雅思阅读LOH(课堂PPT).ppt

List of headingIELTS TEST READING1题型特点题型特点1.题目出现在文章前面2.例子中已选过的段落可删除3.一个段落只能拥有一个段意4.错一个段落，容易有连带性2解题关键第一步找出选项中的关键词（KW）查看讲义P113解题关键第二步阅读文章段落中的首一、二和末句非规则段落1、转折句型 转折关系具有两层含义：一是前后方向相反，二是转折后面的内容重要。表示转折关系的词有以下这些：but/however/yet（表示“但是，然而”）；although/though/even though/even if/while/despite（表示“虽然，尽管，即使”）42、定义句型 定义句型的标志是“This is”，“These are”或者“X is”。也就是说，这样的句型所起的作用是对某种事物的高度概括总结，因此就是主旨所在。3、结论句型 当段落末句出现“thus,hence,therefore,so,consequently”等表示“因此、所以”的关系词时，表示作者要得出结论，因此就是主旨所在。5解题关键第三步将文章主题句关键词与heading中的关键词对应同义词，词性变化，高频词6真题训练17Section ASection AThe problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned,so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way,is not a new one.Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide8Section CHowever,at exactly the same time as this new realisation of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in,an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies:that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life.Like education,political and legal processes and institutions,public order,communication,transport and money supply,health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings.9Section DAlthough the language ofrights sometimes leads to confusion,by the late1970s it was recognised in most societies that people have a right to health-care(though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care).It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure thatadequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse.10Section EJust at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them,people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state.The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries11真题训练212A The fertile land of the Nile delta is being eroded along Egypts Mediterranean coast at an astounding rate,in some parts estimated at 100 metres per year.In the past,land scoured away from the coastline by the currents of the Mediterranean Sea used to be replaced by sediment brought down to the delta by the River Nile,but this is no longer happening.13B Up to now,people have blamed this loss of delta land on the two large dams at Aswan in the south oF Egypt,which hold back virtually all of the sediment that used to flow down the river.Before the dams were built,the Nile flowed Freely,carrying huge quantities of sediment north From Africas interior to be deposited on the Nile delta.14C Now,however,there turns out to be more to the story.It appears that the sediment-Free water emerging from the Aswan dams picks up silt and sand as it erodes the river bed and banks on the 800-kilometre trip to Cairo.Daniel Jean Stanley of the Smithsonian Institute noticed that water samples taken in Cairo,just before the river enters the delta,indicated that the river sometimes carries more than 850 grams of sediment per cubic metre of water-almost half of what it carried before the dams were built.15D Once north of Cairo,most of the Nile water is diverted into more than 10,000 kilometres of irrigation canals and only a small proportion reaches the sea directly through the rivers in the delta.The water in the irrigation canals is still or very slow-moving and thus cannot carry sediment,16E The farms on the delta plains and Fishing and aquaculture in the lagoons account for much of Egypts food supply.But by the time the sediment has come to rest in the Fields and lagoons it is laden with municipal,industrial and agricultural waste from the Cairo region,which is home to more than 40 million people.Pollutants are building up faster and Faster,17F According to Siegel,international environmental organization are beginning to pay closer attention to the region,partly because of the problems of erosion and pollution of the Nile delta,but principally because they Fear the impact this situation could have on the whole Mediterranean coastal ecosystem.But there are no easy solutions.18真题训练真题训练3：i.Not all doctors are persuadedii.Choosing the best offersiii.Who is responsible for the increase in promotions?iv.Fighting the drug companiesv.An example of what doctors expect from drug companies vi.Gifts include financial incentivesvii.Research shows that promotion worksviii.The high costs of researchix.The positive side ofdrugs promotionx.Who really pays for doctors free gifts?19A:A few months ago Kim Schaefer,sales representative of a major global pharmaceutical company,walked into a medical center in New York to bring information and free samples of her companys latest products.That day she was lucky-a doctor was available to see her.The last rep offered me a trip to Florida.What do you have?the physician asked.He was only half joking.20B:What was on offer that day was a pair of tickets for a New York musical.But on any given day,what Schaefer can offer is typical for todays drugs rep-a car trunk full of promotional gifts and gadgets,a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small country,21C:Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judgement.Salespeople like Schaefer walk the line between the common practice of buying a prospects time with a free meal,and bribing doctors to prescribe their drugs.Or is it the industrys responsibility to decide the boundaries?22D:The explosion in the sheer number of salespeople in the field-and the amount of funding used to promote their causes-forces close examination of the pressures,influences and relationships between drug reps and doctors.Salespeople provide much-needed information and education to physicians.23E:But the sales push rarely stops in the office.The flashy brochures and pamphlets left by the sales reps are often followed up with meals at expensive restaurants,meetings in warm and sunny places,and an inundation of promotional gadgets.Money well spent?24F.Though few comprehensive studies have been conducted,one by the University of Washington investigated how drug sample availability affected what physicians prescribe.25G:The bottom line is that pharmaceutical companies as a whole invest more in marketing than they do in research and development.And patients are the ones who pay-in the form of sky-rocketing prescription prices-for every pen thats handed out,every free theater ticket,and every steak dinner eaten.26