great degree of heat.

Smoke – laden gases endanger life a number of ways; the presence of carbon monoxide and the reduction of oxygen. Carbon monoxide is poisonous and diffuses rapidly throughout a room; as it lacks a distinctive smell its presence may not be appreciated until the gas already has begun to take effect. Inhalation first acts to impair judgement and, if continued leads to unconsciousness and death. The amount of carbon monoxide produced is increased when the supply of oxygen to a fire is restricted.

The presence of carbon dioxide, which is not itself toxic, will however, lower the proportion of oxygen available for breathing. There is also evidence that the presence of carbon dioxide stimulates breathing so that more effect more quickly.

Certain materials, such as plastics, rubbers, woollens and silk, can generate other toxic products when they burn. They may produce hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide. P. V. C. (polyvinyl chloride) can be decomposed in a fire to form, among other products, hydrogen chloride; this is very irritating, corrosive and toxic gas.

6. HEAT EFFECTS

The gases which arise from the fire carry the smoke particles with them. The gases are hotter and more buoyant than the surrounding air. Exposure to this heated air can cause death or permanent injury. Death will occur if exposed for one minute to an air temperature of 400 C
(750 F). Exposure to an ambient air temperature of only 100 C (212 F) will kill in thirty minutes. Under these.

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circumstances death comes as a result of inhibition of the respiratory system and of the controlling mechanism of the heart; injury to the nervous system is probably also a factor.

SUBJECT : Fire fighting
CODE :

Inhalation of hot air, even if it is dry, causes damage to the windpipe and lungs; if steam is inhaled, however, these organs can sustain injury at a much lower temperature.

7. RESTRICTION OF VISION

The restriction of vision caused by smoke particles can be extremely serious. When a fire takes place, smoke may confuse the occupants of a building and cause them to panic and become disorientated, especially if they are in unfamiliar surroundings. Smoke can also hamper subsequent attempts to locate and rescue victims. If the smoke is location of the fire itself and obscure hide the location of the fire itself and obscure obstacles which may lie in the path of the fier – fighters.

Smoke being buoyant and mobile, can cause death and injury a long way from the fire itself. Among many examples of this was the hotel fire where smoke from an outbreak confined to the lobby and first floor dining room killed people on the sixth and seventh floors. On the other hand, the buoyancy of smoke means that it will fill the upper level of a compartment first, allowing a person to reach safety by crawling along the floor where the air is cooler and relatively uncontaminated.

8. HOW A FIRE BUILDS AND SPREADS

A fire starts when energy (electrical, mechanical orchenmicai) evolves sufficient heat to igmnite a combustible substance.

Unless controlled, a fire will generally progress from ignition to what is known as flashover. Flashover occurs when a room or other area becomes heated to the point where flames flash over the entire area.

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Flashover is attributed to the excessive build up of heat and combustible gases from the fire itself. As the fire continues to burn, all the contents of the fire area are gradually heated to their auto –ignition temperatures. When they reach this point provided sufficient oxygen is present, simultaneous ignition occurs and the area becomes fully involved in fire.

SUBJECT : Fire fighting
CODE :

The time taken to reach flashover can vary considerably depending upon the following four factors:

·。 the amount of exposed combustible surface (fuel)
·。 the arrangement of the combustible surfaces
·。 the nature of the combustible surfaces
·。 the amount of ventilation (oxygen)

fire –fighting is obviously more effective at the stages before a fire reaches flashover. Action that you may take immmediately a fire is discovered is critical to the final outcome.

9. FIRE HOSE REELS

USED ON CLASS “A” FIRES

These are fires in ordinary materials such as wood, paper, textiles, rubber and rebbish.These fires need primarily to be cooled if they are to be extinguished.

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CONSTRUCTION: The hose is 20mm internal diameter, not less than 18 metres nor more than 36 metres long and should have no joins in the length.

The nozzle will comtrol the discharge of water, with the directions – JET – OFF or SPRAY JET – OFF being clearly marked.

The hose is wound on a real.

OPERATION:

i. Break glass to activate air pump.

ii. Turn on water at the stop valve. The nozzle may be held in place by an interlock at the stopvalve. It will release when the stop valve is turned on.

iii. Run out length of hose required.

iv. Turn on water at nozzle and direct stream at base of fire.

The hose will discharge approximately 27 litres per minute with a throw of 6 metres.

SUBJECT : Fire fighting
CODE :

AFTER USE

I. While still under pressure (i. e. stop valve on, nozzle off) rewind on reel in even layers.
II. Tuen off the stop nalve.
III. Release pressure in the hose (turn nozzle on briefly).
IV. Turn off fire pump located in the fire service pump room located on level U1.

NOTE: A practical inspection of hose reels should be conducted by all fire team members.

10. BCF EXTINGUISHERS

HALON EXTINGUISHERS

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Halon extinguishers are generally referred to as BCF. These are green in colour.

CONTENTS: Bromochlorodifluomethane (BCF) under pressure.

BCF Extinguishers can be used for electrical, oil, grease, wood and chemical fires.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING BCF EXTINGUISHERS

On fires involving either liquids in containers or spilled liquids, direct the jet or discharge horn towards the near edge of the fire and with a rapid sweeping motion drive the fire towards the far edge until all the flames are extinguished.

Where the equipment is enclosed, direct the jet or horn into any opening with the jet or horn into any opening with the object of penetrating the interior.

TO OPERARE:

Remember the “PASS” word:

P – Pull the locking pin
A – Aim nozzle towards near edge of fire
S – Squeeze the trigger
S – Sweep the nozzle from side to side

SUBJECT : Fire fighting
CODE :

EXTINGUISHING ACTION: Due to the BCF being heavier than air the fire is extinguished by a smothering action and through intering with the chemical interaction between the elements comprising the fire triangle.

IMPORTANT – Halons are considered to be of low toxicity. However, the products of decomposition produced in a fire can be hazardous in a confined space. The immediate area of the fire should be vacated untill the contamonated atmosphere has been dissipated.

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FINALLY REMEMBER – Never replace empty or partly discharged extinguisher on wall bracket – arrange for extinguisher to be refilled.

Disciplinary action will be taken if this does occur.

11. CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHERS: - BEST USED ON CLASS “B” FIRE AND SAFE FOR USE ON LIVE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT – Carbon dioxide extinguishers can also be used on Class “A” fires. Fires which involve live electrical equipment are known as Type（C）fires and because of danger to the fire – fighter, an extinguishing agent which does not conduct electricity must be used.

CONTENTS : Carbon dioxide under pressure.

TO OPERATE:

i. Approach as close as possible to the fire.
ii. Remove locking pin.
iii. Direct horn at the fire. Do not touch the horn.
iv. Depress trigger.
v. Direct the extinguishing medium over the fire area in a sweeping motion.

EXTINGUISHING ACTION : Due to the carbon dioxide being heavier than air the fire is extinguished by a blanketing effect.

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DIVISION : RMS DEPARTMENT : Security
CODE : DATE :
APPROVED : MD REVISION :

SUBJECT : Fire prevention

POLICY

It is the responsibility of all staff, especially those members of the fire team to ensure that all steps are taken to avoid the threat of a fire.

PURPOSE

To prevent unnecessary danger to people and property through fire.

PROCEDURE

1. REMEMBER – “People cause fires” and only “people can prevent fires.”

2. THE FLOOR WARDEN AND FIRE PREVENTION – If you have been appointed as a floor warden, you take on the responsibility of preparing evacuation plans, training staff and controlling an eva