美国硬(阔叶)木和柏木属木材测量及检验规则以及全美硬木板材协会销售规范和检验规则 (原英文版).pdf

RULESFOR THEMEASUREMENT&INSPECTIONofHARDWOOD&CYPRESSPlusNHLA Sales Code&Inspection RegulationsEffective January 1,2003NationalHardwoodLumber AssociationP.O.Box 34518 Memphis,TN 38184-0518 U.S.A.TABLE OF CONTENTSPageForward.4Official Inspection RulesGeneral Instructions .6Methods Used in Applying Inspection Rules.13Standard Grades .16Standard Inspection by Species.24Inspection of Kiln Dried Lumber .52Inspection of Surfaced Lumber.54Special Combined Grades and Face Grades .56Miscellaneous Special Grades.57Measurements in Retail Sales .77Inspection of Cypress Lumber .81Hardwoods for Construction .91National Inspection Service .102Original Inspection .103Re-Inspection .108NHLA Sales Code .111Definitions .117Shipping Weight Estimates .121Metric Conversion Table.126Index of Woods .127Miscellaneous Index .129NATIONALHARDWOODLUMBERASSOCIATION3Copyright 2003 byNATIONAL HARDWOOD LUMBER ASSOCIATION(NHLA)P.O.Box 34518 6830 Raleigh LaGrange RoadMemphis,Tennessee 38184-0518 U.S.A.[phone]FAX:[phone]Email:infonatlhardwood.orgWebsite:www.natlhardwood.org COPYRIGHT NOTICE These instructions for the guidance of lumber inspectors in the measurementand inspection of hardwood and cypress were formulated and adopted by theNational Hardwood Lumber Association.They are copyrighted in the name ofthe Association which will not permit any violation of its rights under thecopyright law.By action of the Board of Managers at meeting held in Boston,Mass.,September 22,1952,it was provided that all members would be given one copyand could receive additional copies without charge upon request,up to 10 copiesfor Active members and 5 copies for Associate members.Additional copies willbe supplied to members at$5.00 each.It is further provided that these rules shall be published by the Association only,and that they shall contain no advertisement,and that none shall be stamped orwritten thereon.2NATIONALHARDWOODLUMBERASSOCIATIONavailable on request to both members and non-members.Theirduties are to grade the lumber as specified in the written ordergiven to them based on National rules and to provide whereapplicable a certificate covering their work.Such certificates arefinancially guaranteed by the Association as covered by theregulations governing their issuance.From the adoption of the earliest hardwood rules,no majoralteration of standards has occurred that was not prompted by anoticeable change in the character of the hardwood timber supply.Practical hardwood operators have an awareness of the obligationto strive to make the rules bear a reasonable and practicalrelationship to the general quality of the available timber supply.Conservation is promoted by the maintenance of this type ofsensible relationship between the lumber rules and the rawmaterial from which the lumber is produced.Before a rule is amended or a new rule adopted,the proposal iscarefully considered by the Rules Committee composed ofknowledgeable,experienced lumbermen.If the proposal passesthe scrutiny of this Committee,it is then debated and voted uponby the Active membership of the Association in convention.If theproposal is passed by a two-thirds majority vote,it then becomesofficial and is included in the Rules Book.A study of the Sales Code is recommended.It was written bypractical lumbermen of wide experience and high moral values.As will be seen in the preamble,its use is designed to create abasis for a meeting of the minds and to provide a ready means forthe settlement of disputes without recourse to litigation.Itsprovisions are stipulated in an ever-increasing number of sale andpurchase contracts.The grading and measurement of hardwood lumber is not a simplematter and should not be undertaken lightly.A constant reviewand study of the individual rules is advisable even by those whoare constantly using them.No rules or regulations can beproperly effective unless they are understood and correctlyapplied.Those presented in the following pages have stood thetest of time and of an exacting market.They have served as apattern for others and they are an outstanding example of thedetermined efforts of a great and basic industry to conduct itsaffairs on the most profound edict of all time,The Golden Rule.NATIONALHARDWOODLUMBERASSOCIATION5FOREWORDHardwood lumber is produced from deciduous trees,those whichdrop their leaves each year in contrast to the coniferous orevergreen species from which our softwoods are produced.Because of the differing inherent qualities,growth characteristicsand end uses of hardwoods as compared to softwoods,theirgrading methods are substantially different.In general,asoftwood board is graded as a whole piece,whereas a hardwoodboard is graded on its usable content aside from any parts whichmay be considered undesirable for its use such as knots,wane,splits,etc.The hardwood grades have been adopted to establish thecomparable value of the board and to provide the user with astandard on which he may base his purchase for a particular enduse.A chair manufacturer can utilize a board which containsshorter and narrower clear or sound pieces(cuttings),whereas amanufacturer of case goods or tables may require longer or widercuttings or both.The grading rules are of further advantage in thatthey apply generally to all species with certain exceptions.Otherrules have been established for particular end uses such as pianoactions and key stock,paneling,wood heels,vehicle parts and forparticular types of construction where strength and size may be afactor.The rules are the result of long and careful study by practicallumbermen in cooperation with the user,with the aim ofproviding the best available products,conservation of the timberfrom which it is cut and in maintaining a lumber language ofterms and specifications which permit a ready andunderstandable meeting of the minds among buyers and sellerswherever and for whatever use hardwoods are required.As aconsequence,the rules are used universally with well-foundedconfidence.The underlying codification of the rules was made with theformation of the National Hardwood Lumber Association in 1897and since that time has been revised or enlarged to reflect theindustrys needs with the advice of a standing committeerepresenting the various species and producing areas.TheAssociation provides short term instructional courses and a full-time training school available to members and non-members alikeso that a full and uniform understanding and application of therules may be achieved.To further the interests and provide for the protection of the buyerand seller of hardwoods,the Association maintains a staff of full-time salaried,highly qualified inspectors whose services are4NATIONALHARDWOODLUMBERASSOCIATIONreverse side of the cuttings.After the poor side has beendetermined,then look to the reverse side for soundness.6.These rules define the poorest piece in any given Standard orSpecial grade,but the respective grades shall contain all piecesup to the next higher Standard or Special grade as defined inthese rules.7.All widths,lengths and thicknesses mentioned these rules shallbe inclusive.These rules do not define standard average widthsor lengths and in all cases which a specific average width orlength or a specific percentage of any width or length or groupsof widths or lengths is required,it is incumbent upon the buyerto specify same in the contract.Manufacture8.Lumber should be properly manufactured of good,averagewidth and lengths.It should be edged and trimmed carefully toproduce the best possible appearance while conserving theusable product of the log.Shipments of rough lumber will admit25%of surfaced lumber when it is of the specified roughthickness.Contracts for green lumber should specifydimensions required to provide for shrinkage in dryingMiscut Lumber9.Rough lumber shall be measured for thickness at the thinnestcutting used in establishing the grade.The cutting shall be ofstandard thickness with the exception that the percentage notincluded in the required cuttings may be scant in thickness,provided the cuttings are the full standard rough thickness andthere is no greater variation in thickness than is shown in thechart describing miscut lumber.If there is a greater variation inthickness on the entire board than shown in the following table,the board shall be classed miscut.1/8 in thicknesses of 1/2 or less3/16 in thicknesses of 5/8 and 3/41/4 in thicknesses of 4/4 to 7/43/8 in thicknesses of 2 to 3-1/25/8 in thicknesses of 4 to 6In determining the variation in thickness of Quartered lumber,thescant thickness of 1/16 and 1/8 admitted in those species underParagraph 36,shall not be included.NATIONALHARDWOODLUMBERASSOCIATION7GENERAL INSTRUCTIONSGeneral1.Inspectors are instructed to study these rules carefully anduse their best judgment in applying them,but shall not allowtheir judgment to supersede anything specifically stated inthe rules themselves.2.All lumber shall be inspected according to these rules asdefined under General Instructions and Standard Inspectionunless otherwise specified.The rules defined under SpecialInspection shall be applied only when specified in thecontract between buyer and seller.The rules under StandardInspection and Special Inspection shall not be applied underany contract which specifies grade names different fromthose listed herein except by special agreement betweenbuyer and seller.3.Exceptions to the General Instructions and Standard Gradesare stated under the caption of the respective species andgrades.4.Lumber shall be inspected and measured as the inspectorfinds it,of full length,width and thickness.No allowanceshall be made for the purpose of raising the grade,exceptthat in rough stock,wane,and other defects which can beremoved by surfacing to standard rough thickness shall notbe considered.Nothing herein shall be construed asprohibiting the shipper from improving the grade orappearance of the lumber at time of or prior to shipment.The surface grade as determined by the cutting yield shallfirst be established by the inspector,after which thethickness shall be determined.Thickness does not determinegrade.After grade and thickness have been determined specialfeatures,such as the amount of forty-five degree radial grainfor classification as quarter sawn lumber,and the amount offigure as specified for figured woods and some quarteredwoods,shall be considered.5.The grade shall be determined from the poor side of the piece,except when otherwise specified.In the cutting grades the poorside of the board is determined by the side with the lower grade,or if both sides have the same grade,it is the side with the leastnumber of cutting units.When determining the poor side of aboard,grade each face independently without regard to the6NATIONALHARDWOODLUMBERASSOCIATIONMeasurement and Tally16.Board Measure is the term used to indicate that a board footis the unit of measurement of lumber.A board foot is onefoot long,one foot wide and one inch thick or its equivalent.To determine the surface measure of a board,multiply thefull width of the piece in inches by the standard length in feetand divide by 12,rounding to the nearest whole foot.Insurfaced lumber,the board foot is based on the measurementbefore surfacing,and all lumber less than one inch thick iscounted face measure and taken as one inch.In lumbermeasured with a board rule,random width pieces measuringto the even half foot shall be alternately counted as of thenext higher and lower foot.Fractions below the half footshall be dropped and fractions above the half foot shall becounted as of the next higher foot.Fractional lengths instandard grades shall be measured as of the next lowerstandard length.Unless otherwise specified,reference to percentages appliesto board feet and not to the number of pieces.See page 52 for measurement regulations concerning kiln-dried lumber.17.Tapering lumber in standard lengths shall be measured one-third the length of the piece from the narrow end.18.Random width lumber of standard grades and thicknessesshall be tallied surface measure and this tally shall be thenumber of feet,board measure,of 1 lumber.In lumberthicker than 1 the tally so obtained is multiplied by thethickness as expressed in inches and fractions of an inch.Except squares,lumber less than 1 thick shall be countedsurface measure.19.Strips and stock-widths shall be tallied and counted as oftheir nominal specified widths and lengths.20.Rough dimension stock shall be counted as of the nominalspecified size.When surfaced it shall be counted as of thenominal rough size required in its manufacture.NATIONALHARDWOODLUMBERASSOCIATION9Minimum Widths10.Ninety per cent of the minimum widths mentioned in allgrades of lumber shall be full width;the remaining tenpercent may be up to 1/4 scant in width.This rule alsoapplies to each stock width and to any specified widthexcept Sill Stock.Specified Widths S1E or S2E11.Lumber of specified width,rough or dressed one or twosides,when dressed one or two edges shall be 3/8 scant ofthe nominal width in lumber less than 8 wide and 1/2 scantof the nominal width in lumber 8 and wider.Standard Lengths12.Standard lengths are 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 and 16.Standard Thicknesses13.Standard thicknesses for rough lumber are 3/8,1/2,5/8,3/4,1,1-1/4,1-1/2,1-3/4,2,2-1/2,3,3-1/2,4,4-1/2,5,5-1/2,and 6.One inch and thicker may also beexpressed in quarter inches as follows:4/4,5/4,6/4,7/4,8/4,10/4,12/4,14/4,16/4,18/4,20/4,22/4 and 24/4.Standard Thickness for Surfaced Lumber14.Standard thicknesses for surfaced lumber is calculated bysubtracting 3/16 from standard rough thickness for lumber1-1/2 thick or less and by subtracting 1/4 for lumberbetween 1-3/4 and 4 thick as follows:RoughSurfaced RoughSurfaced 3/8S2S to3/161-3/4S2S to1-1/21/2S2S to5/162S2S to1-3/45/8S2S to7/162-1/2S2S to2-1/43/4S2S to9/163S2S to2-3/41S2S to13/163-1/2S2S to3-1/41-1/4S2S to 1-1/164S2S to 3-3/41-1/2S2S to1-5/1615.Thickness of lumber surfaced on one side only,shall besubject to special contract.8NATIONALHARDWOODLUMBERASSOCIATION26.Stain,including spots in which the disintegration has notproceeded far enough to soften or otherwise change thehardness of the wood perceptibly,will be admitted in gradesof species where the rules specifically state stain is admittedor in grades of species specifying Sound Cuttings.Streaks and Spots27.Mineral streaks and spots,and streaks and spots of similarnature,will be admitted in the cuttings unless otherwisespecified in the grading rules for the respective species.Piling sticker marks showing a variation in color but notcontaining stain shall be admitted.Burls28.A burl is a swirl or twist in the grain of the wood whichusually occurs near a knot but does not contain a knot.Those containing sound centers are admitted in the cuttingsexcept when otherwise specified.Cutting29.A portion of a board or plank obtained by crosscutting orripping,or by both.In the Common grades,a cutting shallbe flat enough to surface two sides to