定语从句学习难点例析.doc

定语从句学习难点例析
宜城一中英语组 陈春香

一、如何选用关系代词/关系副词？
     1. The city that/ which lies in the center of Hubei Province has a large population.(作主语，指物)
The city (that/ which )you described to me yesterday has a large population. (作宾语，可省略，指物)
    The city where/in which I was brought up has a large population. (作地点状语)
The city whose population is the largest in China lies in the east. (作定语，指某物的…)
2. I’ve forgotten the exact day when/ on which he gave me the film copy. (作时间状语)
   I’ve forgotten the exact day( that/ which) he fixed for me to have the operation. (作宾语，可省略，指物）
3. The reason( that/ which) he gave us was hard to accept. (作宾语，可省略，指物） 
   The reason why he was late for school is that he missed the early bus. (作原因状语)
选用关系代词还是关系副词，不仅仅要看先行词表示什么意义，更重要的是一定要看先行词在后面的定语从句中充当什么成份。若作主语、宾语、表语就用关系代词（that, which, who, whom ,whose, as)。若作时间、地点、原因状语就用关系副词(when, where, why)。
二、关系代词that引导定语从句时的“六用，三不用”原则
1. 六用原则
（1）先行词为everything, anything, nothing, something, all, few, little, much等或先行词被all, every, any, no, little, much修饰时。
All that can be done has been done.
You can take any book that you like.
（2）先行词为形容词最高级或先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the best book that I have ever read.
（3）先行词为序数词或先行词被序数词修饰时。
This is the first time that I have heard of it.
The last place that we visited was the Great Wall.
（4）先行词被the only, the very, the right等修饰时。
This is the very watch that I lost the other day.
注意:以上（2）（3）（4）若先行词指人，也可用who, whom,但常用that.
 You are the only person that/ who can help me.
（5）先行词包括人和物两者时。
They talked about the persons and the things that they remembered in the school.
（6）当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate?
Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?
2. 三不用原则
（1）先行词是-one或-body构成的复合不定代词时，不能用that,而用who或whom.
Is there anybody else who should be invited?
（2）关系代词前有介词时，不能用that, 而用which或whom.
Here is the car about which I told you.
Who is the man with whom you just shook hands?
（3）在非限制性定语从句中，不能用that.
I have lost my pen, which I like very much.
I have two sisters, who are both high school students.
三、需要弄清楚的几个问题
1. 有无并列连词影响句子的结构
He has two sons, both of whom are college students.
He has two sons, and both of them are college students.
2. 有无定冠词影响定语从句的结构
Is this the boy（ that/ whom/ who） you want to talk to?
Is this boy  the one  you want to talk to?
3. 标点符号的形式也影响句子的结构
Entering the room, I found a note on the table, which read, “I’ve left for Harbin.”
Entering the room, I found a note on the table. It read, " I’ve left for Harbin.”
4. 强调句还是定语从句？
It was in the museum ( that / which ) we visited yesterday that I got to know the famous person.
—Where did you find your wallet?
—It was in the cinema where I saw the film ( that I found my wallet ).
It was on September 11, 2001 that the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.（强调句）
It was in Wuhan that Jill met the three- year-old girl and adopted her. （强调句）
简单的判断方法：利用强调句的还原性，即去掉it was/is…that… 之后剩余部分依然是一个完整的句子，则是强调句。
5. 主语从句还是定语从句？
Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.(主语从句)
Anyone who leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.（定语从句）
Those who leave the room last ought to turn off the lights.（定语从句）
6. 同位语从句还是定语从句？
Galileo collected the fact  that / which proved the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.(定语从句)
Galileo discovered the fact  that the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.(同位语从句)
简单的辨别方法：看that在后面的从句中是否充当成份。若充当主语、宾语或表语，就是定语从句；若不充当任何成份，无意义，就是同位语从句。
7. 结果状语从句还是定语从句？
He gave us so easy a problem as everyone could work out.(定语从句)
He gave us so easy a problem that everyone could work it out.（状语从句）
He gave us such an easy problem that everyone could work it out.(状语从句)
简单的辨别方法如上。
8. 关系代词as引导的限制性定语从句
I want to buy such an electronic dictionary as you bought last week.(作宾语)
They do the same work as we (do).（作宾语）
I received as nice a gift as my mother promised.(作宾语)
I have never seen such kind of people as they are. (作表语)
I can read as many pages as are required. (作主语)
9. 关系代词as, 作“正如”讲，引导非限制性定语从句，可放句首或句末，指代上文或下文的整个句子，从句的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report, announce等。
As is reported, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A big earthquake occurred in Xinjiang last night, as was reported on TV.
注意区别：It is reported that talks between the two countries are making progress.
又如：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as is often the case, as might be imagined, as might be expected(预料), as has been pointed out, as has been said before/ above; as (it) often happens.
注意： as在句中作主语时，常用被动式；而which在从句中作主语时，常用主动式。which引导非限制性定语从句，放在主句之后，代指上文的事，常译作“这一点，这，那，其，之”等。
Nelson Mandela was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.
He passed the college-entrance exam, which made his parents very happy.
10.两个定语从句 the same…that… 与the same… as…有何区别？
This is the same key that (同一个...) I lost yesterday. Thanks a lot.
This is the same key as(类似的...) I lost yesterday. Thank you all the same.
11. 当先行词是the way 时,若在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语就用关系代词that / which.若作方式状语就用that / in which / --- 三种方式。
This is the only way( that ) you can use to solve the problem.（作宾语）
I don’t like the way that / in which / -  you speak to me.（作方式状语）
12. whose与which和whom的转换. whose指某人的…时可以解释为the+ n+ of whom。whose指某物的…,可以解释为 the+ n.+ of which或者 of which +the +n.请看以下例句：
He still lives in the room whose door faces to the east.
He still lives in the room, of which the door / the door of which faces to the east.
13. 关系副词与介词+which的转换
As you know, July 28th is the day on which / when the Tangshan earthquake happened.
The USA is a large country in which / where many different dialects are spoken.
The reason for which / why he turned down the invitation to the party is not clear.
I shall never forget those years during which / when we worked together.
注意：在介词之后只能使用关系代词which（指事物）或者whom（指人），一定不能使用that和who.
14. 表示抽象地点的名词作先行词时，常用关系副词where, 如case, point, situation, position, stage, scene，spot, condition, circumstances，instances等.
Now you can see we’ve come to the point where a change is badly needed.
Teaching is a job where you are doing something serious but interesting.时间. (09.北京)
Life is like a long race where we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
15. 当先行词是time, occasion, age, generation, period等词时，常用关系副词when.
     This was a  time when the two countries were at  war.
I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel because of ill health.     
Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. (08.山东)
We are living in an age when the internet makes it very convenient for us to get any information we want.
16. 定语从句中的主谓一致
Tom is the only one of the boys who has been highly spoken of in our class.
Tom is one of the boys who have been highly spoken of in our class.
I, who am your English teacher, will do what I can to help you.
上例说明：定语从句的谓语动词必须在人称和数量上与先行词保持一致。
17. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
All the books ( that have pictures) have been sent to them. 所有有插图的书都已经给他们寄去了。（言外之意，没有插图的书就没有寄给他们。）
All the books, which have pictures, have been sent to them. 所有的书都已给他们寄去了，这些书上都有插图。
Han Mei’s brother(who studied in the USA) has come to our school. 韩梅的在美国留过学的那个哥哥来我们学校了。（不止一个哥哥）
Han Mei’s brother, who studied in the USA, has come to our school.韩梅的哥哥来我们学校了，他曾在美国留过学。（只有一个哥哥）
结论：非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明。如果去掉也不会影响主句的明确或句意完整。主句从句之间要用逗号隔开。往往把主从句译成两个并列的简单句。关系代词不能省略。
限制性定语从句与先行词的关系十分密切，是不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。从句与主句不用逗号隔开。往往把从句译成一个形容词性的限定词“……的”放在主句的被修饰词之前。关系代词作宾语时可以省略。

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