Lecture1220thcenturyAmericanPoets1剖析.pptx

Lecture1420th-CenturyAmericanPoets(1)NancyWangMay29,2014Ezra Pound(1885-1972)thefatherofmodernAmericanpoetrythemostinfluentialleaderoftheImagistMovementHehadennormousinfluenceonthemodernistwritersinBritainandAmericaafterWWII.Imagism(意象派诗歌)Imagism came into being in Britain and U.S.around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.The imagists,with Ezra Pound leading the way,hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.Imagism(意象派诗歌)1.freeverse2.economyofexpression;touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation;3.eachwordmustbeanimageseenandtheremustbeadominantimage4.Imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction.Imagism tired to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretaion or comment by the poet.The strange groupings of words show how life can be broken into somehow meaningless clusters.Pounds Life ExperienceslBorninIdahoandraisedinWyncote,Philadelphia.lAttheageoftwelve,Poundenteredamilitaryschool,wherehelearnedGreekandLatin.lHethenstudiedlanguagesattheUniversityofPennsylvania,andbefriendedthereWilliamCarlosWilliams.lFrom1903to1906PoundstudiedAnglo-SaxonandRomancelanguagesatHamiltonCollege.lIn1908PoundtravelledwidelyinEurope.HefoundedwithRichardAldington(1892-1962)andotherstheliteraryImagism,andediteditsfirstanthology,Des Imagistes(1914).l1920,PoundmovedtoParis.lFouryearslater,hesettledinItaly.l1933,HemetMussoliniandsawinhimthelong-neededeconomicandsocialreformer.lDuringWorldWarII,hemadeaseriesofhystericalandbitterradiobroadcasts,thatwereopenlyfascist.lIn1945hewasarrestedbytheU.S.forces.lPoundspent12yearsinWashingtoninahospitalforthecriminallyinsane,butcontinuedwritinginside.lLater,thechargesagainsthimweredropped,andPoundreturnedtoItaly.HediedinVenicein1972.PoundsMajorLiteraryWorks Two translations:1)The Seafarer 水手船员水手船员based on translations from older Chinese poets like Li Bai 2)Cathay 华夏集华夏集神州集神州集中国诗章中国诗章PoundsMajorLiteraryWorks 3)Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 休休赛尔温赛尔温毛伯利毛伯利 Deplored the western civilization in the Great War and its aftermath.PoundsMajorLiteraryWorks4)The Cantos 诗章诗章 encyclopedicepic poem 5)“In a Station of the Metro”在地铁站里在地铁站里ItexploreswesterncivilizationfromtheclassicalpastthroughthemedievalperiodandtheRenaissancetothemodernage,anddescribesremediesforitsculturalills.In a Station of the MetroIn a Station of the Metro 在地铁站在地铁站The The apparition apparition of these faces in the crowd;of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet,black bough Petals on a wet,black bough 人群中这些面孔幽灵一般显现；人群中这些面孔幽灵一般显现；湿漉漉的黑色枝条上许多花瓣。湿漉漉的黑色枝条上许多花瓣。Study Questions1.Whatisthedominantimageinthispoem?theapparition2.Whydoesthepoetcallthefacesofpedestriansapparition?impersonality,hasteofcitylife3.Whatdothepoetcomparethefacesinthemetroto?petalsonawet,blackbough.4.Whatdoesthismetaphorrevealaboutlife?greattransienceofhumanlife,beautiful,butlastbriefly.Writing background:In a station of the Metro is an imagist poem by Ezra Pound published in 1913 in Poetry诗歌.The poem attempts to describe Pounds experience upon visiting an underground metro station in Paris in 1912.Pound suggested that the faces of the individuals in the metro were best put into a poem not with a description but with an“equation”.Because of the treatment of the subjects appearance by way of the poems own visuality(visuality(可视性可视性),it is considered a quintessential(a quintessential(典型的典型的)imagist text.)imagist text.在地铁站在地铁站:人潮中这些面容的忽现；湿巴巴的黑树丫上的花瓣。人潮中这些面容的忽现；湿巴巴的黑树丫上的花瓣。(罗池罗池)地铁车站地铁车站:人群中这些脸庞的幻影；潮湿黝黑的树枝上的花瓣。人群中这些脸庞的幻影；潮湿黝黑的树枝上的花瓣。(成婴成婴)地铁车站地铁车站:人群中这些面庞的闪现；湿漉的黑树干上的花瓣。人群中这些面庞的闪现；湿漉的黑树干上的花瓣。(赵毅衡赵毅衡)在地铁车站在地铁车站:这几张脸在人群中幻景般闪现；湿漉漉的黑树枝上花瓣数点。这几张脸在人群中幻景般闪现；湿漉漉的黑树枝上花瓣数点。(飞白飞白)地铁站里地铁站里:出现在人群里这一张张面孔；湿的黑树枝上的一片片花瓣。出现在人群里这一张张面孔；湿的黑树枝上的一片片花瓣。(张子清张子清)人群里这些脸忽然闪现；花丛在一条湿黑的树枝。人群里这些脸忽然闪现；花丛在一条湿黑的树枝。(流沙河流沙河)人群中，这些面孔的鬼影；潮湿的黑树枝上的花瓣。人群中，这些面孔的鬼影；潮湿的黑树枝上的花瓣。(余光中）余光中）这些面孔浮现于人群；花瓣潮湿的黑树枝。这些面孔浮现于人群；花瓣潮湿的黑树枝。(颜元叔颜元叔)众中梦幻身影，黝湿枝头疏花。众中梦幻身影，黝湿枝头疏花。(吴其尧吴其尧)In a Station of the MetroCharacteristics of His WritingPounds poetry is best known for its clear,economicalandconcrete,visualimages,freshrhythms,andmuscular,intelligent,unusuallines,such as,in Canto LXXXI,“The ants a centaur in his dragon world,”or in poems inspired by Japanese haiku(俳句）,such as“In a Station of the Metro”(1916).Literary Influence:Mentorship lPound spent much of his time concerned with promoting the careers of many of the great writers of the time and was a key figure in the publication of many influential works,he provided invaluable feedback to T.S.EliotT.S.Eliot on the manuscript of The The Waste LandWaste Land,and he encouraged Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway and others as well.lPound was one of the most opinionated and unselfish men who ever lived,and he made friends and enemies everywhere by the simple exercise of the classic American constitutional right of free speech.”Katherine Anne Porter,InfluencesonImagismGreek poetryFrench symbolismChinese poetryJapanese poetryAncientChina The greatest cultural influence over Pound came perhaps from ancient China,especially Confucius（孔子）.A Chinese imagist poetry Thoughts on Autumn To the tune of Sky Scouring SandA withered vine,an old trees gaunt and a raven croaking on high;A small bridge,the murmuring water and a thatched cottage nearby;An ancient path,the west wind and a bony horse is heard to neigh;Lo!The sun sets today;At the earth-end a heart-broken traveler plods his weary way.(辜正坤 译)天净沙天净沙秋思秋思马致远马致远 枯藤、老树、昏鸦，小桥、流水、人家，枯藤、老树、昏鸦，小桥、流水、人家，古道、西风、瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。古道、西风、瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。意象并置意象并置孤独、凄凉和忧伤的氛围孤独、凄凉和忧伤的氛围意象并置意象并置(Juxtaposition of images)柳永：柳永：“今宵酒醒何处？杨柳岸今宵酒醒何处？杨柳岸,晓风残月晓风残月”王维使至塞上：王维使至塞上：“大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆”柳宗元江雪柳宗元江雪:“千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭。千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭。孤舟笠翁，独钓寒江雪。孤舟笠翁，独钓寒江雪。”温庭筠温庭筠：“鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜”贺铸：贺铸：“一川烟草，满城风絮，梅子黄时雨一川烟草，满城风絮，梅子黄时雨”司空曙：司空曙：“雨中黄叶树，灯下白头人雨中黄叶树，灯下白头人”马戴：马戴：“落叶他乡村，寒灯独夜人落叶他乡村，寒灯独夜人”辛弃疾：辛弃疾：“照影溪梅，怅绝代、幽人独立照影溪梅，怅绝代、幽人独立”白居易长恨歌白居易长恨歌：“玉容寂寞泪阑干，梨花一玉容寂寞泪阑干，梨花一枝春带雨枝春带雨”。(同样，前一句写面孔，后一句写同样，前一句写面孔，后一句写的是花。的是花。)山东山水诗人孔孚（1925-1997）泉边泉边 掬一捧水 洗一洗眼睛 心也绿了 Haiku(俳句）俳句）A haiku(俳句）isaJapanesepoemwiththreelines.1.Ahaikuhas1717syllables，orderedintothreelinesoffive,seven,andfivesyllables2.Useofaseasonword(kigo)（季语）（季语）3.Thetopicofahaikupoemusuallydealswithnature.nature.ExamplesofHaiku（俳句）（俳句）An old silent pondA frog jumps into the pond,Splash!silence again.古池古池（）（）古池蛙飞込水音古池蛙飞込水音 松尾芭蕉（松尾芭蕉（1644-16941644-1694）俳聖）俳聖訳文：闲寂古池旁，訳文：闲寂古池旁，青蛙跃进水中央，青蛙跃进水中央，水声扑通响。水声扑通响。TheRedWheelbarrowSo much dependsupona red wheelbarrowglazed with rainwaterbeside the whitechickens.William Carlos WilliamsWilliamCarlosWilliams1883-1963红色手推车红色手推车那么多东西依靠一辆红色手推车雨水淋得它晶亮旁边是一群白鸡那么多东西仰仗这辆红色的手推车运送雨水浇得它浑身溜滑旁边有几只白鸡选自彭予编译二十世纪英美抒情诗选Robert Frost(1874 1963)the most popular American poet of the 20th century.His poetry focuses on the landscape and people in New England.He combined tradtional verse forms with a clear American local speech rhythm,forming his own characteristics.Profound ideas are conveyed under the disguise of the plain language and simple form.New England 新英格兰Main Works“Home Burial”埋葬A Boys Will 1913 少年的意志 North of Boston,1914 波士顿以北Mountain Interval,1916 山间West-Running Brook(1928)西去的溪流A Further Range 1936 又一片牧场A Masque of Reason 理智的假面具In the Clearing 林间空地Frosts best-known poemsMending Wall 补墙 “Good fences make good neighbours”好篱笆造出好邻家“The Road Not Taken”没有选择的路“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”雪夜林边驻脚 “Death of the Hired Man”雇工之死Stopping By Woods On A Snowy EveningStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening By Robert FrostWhose woods these are I think I know,Whose woods these are I think I know,A AHis house is in the village though,His house is in the village though,A AHe will not see me stopping here,He will not see me stopping here,B BTo watch his woods fill up with snow.To watch his woods fill up with snow.A AMy little horse must think is queer,My little horse must think is queer,B B To stop without a farmhouse near,To stop without a farmhouse near,B BBetween the woods and frozen lake,Between the woods and frozen lake,C CThe darkest evening of the year.The darkest evening of the year.B B 雪夜林畔小驻雪夜林畔小驻（译）余光中（译）余光中想来我认识这座森林，想来我认识这座森林，想来我认识这座森林，想来我认识这座森林，林主的庄宅就在邻村，林主的庄宅就在邻村，林主的庄宅就在邻村，林主的庄宅就在邻村，却不会见我在此驻马，却不会见我在此驻马，却不会见我在此驻马，却不会见我在此驻马，看他林中积雪的美景。看他林中积雪的美景。看他林中积雪的美景。看他林中积雪的美景。我的小马一定颇惊讶，我的小马一定颇惊讶，我的小马一定颇惊讶，我的小马一定颇惊讶，四望不见有什么农家，四望不见有什么农家，四望不见有什么农家，四望不见有什么农家，偏是一年最暗的黄昏，偏是一年最暗的黄昏，偏是一年最暗的黄昏，偏是一年最暗的黄昏，寒林和冰湖之间停下。寒林和冰湖之间停下。寒林和冰湖之间停下。寒林和冰湖之间停下。Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening ByRobertFrostHe gives his harness bells a shake,CTo ask if there is some mistake.CThe only other sounds the sweep,DOf easy wind and downy flake.CThe woods are lovely,dark,and deep,DBut I have promises to keep,DAnd miles to go before I sleep,DAnd miles to go before I sleep.D雪夜林畔小驻雪夜林畔小驻（译）余光中（译）余光中他摇一摇身上的串铃，问我这地方该不该停。此外只有轻风拂雪面，再也听不见其他声音。森林又暗又深真可羡，但我还要守一些承诺，还要赶多少路才安眠，还要赶多少路才安眠。江雪唐。柳宗元千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭；孤舟蓑笠翁，独钓寒江雪。（the solitary state)Fire and Ice1.Somesaytheworldwillendinfire,A2.Somesayinice,B3.FromwhatIvetastedofdesire,A4.Iholdthosewhofavorfire.A5.Butifithadtoperishtwice,B6.IthinkIknowenoughofhate,C7.Tosaythatfordestructionice,B8.IsalsogreatC9.Andwouldsuffice.B冰与火冰与火有人说世界将结束于熊熊烈焰，有人则说结束于凛凛寒冰。欲望如火，体会其烈，则知世之归于火为我所愿。但若其必两度遭逢毁灭，我知恨之极至，毁灭之冰，同样魁伟，同样足够 RhymeRhymeThe poem contains three units of end rhyme.The first unit consists of lines 1,3,and 4.The second consists of lines 2,5,7,and 9.The third consists of lines 6 and 8.MeterMeterFrost wrote“Fire and Ice”in iambic tetrameter/抑扬格四音步(lines 1,3,4,5,6,and 7)and iambic dimeter/抑扬格二音步(lines 2,8,and 9).In iambic dimeter,a line has two pairs of syllables,each pair with an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.The first two lines of the poem demonstrate the tetrameter-dimeter format.1 2 3 4Some SAY|the WORLD|will END|in FIRE 1 2 Some SAY|in ICEFiguresofSpeech（修辞格）（修辞格）The most noticeable literary device used in Frosts Fire and Ice is metaphormetaphor.The words firefire and ice are compared to mans desiredesire and hatredhatred.AlliterationAlliteration（头韵）（头韵）（头韵）（头韵）Some say the world will end in fire,Some say in ice.I hold with those who favor fire.AnaphoraAnaphora（首语重复法）（首语重复法）（首语重复法）（首语重复法）Somesay the world will end in fire,Somesay in ice.ParadoxParadox（似是而非的隽语（似是而非的隽语（似是而非的隽语（似是而非的隽语）But if it had to perish twice.Tworoadsdivergedinayellowwood,AAndsorryIcouldnottravelbothBAndbeonetraveler,longIstoodAAndlookeddownoneasfarasIcouldATowhereitbentintheundergrowth;B黄色的树林里分出两条路，黄色的树林里分出两条路，可惜我不能同时去涉足，可惜我不能同时去涉足，我在那路口久久伫立，我在那路口久久伫立，我向着一条路极目望去，我向着一条路极目望去，直到它消失在丛林深处。直到它消失在丛林深处。The Road Not Taken The Road Not Taken 未选择的路未选择的路未选择的路未选择的路Thentooktheother,asjustasfair,CAndhavingperhapsthebetterclaim,DBecauseitwasgrassyandwantedwear;CThoughasforthatthepassingthereCHadwornthemreallyaboutthesame,D但我却选了另外一条路，但我却选了另外一条路，它荒草萋萋，十分幽寂，它荒草萋萋，十分幽寂，显得更诱人、更美丽，显得更诱人、更美丽，虽然在这两条小路上，虽然在这两条小路上，都很少留下旅人的足迹，都很少留下旅人的足迹，AndboththatmorningequallylayEInleavesnostephadtroddenblack.FOh,Ikeptthefirstforanotherday!EYetknowinghowwayleadsontoway,EIdoubtedifIshouldevercomeback.F虽然那天清晨落叶满地，虽然那天清晨落叶满地，两条路都未经脚印污染。两条路都未经脚印污染。呵，留下一条路等改日再见！呵，留下一条路等改日再见！但我知道路径延绵无尽头，但我知道路径延绵无尽头，恐怕我难以再回返。恐怕我难以再回返。IshallbetellingthiswithasighGSomewhereagesandageshence:HTworoadsdivergedinawood,andI-GItooktheonelesstraveledby,GAndthathasmadeallthedifference.H也许多少年后在某个地方，也许多少年后在某个地方，我将轻声叹息把往事回顾，我将轻声叹息把往事回顾，一片树林里分出两条路，一片树林里分出两条路，而我选了人迹更少的一条，而我选了人迹更少的一条，从此决定了我一生的道路。从此决定了我一生的道路。(1)All his life,Frost was concerned with constructions through poetry.“a momentary stay against confusion”.(2)He understands the terror and tragedy in nature,but also its beauty.(3)Unlike the English romantic poets of 19th century,he didnt believe that man could find harmony with nature.He believed that serenity came from working,usually amid natural forces,which couldnt be understood.He regarded work as“significant toil”.What is speakers initial response to the divergence of the two roads?What are the similarities and differences of these two roads?Which one does the speaker take?What might the two roads stand for in the speakers mind?(1)He is a poet of nature.Most of his poems took New England as setting,and the subjects were chosen from daily life of ordinary people,such as“mending wall”,“picking apples”.(2)He writes most often about landscape and people the loneliness and poverty of isolated farmers,beauty,terror and tragedy in nature.He also describes some abnormal people,e.g.“deceptively simple”,“philosophical poet”.(3)Although he was popular during 1920s,he didnt experiment like other modern poets.He used conventional forms,plain language,traditional metre,and wrote in a pastoral tradition.LangstonHughes(1902-1967)An influential figure in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s,one of the centurys most important black writers,one of the centurys most important black writers,wrote socially conscious poems that sought to socially conscious poems that sought to capture the black experience,capture the black experience,in which he disregarded classical forms in favor of musical rhythms(jazz and black folk rhythms)and the oral and improvisatory traditions of black culture.Beginning in the 1930s,Hughes was active in social and political causes,using his poetry as a vehicle for social protest,insisting on a more insisting on a more inclusive democracy than even Whitman had inclusive democracy than even Whitman had proposed.proposed.HarlemRenaissance(哈莱姆文艺复兴哈莱姆文艺复兴)aperiodofoutstandingliteraryvigorandcreativitythatoccurredintheU.S.duringthe1920s.ItchangedtheimagesofliteraturecreatedbymanyblackandwhiteAmericanwriters.Newblackimageswerenolongerobedientanddocile,insteadtheyshowedanewconfidenceandracialpride.ThecenterofthismovementwasthevastblackghettoofHarlem,inNewYorkCity.TheleadingfiguresareLangstonHughes,JamesWeldonJohnson,WallaceThurman,etc.Reading Assignment Unit 18 Eugene Glastone ONeill1)about his life and major works2)about Desire Under the Elms3)Greek Drama&Expressionism