学术英语人文Unit-10.ppt

学术英语学术英语 人文人文Academic English for HumanitiesLead-inText A Text BText CAcademic Language and DiscourseListening SpeakingWritingUnit ContentsUnit 10 ChinesePhilosophyLead-in Lead-in activitiesUnit 10 ChinesePhilosophyThe way we are!Lead-inActivitiesl Interpret the following terms from ancient Chinese philosophy.a.Taob.Wu Wei c.Yin d.Yang l Are you a Taoist or a Confucian?Why?Lead-inlTaoSupplementary informationThe word“Tao”is itself a fairly vague term.Literally,it means“the way”,“the path”,“the road”,or“the method”.It is hard to grasp the essence of“Tao”,as it has lots of connotations.In Taoism,the term is often associated with fluidity and constant change.In Dao De Jing,the Taoist canon,Tao is often described as the universe,and as nothingness.Lead-inlWu weiSupplementary informationWu wei is one of the most important concepts in Taoism,second only to Tao itself.Sometimes translated as“non-doing”or“non-action”,the most common interpretation of the term is action that is natural.It can be summarized as the cultivation of a state of mind in which our actions are quite effortlessly in agreement with the cycles of nature.Lead-inlYin and yangSupplementary informationYin and yang are two opposite yet complementary principles or forces in nature.They are important concepts in traditional Chinese medicine and philosophy.Typically,the term yin is usually associated with something negative,dark,and feminine,such as the earth,darkness,femininity,cold,moisture,softness and inactivity,etc.,whereas yang is connected with things that are positive,bright,and masculine,such as the sky,light,masculinity,heat,dryness and activity.Classroom activities Supplementary informationUnit 10 ChinesePhilosophyText A TaoismTaoismText AClassroom activitieslSummarize Text A base on your answers to Task 1/Critical Reading and Thinking/Text A.P200Suggested answer:(To be continued)Text AClassroom activitiesSuggested answer(cont.):TaoismlWork in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2/Critical Reading and Thinking/Text A.P201Text ASupplementary informationSuggested answer for Q1:Tao is a metaphysical term in the Chinese philosophy of Taoism.It cannot be defined in exact words because of its abstract qualities.Literally,it means“the way”,“the path”,“the route”or even“the principle”and“the method”.In Dao De Jing,Laozi said Tao is eternally nameless,and the named things are all the manifestations of Tao.In a word,Tao can be epitomized as the underlying natural order of the universe.In this sense,Tao is somewhat similar to the notion of“God”in various religions as Tao and God created the universe and everything in the world.But Tao is formless,and in many Western religions,God is anthropomorphic.TaoismlWork in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2/Critical Reading and Thinking/Text A.P201Text ASupplementary informationSuggested answer for Q2:In Taoism,De(virtue)refers to the power or virtue that a Taoist practitioner attains in order to achieve unity with Tao.It is more related to ones inward obedience to the nature with simplicity and spontaneity.But in Confucianism,the term De(virtue)has more to do with morality or moral characters.TaoismlWork in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2/Critical Reading and Thinking/Text A.P201Text ASupplementary informationSuggested answer for Q3:In Taoism,De(virtue)refers to the power or virtue that a Taoist practitioner attains in order to achieve unity with Tao.It is more related to ones inward obedience to the nature with simplicity and spontaneity.But in Confucianism,the term De(virtue)has more to do with morality or moral characters.TaoismlWork in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2/Critical Reading and Thinking/Text A.P201Text ASupplementary informationSuggested answer for Q4:The“Happy Mean”(also the Golden Mean,or the doctrine of mean)is a core concept of Confucianism.It says that in all activities and thoughts one has to stick to the middle point in order to achieve balance and avoid all extremes.This will result in harmony in action,and eventually in a harmonious society.TaoismlWork in pairs to compare your answers to the questions in Task 2/Critical Reading and Thinking/Text A.P201Text ASupplementary informationSuggested answer for Q5:The“One”or“Oneness”refers to the Tao,the universal force,whereas the“Many”comes from the One.Laozi said in Dao De Jing that“From the One came the two,came the three,came the Ten Thousand myriad of things.”It is important to embrace the One in Taoism,which is called shou yi(守一).TaoismText ASupplementary informationLaozi was a mystic philosopher of ancient China,best known as the author of Dao De Jing.He has been generally considered the founding figure of Taoism.He lived around the 6th century BC,and spent most of his life doing public services.Dao De Jing was allegedly composed by Laozi at the request of Yin Xi(尹喜),the Guardian of the Mountain Pass,while Laozi was traveling west.Dao De Jing is fundamental to both philosophical and religious aspects of Taoism and has strongly influenced other schools.It is made up of 81 short chapters,among which the first 37 chapters form the first part,dealing with Tao,and the remaining 44 chapters constitute the second part,dwelling on the concept of De.lLaozi and Dao De Jing(Para.1)TaoismText ASupplementary informationZhuangzi was a leading philosopher of Taoism.He lived in northern China in the 4th century BC.Not much is known about his life apart from the many descriptions in The Book of Zhuangzi,which bears the same name as the author.Sima Qian offered a brief biographical sketch of Zhuangzi,saying that Zhuangzi was a minor official in his home state.The Book of Zhuangzi is much longer than Laozis Dao De Jing,with long chapters spiced with stories,parables and allegories.It is composed of 33 chapters,but scholars usually agree that the first seven chapters,the“inner chapters”,were written by Zhuangzi himself,while the“outer chapters”and the miscellany written by his later followers.Zhuangzis teachings were drawn primarily from the sayings of Laozi.He believed that only by understanding Tao and believing in unity can man achieve true happiness and freedom both in life and after death.lZhuangzi and The Book of Zhuangzi(Para.1)Taoism Classroom activities Supplementary informationUnit 10 ChinesePhilosophyText B Confucianism and TaoismConfucianism and TaoismText BClassroom activitiesl Check the answers to Task 1/Critical Reading and Thinking/Text B.P207Suggested answer:1 T 2 F 3 F 4 T 5 T 6 TText BClassroom activitiesl Discuss the questions in Task 2/Critical reading and thinking/Text B.P207Suggested answer for Q1:Confucianism and TaoismText BClassroom activitiesl Discuss the questions in Task 2/Critical reading and thinking/Text B.P207Suggested answer for Q2:Neo-Confucianism is an ethical and social philosophy aiming to create a more rational form of Confucianism.It lays emphasis on human reason in its attempt to understand the universe.Although neo-Confucianism was critical of the superstitious and mystical elements of Taoism,it still borrowed some terms from Taoism.For example,as mentioned in Text B,Wang Yangming,a great master of neo-Confucianism borrowed the three terms of the spirit,the vital force and the essence to explain his doctrine regarding“innate good knowledge”.Confucianism and TaoismText BClassroom activitieslDiscuss the questions in Task 2/Critical reading and thinking/Text B.P207Suggested answer for Q3:Many of the core concepts of Confucianism were in the interest of the ruling class,which is the primary reason for its ascendancy to the state orthodoxy.For example,Confucianism encourages people to be loyal to the emperors,respectful to their leaders,and pious to their parents.Its Golden Mean rule advises people not to go to extremes.Confucianism and TaoismText BClassroom activitieslGive a three-minute presentation on your findings in Researching/Text B.P207Confucianism and TaoismlThe Five Elements(Para.3)Text BSupplementary informationTaoism believes that Tao,the One,gives rise to yin and yang forces,which then gives birth to the Five Elements,whose various combinations produce the Ten Thousand Things.The Five Elements,also called Five Movements or wu xing,are the Wood,the Fire,the Earth,the Metal,and the Water.Technically speaking,they represent various stages of transformation in the recurring cycles of nature and human conditions.These elements are in constant movement and change.Confucianism and Taoisml Legalism(Para.3)Text BSupplementary informationLegalism was a major philosophical school during the Warring States Period.Its most famous proponent was Han Feizi.Legalism can be categorized as a political philosophy as its main concern is the most effective way of governing the society,instead of contemplations about the nature and the purpose of existence.Legalism starts with the premise that human nature is evil,and the legalists believe that the best way to control the selfish human behavior is through written law rather than through ritual,customs or ethics.Confucianism and Taoisml The three-in-one eclecticism(Para.6)Text BSupplementary informationThe three dominant teachings or doctrines in China are the Confucianism,Taoism and Buddhism.These three doctrines were originally independent of one another.Starting from the Song dynasty,there were interactions among these teachings,and the integration or synthesizing process went on until the Ming dynasty.Confucianism and Taoisml The Five Constant Virtues(Para.6)Text BSupplementary informationIn Confucianism,the basic ethical code is called the Five Constant Virtues(wu chang),which are humaneness or benevolence(仁),righteousness(义),propriety or ritual(礼),wisdom(智),and faithfulness or fidelity(信).Confucianism and TaoismSupplementary informationClassroom activitiesUnit 10 ChinesePhilosophy Text C Chinese Buddhist EthicsText CSupplementary informationlChan BuddhismChinese Buddhist EthicsChan Buddhism is a school of Mahayana Buddhism(大乘佛教).The word“Chan”derives from the Sanskrit“dhyana”,meaning“meditation”.In Japan,Chan Buddhism is known as“Zen”.Chan Buddhism first emerged in the 5th century in China.Chan Buddhism asserts that enlightenment can be attained through meditation,selfcontemplation,and intuition rather than through the practice of good deeds,rites,and ceremonies.Text CClassroom activitieslCheck your answers to the Task 1 in Text C.P210Suggested answer:1 我:self or I.Buddhism believes that the notion of“self”is a delusion because it is just an imagined entity,and human beings are merely a part of the ceaseless becoming of the universe.2 禅:Chan or Zen.It derives from the Sanskrit“dhyana”,which literally means meditation.Meditation helps a Buddhist achieve a sudden enlightenment or transformation.3 超然:detachment or non-attachment.Detachment is a state in which a person overcomes his or her attachment to self-regarding cares or concerns in order to live a serene and holy life.Chinese Buddhist EthicsUnit 10 ChinesePhilosophyAcademic Language and Discourse Specialized vocabulary Signpost language Formal English Discourse analysis of Text BSpecialized VocabularylCheck the answers to Task 1/Language building-up/Text A.P201Academic language and discourseSuggested answers:11 Taoism2 the Happy Mean/the Golden Mean/the doctrine of the mean3 Confucianism 4 wu wei/non-action5 the sages of old 6 the One and the Many2 1 the Golden Mean2 non-action3 Confucianism/Taoism;Taoism/Confucianisml Find all the terms related to Chinese philosophy in Text B and Text C.Academic language and discourseSpecialized Vocabularyunity of heaven and humanity;the Five Elements;Legalism;the state orthodoxy;filial piety;the Golden Mean;neo-Confucianism;substance and function;nature and destiny;the Five Constant Virtues;Chan Buddhism;self;Enlightenment;attachment;detachmentSuggested answer:Signpost LanguagelCheck the answers to Task 2/Language building-up/Text A.P202Academic language and discourseSuggested answers:1 All in all 2 What we have achieved so far3 Thus 4 In shortFormal EnglishAcademic language and discourseSuggested answers:1 expunged 2 repudiated 3 strife4 contrived 5 equilibrium 6 diminutionlCheck the answers to Task 3/Language building-up/Text A.P202Formal EnglishAcademic language and discourselThe following sentences are from Text C.Find one formal English word from each sentence.Formal EnglishAcademic language and discourseSuggested answers:indigenous:native epitomize:be a good example extinguish:kill contamination:pollution allegiance:loyalty homage:respectlThe following sentences are from Text C.Find one formal English word from each sentence.Academic language and discourselThe Wade-Giles romanization system Supplementary informationAcademic language and discourselThe Wade-Giles romanization system Chinese charactersWade GilesPinyin 毛泽东毛泽东Mao Tse-tungMao Zedong秦始皇秦始皇Chin Shih HuangQin Shi Huang朱熹朱熹Chu HsiZhu Xi北京北京PekingBeijing浙江浙江ChekiangZhejiang 国民党国民党KuomintangGuomindang敦煌敦煌TunhuangDunhuang青岛青岛Tsingtao Qingdao清清(朝朝)Ching(Dynasty)Qing(Dynasty)Supplementary informationListening Classroom activitiesUnit 10 ChinesePhilosophylWork in small groups to discuss the question in Task 1/Listening.P210ListeningClassroom activitiesIntegrated practiceSuggested answer:In Taoism the central idea is relationship.Human beings should not take nature for a thing to be mastered but as a partner in a relationship.The purpose of human beings is to become natural part of the original order.The way to discover that original order is to turn to nature.lCheck the answers to Task 2/Listening.P211ListeningClassroom activitiesSuggested answer:(1)address(2)the way that everything in the world is interconnected(3)energy is flowing(4)specifying(5)held power in the government(6)religious(7)philosophical(8)fairly rare,actually(9)relations that everyone has to other people(10)expend your energy(11)put yourself out for(12)ethical responsibilities(13)protecting your vitalityIntegrated practicelCheck the answers to Task 3/Listening.P211ListeningClassroom activitiesSuggested answer:1 Dao De Jing and Zhuangzi.2 First,humorous stories are used to make hilosophical points.Secondly,the stories are frequently defying our expectations.3 Taoists argue that Confucians place too much emphasis on rituals and political office,which is a waste of energy,effort and vitality.Integrated practiceSpeaking Classroom activitiesUnit 10 ChinesePhilosophylThe Chinese word“Tao”has the connotations similar to the concept of Logos in the Western philosophy.Do a research comparing Tao and Legos.Make a presentation about your findings.SpeakingClassroom activitiesImproving your deliveryWriting Classroom activitiesUnit 10 ChinesePhilosophyWriting the abstract and acknowledgementslAnalyze the structure of the abstract and the acknowledgment of a dissertation or research paper that you have obtained from the library.WritingClassroom activitiesThe endUnit 10 ChinesePhilosophy